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American revolution War (English: American Revolution War1775-1783), or American Revolution War, is a war between the British Empire and its 13 state colonies in North America, as well as several European powers. The war started mainly to confront the British economic policy. Later, because France, Spain and the Netherlands joined the war against Britain, the scope of the war far exceeded that of British North America. At the same time, many Indians fight for both sides. During the war, Britain was able to take advantage of its naval superiority to occupy colonial coastal cities, but how to control the countryside troubled them. With the victory of the French navy in Schabik, the British army surrendered in the Battle of Yorktown at 178 1. 1783 The Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the United States, because many colonial residents fled those thirteen colonies and settled in the north. This war also prepared for the establishment of Canada in the future. 1607, the British came to the Atlantic coast of North America and began to establish the first colony of Virginia. After continuous colonization, by the 1930s of 18, Britain had established 13 colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. During this period, a large number of immigrants moved to North America, most of them were British, many came from other European countries, and many black slaves were trafficked from Africa. They have made important contributions to the development of North America. At that time, the capitalist economy of British North American colonies developed rapidly and became the mainstream of economic development. At the same time, there are also many backward economic components. The colonial rule model was established according to the British political system, and each colony had its own governor and parliament. The Governor-General ruled the colonies on behalf of Britain, and had administrative, economic and military powers, and could veto bills passed by Parliament. After 100 years of development, the economic exchanges between British colonies in North America have become increasingly close, and a unified domestic market has initially formed. At the same time, in the long run

In the process of communication and integration, English has changed from various colonies to the same language, and gradually produced the same culture. On this basis, the American nation began to form. The national consciousness is gradually awakening. /kloc-In the first half of the 0/8th century, the Enlightenment spread in British North American colonies, and some outstanding thinkers emerged, such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. The national and democratic consciousness of British North American colonies is increasing day by day. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/8th century, the economy of British North American colonies developed rapidly, with developed industry and commerce in the north, abundant wheat in the middle and prosperous plantations in the south. Many products produced in North America can even compete with British products in the international market. In the "Seven Years' War" of 1756- 1763, Britain and France fought a protracted war for the control of the North American colony. Although Britain defeated France and controlled most of North America, it was in financial trouble because of the long-term war. As a result, the British government continuously increased taxes on the North American colonies, implemented a high-pressure policy, and oppressed and brutally exploited the colonies. Britain hopes that North America will always be its raw material producing area and commodity market, and tries its best to suppress the economic development of the colonies and seek more wealth from them. The colonial people were dissatisfied with British exploitation and slavery, and the contradiction between the two sides became increasingly acute, which eventually led to the outbreak of war. [1] Resist exploitation and reduce dependence Since Britain developed overseas colonies, in order to safeguard Britain's monopoly interests, some laws restricting the economic development of the colonies, such as the Navigation Act, have been promulgated. With the development of North American colonies themselves, the colonial people increasingly hope to reduce their dependence on Britain and seek to develop their own economy independently. However, this has aroused the dissatisfaction of the British authorities, because the British authorities hope that the North American colonies can continue to serve as suppliers of cheap raw materials and markets for dumped goods. Therefore, the British authorities began to adopt many high-handed policies to curb the free development of the colonial economy. At first, the British authorities issued a decree forbidding colonial residents to explore the west (mainly because of the Portia rebellion in 1763), forbidding them to issue their own paper money, and then imposing heavy taxes on them and dissolving their parliament. 18 in the 1960s, in order to increase the tax revenue of the North American colonies, Britain promulgated the stamp duty regulations of 1765 and the Thomson tax law of 1767. The colonial residents were strongly dissatisfied and held a large-scale demonstration. However, the British authorities not only ignored it, but also sent British troops to North America to shoot Boston residents who resisted the tyranny of the British authorities on March 5, 1970, creating the "Boston Massacre", which aroused the resentment of the colonial people, and then the Boston Tea Party took place on February 6, 1973. 1774, the British authorities promulgated five "intolerable bills", which intensified the contradictions between the two sides. [2] Stamp Duty Ordinance 1765, the British came up with a new trick: stamp duty. They stipulate that all official documents, contracts, licenses, newspapers, magazines, advertisements, documents and wills must be stamped with tax stamps before they can take effect and circulate. This aroused the great anger of the colonial people, so secret anti-British organizations such as "sons of liberty" and "Communication Committee" appeared one after another, and anti-British incidents occurred from time to time, such as boycotting British goods, driving away tax collectors, burning tax stamps, armed resistance and so on. All this caused panic in the British government, and they immediately sent troops to suppress it. Anti-British anger is burning in the hearts of colonial people, and a war for independence and freedom is about to burn in the North American continent. 