Where is jacoby Bezayrie uz from?

Jacoby Bezerius (1779—1848) is a master of quantum chemistry, who pioneered the symbols of chemical elements. 1779 was born on August 20th in Wifisunda, a small village in southern Sweden. He made an important contribution to the development of chemistry and accepted and developed Dalton's atomism. Based on oxygen, the atomic weights of more than 40 elements were determined. Modern element symbols were adopted for the first time, and the atomic list of known elements at that time was published. Several elements such as silicon, thorium and selenium were discovered and prepared for the first time. First, use the concept of "organic chemistry"; Is the initiator of "electrochemical dualism"; Discovered the phenomenon of "isomerism" and put forward the concept of "catalysis" for the first time. His outstanding achievements made him a famous chemical authority in the19th century.

Chinese name: jacoby Bezayrie.

Nationality: Sweden

Place of birth: Wifisunda

Date of birth: 1779

Date of death: 1848

Occupation: scientist

Graduate School: Uppsala University

Representative Works: Chemistry Textbooks

Brief introduction to life

childhood

Little Bezerius's parents are farmers. When he was 4 years old, his father died of illness, and his mother took him and his 2-year-old sister and remarried to a kind priest. Two years later, Bezerius' mother also died. Fortunately, my stepfather has had five children. He raised and educated my brothers and sisters like his own. The priest was not rich, but soon he managed to raise a considerable sum of money and hired a knowledgeable tutor for seven children. While tutoring children, priests also pay great attention to satisfying their thirst for knowledge, and often take their children on outings to achieve the purpose of education. There are all kinds of plants by the river. In the crystal clear water, fish are swimming and foaming, and shrimps and crabs are crawling around in pebbles. The scenery along the river is different all year round. For children, traveling along the river is undoubtedly a very attractive game. Bezerius prefers this kind of travel, especially his stepfather often gives him advice and help in observing things. Gradually, he began to fall in love with nature wholeheartedly. Sometimes he lies on the soft grass by the river and looks up at the white clouds in the sky, as if he has become a part of nature.

middle school

1793, 14-year-old Bethelius entered Ping Middle School. For those complicated social science courses, he didn't study very hard; However, he showed great interest in natural science courses. He often collects specimens of various plants and animals and likes hunting. Under the guidance of a new natural history teacher who had just returned from an academic trip to the West Indies, Bethelius began a systematic study of Che Lin's flora and fauna. Throughout the middle school stage, he left an impression on the teachers: a talented, ambitious but impatient young man.

university

After graduating from high school, Bezelius wanted to continue his studies, and his stepfather agreed to his request. 1In September, 796, 17-year-old Bethelius came to Uppsala, an ancient university town in Sweden. Then he passed the entrance examination and became a student at Uppsala University. His stepfather can't provide him with more funds, so his life is quite difficult. In order to improve living conditions, Bezelius went to tutor others. Although his income is quite meager, this self-reliant life has cultivated his strong will and love for labor. In order to teach children of immigrants from different countries, Bezayrie Uss began to teach himself French, German and English. It is because of this self-study experience that his knowledge of these languages played a great role in his later academic works on learning many languages.

1798 In the autumn, a college student, Bezelius, won a scholarship, which gave him more time to study his favorite things instead of running around to make a living. Soon, he passed the professional exam-medical philosophy. Before that, Bezerius had no interest in chemistry, which was his lifelong pursuit.

It was an exam that finally prompted Bezayrie uz to devote himself to chemistry. In an exam of all subjects in the third year of college, his chemistry score ranked first in the bottom of the class. If he doesn't get good grades in other subjects, he is likely to be expelled. From then on, Bezelius, unwilling to be alone, began to actively study chemistry. At this time, young people began to learn the textbook Basic Principles of Xiaoyan Zi Chemistry by German chemist Ji Tenniel. This is an easy-to-understand textbook. Bezelius later recalled that it was after studying this book that his interest in chemistry became more and more intense, and his mind was full of various chemical experiments and chemical knowledge.