1765, in order to pass on the heavy military burden, the British Parliament directly taxed the British North American colonies. After the Seven Years' War, the British government sent 10,000 troops to North America to further control the colonies and suppress the Indians, and all the expenses were borne by the local government. 1On March 22, 765, the Stamp Duty Ordinance passed by the British Parliament stipulated that the printed materials of the North American colonies included newspapers, books and periodicals, contracts, licenses, diplomas, playing cards and admission tickets. Stamp stamps should be affixed, and the amount of tax varies from 2 pence to several pounds. Offenders are fined or imprisoned. The regulations are scheduled to take effect on June 1 65438+1October1. The stamp duty regulations were strongly opposed by the colonial people. The colonial people insisted that tax decisions could only be made through their own parliaments. Secret societies such as "sons of liberty" and "Communication Committee" organized themselves, led the masses to destroy the tax bureau, burned tax receipts, covered tax collectors with tar, stuck feathers on them, and paraded the streets. 165438+ 10 before the stamp duty act came into effect, all local tax collectors in the colonies were forced to resign. 1765655438+00, new york held a colonial meeting against the stamp duty bill. Resolution 14 was adopted at the meeting, including refusing to pay stamp duty to Britain. In order to resist the stamp duty regulations, the whole colony launched a campaign to boycott British goods, which led to a sharp decline in British exports to the colony. Businessmen and manufacturers in 30 British cities jointly petitioned Parliament to abolish the stamp duty bill. The British Parliament finally passed the resolution to abolish the stamp duty ordinance on March 1766. [3] Townsend Tax Act 1767 The British Parliament passed a bill to levy taxes on the North American colonies, which was proposed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer C Townsend. After the abolition of stamp duty regulations, on the proposal of Chancellor of the Exchequer Thomson, the British Parliament passed four bills on taxation of colonies in the second half of 1767, collectively known as the Townsend Act. 1The Thomson tax law passed on June 29th, 998 is the second. According to the tax law, all paper, glass, lead, pigments and tea exported from Britain to the colonies are subject to import duties. It also stipulates that the British customs tax collectors have the right to break into colonial houses, warehouses and shops, search prohibited items and smuggle goods. After the publication of the Thomson tax law, it aroused the angry protests of the colonial people in North America and demanded its abolition. 1768 In February, the Massachusetts Parliament sent a circular letter to the colonial parliaments, reaffirming the principle of "no taxation without representation". The colonial people once again set off a wave of boycotting British goods and used force to resist the search and oppression of British tax collectors. Trade between Britain and North America has fallen sharply. The British government threatened to dissolve the legislatures in New York and Massachusetts, but it met with greater resistance from the colonial people. 1770 in March, Britain was forced to abolish the Thomson tax law. [4] Boston Massacre 1765, after the British government promulgated the "Regulations on Garrison", it sent troops to North America. At that time, the 14 Regiment and the 29th Regiment stationed in Boston ran amok, some made things difficult for pedestrians and some molested women, which led to the deterioration of the relationship between the soldiers and the people. In the past five years, the conflict between the army and the local people has continued, and the grievances between the local people and the British army have deepened, and an undercurrent of resistance has gradually grown. This resistance reached its climax in March 1770. On the evening of March 5th, people in about six towns began to throw snowballs at 10 British soldiers. On March 5, the conflict between British soldiers and a rope maker resumed. Boston rope workers gathered at the customs and threw snowballs at British soldiers guarding the customs. At 8 o'clock in the evening, the bell rang loudly, and people took to the streets with sticks and shouted to drive away the hateful "red shrimp soldiers" (nicknamed the British army in red uniforms). People gathered around the customs in King Street were even more excited. British troops came to suppress it. In the face of the angry people, the soldiers fired at the crowd in a panic, killing three people on the spot, and then two people died of injuries the next day. The first person killed was C. Artax, a black mass leader and a plantation slave. This bloody event is called "Boston Massacre". The news of the Boston massacre soon spread to other cities, and people rose to protest against the existence of Britain. In Boston, a city with a population of only 65,438+7,000, 50,000 people joined the funeral procession for the victims. British troops were forced to withdraw from Boston. On the morning after the incident, the British army detained Captain Thomas Preston and his eight subordinates who made the tragedy. A week later, the grand jury was sworn in. At the request of the Attorney General, Captain Preston and eight of his subordinates were charged. John adams, a local lawyer who defended British soldiers and was acquitted, was regarded by Americans as one of the leaders of the independence movement, and later became the successor of George Washington, the first American president. [5] Boston Tea Party.