At that time, lavoisier's oxygen theory was going deep into chemical theory and began to replace the outdated phlogiston theory. There is a heated debate between the proponents of phlogiston theory and lavoisier theory. In the Swedish scientific community, phlogiston is still dominant. Bezerius's teachers all believe in old ideas, and this student of theirs has accepted lavoisier's theory. Bezayrie Uss prepared a large amount of oxygen in the laboratory, and often carried out experiments of various substances burning in oxygen in front of his classmates. For these students, this is the first experiment to let them know lavoisier's oxygen theory.

Bezerius became more and more interested in chemistry through constant experiments. At Uppsala University at that time, chemistry was not taken seriously, and few college students wanted to devote themselves to this subject. But at this time, Bezerius had fallen in love with chemistry deeply and began to work hard to solve the problems he encountered in studying some chemical phenomena. 1799 during the summer vacation, he spent time in a glass shop, where he learned the skills of welding glass and making glassware from an Italian. This skill, which is extremely important for laboratory work, will always amaze his students in the future. This winter, he worked as an assistant to a doctor in the producing area of medieval mineral water. /kloc-in the winter of 0/800, Bezerius made a chemical analysis of medieval mineral water, which was the topic of his dissertation.

teaching career

At this time, in terms of electricity, the Italians invented a volt battery that can generate continuous current. Soon, Bezayrie Uss, who was good at accepting new things, also made a voltaic cell and used it to study the physiological and medical effects of electric current. Using this device, he successfully restored the flexibility of a disabled person's hand. The experience of these experiments became the basis of his doctoral thesis. 1802 In May, Bethelius publicly defended his doctoral thesis at Uppsala University, thus completing everything necessary for obtaining a doctorate in medicine. In the same year, the Royal Swedish Medical Association appointed Bethelius, who had just turned 23, as a lecturer in medicine and pharmacy at Stockholm Medical College. Since then, he has started his teaching career.

1807, 28-year-old Bethelius was appointed professor of chemistry and pharmacy. At this time, there are only three professors in the medical department of the medical college where he teaches, so each professor has to open several courses. Bezayrie Uss taught medicine, botany and pharmacy, and soon he also taught chemistry. At the beginning, his pharmacy class was very popular with students, but few people came to chemistry class. This is because the chemistry professors at that time only paid attention to oral statements and usually did not give any demonstrations or experiments. This method of chemistry teaching is a tradition in many universities. Without intuitive chemical reaction experiments, it is not only difficult to teach, but also difficult for students to verbally evaluate the properties and composition of various substances. Such an abstract chemistry class is also very boring and difficult to understand. Therefore, it is conceivable that chemistry class is unpopular.

Bezerius tried to change this situation. He greatly increased the number of experiments in his lectures and introduced intuitive chemistry experiments into classroom teaching. Soon, his chemistry class classroom was gradually crowded with students who came to attend the class. His chemistry teaching method was quickly adopted by many other universities. While carrying out intense teaching activities, Bezelius also actively participated in scientific research activities. 1802 conducted electrochemical research, and 1803 summarized the research results into a paper in February, which included all the basic principles of electrochemical theory proposed by Bezelius later. In the same year, in the process of studying the decomposition of compounds, Bethelius and Chinese chemist Herzinger discovered a new chemical element cerium, and at the same time accurately determined the properties of this new substance. That's it, Jacob, 24, who was unknown before? Betzerius became famous in the field of chemistry.

Publish a work

From 1806- 18 18, Betzerius and Herzinger edited and published the Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Mineralogy. The influence of this journal in the fields of physics and chemistry is deepening day by day, and Bezerius often publishes his own research results in this journal.

1806, Bezelius wrote the textbook Physiological Chemistry himself. It was in this year that he first introduced the concept of "organic chemistry" into teaching. 1808, he set out to write the book "Chemistry Textbook", which was later studied by several generations of chemists in many countries and made great contributions to the development of science. From 1807, in the following six years, he also carried out basic research on the determination of various salts, acids, oxides and other substances.