The Boston Tea Party is also known as the Boston Tea Party. 1773, the people of Boston, a North American colony, opposed the monopoly of tea trade by the British East India Company. 1773, in order to dump the tea accumulated by the East India Company, the British government passed the Relief Regulations of the East India Company. This provision gives the East India Company the patent right to sell the overstocked tea in the North American colonies, exempting it from paying high import taxes and imposing only a slight tea tax. The regulations explicitly prohibit the sale of "private tea" in the colonies. As a result, the East India Company monopolized the distribution of tea in the North American colonies, and the price of imported tea was 50% cheaper than that of "private tea". This regulation caused great anger among the colonial people in North America, who consumed nine-tenths of smuggled tea. People in new york, Philadelphia and Charleston refused to unload tea. [6] The sons of liberty organization led by samuel adams, a Boston revolutionary, consists of three groups of 50 people in each group. Dressed as an Indian, it sneaked into three ships, destroyed the cargo on board and dumped 342 boxes of tea into the port. At that time, the lights shone at night as during the day, and many people got up to watch the fun. The whole process was quite peaceful and quiet. However, this move has been criticized by all parties. The British government ordered the closure of Boston port until they repaid the tea money they left behind, and also drove warships and troops into the colony. Benjamin Franklin, the former governor of New Jersey, thought that the dumped tea should be compensated and expressed his willingness to pay with his own money. Britain regards this as a provocation against the colonial government. "intolerable acts" 1774 the British government has adopted a series of "coercive acts" aimed at strengthening control. Although these bills are aimed at Massachusetts, they are called "intolerable bills" by North American residents. Later, other ports, such as Philadelphia, responded one after another, which eventually led to the American War of Independence in April 1775. The war process can be divided into three stages. The first stage 1775 ~ 1778 is the first stage of the war and the strategic defense stage. The main battlefield is in the north, and the British army has an advantage. After the war began, the British army took the initiative to put out the revolutionary fire in the colonies quickly. Its general strategy is: the navy controls the east coast of North America, and the army advances from the north and south of Canada and new york respectively, and marches to Lake plank and Hudson Valley, so as to isolate the New England colony which is the most determined to Britain.

And then break the other colonies one by one. Due to the weak forces, except for the expedition to Canada at the beginning of the war, the continental army was basically on the defensive and adopted the policy of waiting for the enemy to win and winning foreign aid. 1In May 775, the colonial militia took the initiative to attack and besieged Boston. 17 In June, the colonial militia won the first battle in Bunker Hill outside Boston, annihilating 1000 British troops. 1776 In March, British troops under the command of William Howe were forced to evacuate from Boston to Halifax for assistance. At the end of August, Howe led 32,000 British troops to attack new york with the cooperation of naval fleet. Washington led 19000 troops to fight positional warfare with the British, which caused heavy losses. 10, he was forced to lead the remaining 5,000 troops to evacuate to New Jersey, and the British occupied new york. On Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve, Washington took advantage of the carelessness of the British army and raided Trenton and Princeton, capturing nearly a thousand enemies, which greatly boosted morale. 1in the summer of 777, john burgoyne led 7,000 British troops south from Canada in an attempt to join forces with Hao. However, Hao did not go north as planned, but led 1.8 million troops south, and captured Philadelphia, where the Continental Congress was held, in September. Bourgau was besieged by 65438+2000 American troops and guerrillas because of going deep into Saratoga alone, and 5000 British troops were forced to surrender to the American troops on 10+07. The battle of Saratoga became a turning point in this war, prompting France, Spain and the Netherlands to declare war on Britain one after another. 1778 In February, France signed a military alliance treaty with the United States, and France officially recognized the United States. France and Britain went to war in June 1778, and Spain also went to war against Britain in June 1779. 1780, Russia joined forces with Prussia, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and other countries to form an "armed neutral alliance" to break the British naval blockade. 1780 12 Holland further unites France against Britain. The North American War of Independence expanded into an international anti-British war covering Europe, Asia and the United States, and Britain fell into unprecedented isolation. The change of the situation forced the British army to abandon Philadelphia on June 1778 and decided to retreat to new york. Subsequently, the war in the north was deadlocked. The second stage 1779 ~ 178 1 is the second stage of the war, marked by the victory of Saratoga, and entered the stage of strategic stalemate. The main battlefield turned to the south, and the American army defeated the strong with the weak. After taking office, Clinton, the new commander-in-chief of the British army, decided to send troops to the British army by taking advantage of the fact that there were more "loyal ministers" in the south and close to the West Indies.