Due to his great contribution to science and education, Bezelius was elected as an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Swedish Academy in 1808, and was elected as the president of the Swedish Academy in 18 10. Bezayrie Wusi, who has a heavy workload, doesn't care much about these honors. He still carries out his own scientific research and teaching work in a down-to-earth manner.

As a scientist, Bezerius is very concerned about the latest scientific research progress in the world, and he keeps in constant contact with foreign scientists, which further expands the breadth and depth of his scientific views. In the early stage of his scientific activities, he established correspondence with many famous scholars, such as French Bettol and British David. 18 12 In the summer, Bethelius visited the Royal Society at the invitation of David, President of the Royal Society. Through David's introduction, he also met many outstanding representatives of society. In the next five months, Bethelius and David conducted the same chemical research, gained a lot of knowledge, corrected some wrong views of the other side, and further deepened his academic relationship with David. 18 18 Spring, Bezelius fell ill due to fatigue. Doctors and friends suggested that he could temporarily stop his chemical research and go abroad to recuperate. He took this advice and made a long trip abroad to England, France, Switzerland and Germany. During the trip, he made friends with many European scholars. He stayed in Paris, France for 10 months and exchanged research topics with French scholars, from which Bezelius got many very useful inspirations. 1820 In June, he returned to Stockholm and started a new scientific research.

At this time, Bezelius has become a world-renowned scholar. His research covers a wide range, and there is hardly a big chemistry problem that he has not participated in.

In order to better summarize the development of science at that time, he began to publish the Annual Report on the Progress of Physical Chemistry from 182 1. Until his death, Annual Report I * * * published 27 issues, which was the most authoritative abstract publication of chemistry, physics and mineralogy in the first half of19th century.

When he set out to publish the annual report, Bezerius also set himself a lofty goal of widely publicizing scientific achievements. He believes that his efforts will certainly promote the development of production and help improve people's welfare. In the first annual report, he wrote in the name of the Academy of Sciences: "With the continued publication of these papers or reports on science, it is possible for the country's intellectual class to achieve its ultimate goal-to further understand the progress of human knowledge and pay more attention to the research of practical science, so as to apply their research results more widely to the common skills and crafts beneficial to workers, which will certainly promote the prosperity of production and the improvement of workers' living standards. "

The second task that Bezelius put forward for himself is to unite the strength of scientists from all over the world and promote the development of science through this abstract publication. He pointed out that publishing the annual report is not only conducive to summing up the work that has been done, but also conducive to carrying out research on new topics.

The annual report has been published in 27 issues, each of which is very thick, with the most issue reaching 800 pages. When editing the annual report, Bezerius not only extracts many scientific works, but also tries to select the most important ones for scientific development. He once said: "The fruits picked from the science park, like the farmers' harvest, are often the same product of labor, luck and favorable opportunities. "What is related to the former is only collecting facts in daily life, so the progress of science is always slow. Science sometimes takes a bigger step than usual. In most cases, this step is the result of making good use of opportunities, and sometimes it is also the result of excellent research by rare geniuses. Like the electromagnetic effect discovered by elster; Thermoelectric phenomena studied by Kibik: Faraday discovered electromagnetic rotation; MiG Park Jung Su discovered the isomorphism of objects; D 'Urberville Laignel discovered that platinum has the property of causing vaporization until ignition at room temperature, which is an extremely rare and huge step in science. "

Discovery element

1807, the medical department of Stockholm University needs a lecturer who can teach chemistry. He applied for immediate admission. Bettley uz knew that the new element he stumbled upon was a very important academic achievement. 1808, he wrote a chemistry textbook for students, revised it repeatedly and published it fifteen years later. This book was later translated into French, German and English, and was widely used in universities in Europe and America.

1808, Bethelius analyzed blood and found that heme contained iron, and analyzed various foods, and found that spinach contained a lot of iron, so he suggested that eating more spinach could enhance physical strength and promote blood production. This research result was ridiculed by many people at that time: spinach is green and blood is red. How to make up the red if you eat green? Bethelius did not argue about anything. He continued to study the chemical reactions of physiological metabolism. He didn't know that he had started an important subject, physiological chemistry. 1805, he wrote: The function of the human brain is the greatest mystery of nature, which involves many chemical actions. As long as a chemical action goes wrong, people will go crazy; Every small chemical reaction in my brain is a big step for me to know God.

Soon, Bethelius suggested that lactic acid, not acetic acid, caused muscle soreness. He also found that lactic acid has optical differences between left and right hand. This molecule has the same molecular formula but different arrangement structure, so it is called isomerism. 18 17 years, he analyzed a new element in the underground residue of lead smelting furnace. He named it selenium, which means the moon, because selenium is separated from slag, just like the moon is separated from the earth. Later, he discovered a new element from a mine named _ in Norway and named it _ (thorium).

18 18, Bettley uz put forward his most famous research achievement-atomic weight determination. When he studied the oxides of various elements, he found that each element has a certain weight and proportion to form various substances. According to the weight of each mole of oxygen atom 16 gram, he calculated the atomic weights of 45 known elements. 1826, he set the symbols of various atoms in Latin and discharged the atomic list, which was the earliest atomic weight determination and its periodic table. Why do chemical elements use Latin? Bethelius believes that common words in Japanese will change their meanings over time, while non-spoken Latin can leave their original meanings. Now all chemical elements are named in Latin.

Even though Bethelius's chemical achievements are world-famous, he is still very poor economically. He lived in the basement for a long time, and the room was small enough. From time to time, students come to discuss their lessons with him and sleep in the living room when it is too late at night. Bethelius snores loudly in his sleep, but these students are used to it. Bethelius's wife ElisabethPoppius is the daughter of his church pastor. When the bride came back from her honeymoon, she immediately found that her husband's house was almost a beggar's house. More than twenty students slept in every corner, and the unwashed dishes and clothes were piled high. A couple had to clean together.

The couple later had no children, so they raised the students as children. Many of these students will become outstanding chemists in the future, such as Weller, who was the first person to synthesize urea; Arfwedson, who found lithium in iron ore; Sevstrom, who discovered vanadium; Mosander C.G., who discovered lanthanum; And Mossander who discovered new elements.

Bethelius wrote: In my eyes, students are more important than any achievement. For me, I just need to wake up with a ceiling on my head and a floor under my feet. In his last speech at the Science College of the Royal Swedish Academy in his later years, Bethelius said: I am full of gratitude to God, and I think I am the happiest person. He died on1August 7th, 848. There are no gaps in his life, because he fills many gaps in the periodic table of atoms.

Personal realization

Symbols represent chemical elements.

Bezayrie Wusi's greatest achievement in the field of chemistry is that he first advocated using symbols of elements to represent various chemical elements. He proposed to use the Latin names of chemical elements to represent elements. If the first letters are the same, use the first two letters to distinguish them. For example: Na and Ne, Ca and Cd, Au and A 1, etc. This is the symbol system of chemical elements that is still in use today. His Symbolic System of Elements was published in the Yearbook of Philosophy edited by Thomson in 18 13. A year later, in the same publication, he wrote an article about the writing rules of chemical formula. He marked the number of atoms in the upper right corner of the element symbol. Such as CO2, SO2, H2O, etc. Bethelius's representation of element symbols and chemical formulas is much simpler and clearer than Dalton's previous representation with small circles, so it was quickly accepted by the scientific community.

Developmental atomism

Bethelius believes that in order to establish atomic theory, the atomic weights of as many elements as possible should be measured with the greatest accuracy. 18 14 years, he published the atomic scale containing 4 1 elements, which increased to 45 elements in18 years and to 50 elements in 1826 years. The latter table is actually the same as the present value (except that the values of alkali metals and silver are twice the modern values). He discovered several new elements: cerium (1803), selenium (18 17) and thorium (1828). He also proposed a new symbol system of elements, which has been in use ever since.