The main force moved to the south, trying to separate the southern States of the United States one by one, relying on coastal bases and new york to contain the north. The Continental Army of North America tried to cooperate with French Lu Haijun to control coastal bases, and at the same time actively launched guerrilla warfare to break the British plan. 1778 At the end of the year, British troops captured Savannah, the capital of Georgia, which started a powerful offensive in the south. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/779, the French fleet under the command of American commanders Lincoln and Destin in the south attacked Savannah, the main base of British troops in the south, and was frustrated. 1in the spring of 780, Clinton led 14000 British troops to surround Charleston on both sides, forcing more than 5000 people in Lincoln's department to surrender and capturing 4 warships, which made the US military lose the most in the whole war. Later, Clinton led a British army to new york, leaving Cornwallis to command 7,000 British troops to control the southern land and coast. This facilitates the activities of militia and guerrillas in the south. The Continental Congress appointed Green as the commander of the American army in the south to cooperate with Morgan in guerrilla warfare in the south. 10 and March, he defeated the British army in Cowpens and guildford, forcing the British army to retreat from the mainland to the coast. Green took advantage of this situation and sent his troops south. With the cooperation of militia and guerrillas, he uprooted the British strongholds and recovered the southern territory except Savannah and Gilston. The third stage, 178 1 April-1783 September, is a strategic counterattack stage. 178 1 August, Cornwallis led 7000 British troops to retreat to Yorktown, the top of Virginia Peninsula. At this time, in the entire North American battlefield, the British army mainly contracted in new york and Yorktown. 178 1 In August, Washington personally led the French-American Coalition forces to secretly go south to Virginia. At the same time, the French fleet led by De Grice also reached the sea outside Yorktown, defeated the British ships that came to help, and completely controlled the sea control right of the war zone. On September 28th, 17000 French-American allied forces completed the siege of Yorktown from land and sea. Under the heavy bombardment of allied artillery, Cornwallis, in desperation, put forward the request of surrender negotiation on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of Bourgau's surrender in1781kloc-0/7. 101October19th, 8,000 British troops left Yorktown. When the well-dressed red shirts passed by the ragged American troops and laid down their weapons one by one, the military band played the famous movement "Upside Down, the World Upside Down". After the Battle of Yorktown, except for several battles at sea and sporadic battles on land, the war on the North American continent has basically stopped. 1October 30th, 1782, 165438+ The representatives of the United States and Britain signed a preliminary armistice treaty in Paris. 1783 On September 3, the British king and representatives of the colonies signed the Treaty of Paris at Versailles, and Britain officially recognized the establishment of the United States of America. Article *** 10 of the Peace Treaty and Article 1 of the Peace Treaty stipulate that "His Majesty the King recognizes the United States as a free, independent and autonomous country". The contents also include: confirming that the American border starts from the Atlantic coast in the east, the Mississippi River in the west, the Great Lakes in Canada in the north and the northern border of Florida in the south; Since then, the two peoples have enjoyed permanent peace, stopped all hostile actions at sea and on land, and released prisoners of war to each other; Britain withdrew all its troops and ships from all ports, regions and harbors in the United States. The signing of this peace treaty marks that Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States and made the United States completely independent. This is the victory of the American people through the long-term national liberation war. ?