In electrochemistry

18 14, Bethelius put forward electrochemical dualism: a compound is composed of two components with different electrical properties (positive and negative charges), which opened the exploration of the relationship between atoms in a molecule. It successfully studied the properties of metals and nonmetals, and explained the properties and preparation process of inorganic compounds.

The study of chemical affinity led Bezayrie Uss to establish electrochemical dualism. In the dry years, Bezerius made a detailed investigation on the electrolytic process, especially when the charges at the two poles of the electrolyzer were opposite, the attraction and repulsion between the charges left a deep impression on him, which prompted him to make up his mind to apply the above viewpoint of electricity to analyze the mechanism of compound assembly and chemical reaction. After more experiments, in 18 1 1, he put forward a more reasonable theory of chemical affinity from the perspective of electricity, that is, his electrochemical dualism. According to the duality of electricity and the fact that salt is decomposed into alkali and acid by current, he linked the concept of acid and alkali with the polarity of electricity, and thought that alkali was formed by metal oxide and had positive charge; Non-metallic oxides are negatively charged and can form acids; There is also gravity at work between these two oxides, and salt is the result of interaction. For example, calcium oxide is positively charged and carbon dioxide is negatively charged. When they interact, calcium carbonate is formed. Then, he extended this polarity to elements. He assumed that each atom has a positive and negative charge, oxygen is the most electronegative element, potassium is the most electronegative element, and other elements are in between according to electronegativity (or electropositivity). Elements can interact because they attract each other with opposite charges. For example, oxygen, the most electronegative element, is attracted to other elements and thus combines with them. However, the oxides thus formed are not neutral, and they are also charged. Because different amounts of charges cannot be completely neutralized. Therefore, as mentioned above, metal oxides are positively charged and non-metal oxides are negatively charged. According to Betzerius's hypothesis, matter particles are always charged, even after combination, and the affinity of matter interaction is the attraction of electricity. Seeing electricity as the essence of matter particles is much more profound than David's understanding that it only stays on the surface. Bezayrie Uss unified the chemical properties and electrical properties of substances in the same material property, understood the chemical changes of substances through their electrical changes, and organically linked the two changes, which is an important ideological development in understanding chemical substances and chemical processes.

Electrochemical dualism basically conforms to the actual process of electrolysis, and gives a satisfactory explanation to the concepts of salt binding affinity and acid-base neutralization. This theory is simple and clear, which can explain many chemical phenomena and is easy for chemists to understand. So this theory quickly became a popular theory and won the recognition of most chemists. Later, with the development of organic chemistry, especially in the study of substitution reaction, electrochemical dualism gradually exposed its own defects, which was criticized by people and replaced by new theories.

In organic chemistry

The name "organic chemistry" was first put forward by Bethelius in 1806. He discovered racemic tartaric acid. Because it has the same chemical composition as tartaric acid, but different physical properties, he recognized the isomerization phenomenon and named it. 1835, he discovered catalysis and named it.

Bezerius is an outstanding chemist, who initiated the research field of organic chemistry. 18 14 years, Bethelius confirmed that organic matter also abides by the law of fixed composition through accurate experiments. Therefore, the in-depth study of organic matter began. He first introduced the concept of "organic chemistry". However, due to the limitation of scientific conditions at that time, the research object of organic chemistry can only be organic matter extracted from natural animal and plant organisms, that is, organic matter can only be made of organic matter. This gives people an illusion that organic matter belongs to "biology" or "life" and can only be formed under the action of a non-material "vitality" and cannot be synthesized by chemical methods in the laboratory. Obviously, this "vitality theory" and Bezerius' electrochemical dualism have hampered the development of organic chemistry. However, when Weiler synthesized urea in 1828, Bezayrie Uss was greatly inspired. He thinks he also found silver fulminate and silver cyanate, which are two substances with the same composition but different properties. The misunderstanding at that time was caused by experimental errors. After Weiler, he found that tartaric acid and grape acid were similar, so he thought it necessary to put forward a new concept. He said: "I suggest that substances with the same composition but different properties be called' isomeric' substances." The discovery and theoretical elucidation of isomerism is an important step in the development of material composition and texture theory, which opens the study of molecular structure and promotes the development of organic chemistry.

In analytical chemistry

He started a gravimetric analysis. He first separated silicon (18 10), tantalum (1824) and zirconium (1824). Compounds of tellurium (1834) and rare metals (vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, etc.). ) conducted a detailed study. He greatly improved the analysis method (using rubber tube, water bath, dryer, bottle washing, filter paper and blowpipe analysis) and combustion analysis method (18 14).

Bezerius was one of the most famous analytical chemists at that time. When measuring atomic weight, he introduced many new analytical methods, new reagents and new instruments and equipment into analytical chemistry, which made the accuracy of quantitative analysis reach an unprecedented level. He carefully studied and improved various analytical operations. For example, he once pointed out that the filter speed is the fastest when the cone angle of the funnel is 60 degrees, and the filter paper should not be higher than the funnel, otherwise the solvent will evaporate quickly at the edge of the filter paper and the precipitate will be difficult to clean. Bezerius has done long-term systematic research on mineralogy. When he made a quantitative analysis of minerals, he found that most minerals were "siliceous" (silica). A synthetic compound of silicon dioxide and other metal oxides, which is the main component of minerals. Bezerius named the mineral containing this compound "silicate". Various silicic acids are classified according to their composition, and this classification has been used to this day. 18 14 published a paper on the new pure chemical classification of minerals, which aroused great concern in academic circles and was immediately translated into English and German. At the same time, he also found some new elements in mineral research. For example, 1803 discovered cerium; Selenium was discovered by 18 17; Thorium was discovered in 1828. In addition, silicon, francium, tantalum and germanium were also found.

chemical education

Bethelius was also a great chemical educator. He attaches great importance to the cultivation of chemical talents. He has compiled three chemistry textbooks, and the first edition 18 16 was translated into French and German soon after. Before Bezerius died, this book was published in five editions in Sweden. It is the most comprehensive, systematic and popular chemistry textbook. Thousands of young chemists have read this book for more than 30 years. Bezerius attracts scientists to correctly evaluate experimental data with his extensive knowledge and insight. He always overthrows old methods, creates new methods, and writes all his achievements in textbooks without hiding them, paving the way for the progress of young scholars. Many chemists, such as Willer, studied under Bettley Uus, one of the internationally recognized chemical authorities at that time.

Bezelius devoted his life to science and didn't get married until he was 56. His wife, johanna, was only 24 years old at that time, and was the daughter of Swedish Minister of State Popius. Before marriage, Bezelius was awarded the title of Baron, and when he got married, he held a luxurious wedding. Government officials, scientists, celebrities and his students all came to congratulate them. After marriage, Bezelius continued to immerse himself in scientific research. He stayed in the laboratory while giving lectures at the university, and took time to write the annual summary 1836. He also published a paper in the journal Yearbook of Physical Chemistry, and put forward the concepts of "catalysis" and "catalyst" used in chemical reactions for the first time. It was he who first put forward the term "allotrope" in 184 1. Due to long-term intense work and frequent contact with toxic chemicals, Bethelius' health was greatly damaged. He died of overwork in Stockholm on August 7, 848, at the age of 69. His death is not only a great loss for the Swedish people, but also a great misfortune for the international academic community. The Swedish Academy and the Swedish government held a grand funeral for him.

work

Bethelius is the author of Chemistry Course (2 volumes, 1808 ~ 18 12) and Chemical Action of Electricity and Chemical Proportion Theory (18 14).

Bezelius' name will remain in the history of world chemistry forever, and his great scientific life will be a model for later chemists.