Why are you an immigrant?

As a social custom, traveling to the East is widely accepted. The East Gate of Shanhaiguan City defines the land outside Shanhaiguan and the Central Plains. During the hundreds of years from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, Shandong people who left their homes began to venture eastward. /kloc-in the 9th century, the lower reaches of the Yellow River suffered from famine year after year, but the Qing government still prohibited customs clearance. Thousands of bankrupt farmers ignored the ban and risked being punished to "rush" into the northeast, which is the origin of "going to the east" By 1840, the population of Northeast China has exceeded 3 million, an increase of seven or eight times compared with 100 years ago, and the national population has reached more than 400 million. In the late Qing Dynasty, Russia invaded the northeast of China. Famine was partially banned in Northeast China in Qing Dynasty 1860, and was completely banned in 1897. 19 10, the total population of northeast China increased to180,000. During the period of the Republic of China (1912-1949), there was a surge of people, with nearly 40 million people on the eve of new China (data from China Demography, Zhang). In 38 years of the Republic of China, the average number of people from Shandong ventured to Kanto reached 480,000 per year, with a total of more than 6,543,800+083,000, and the number of people from Shandong remained at 7.92 million, which was "one of the largest population movements in human history" and "an unprecedented scale in modern history". Therefore, most of the ancestors of the indigenous people in Northeast China now belong to Shandong and other provinces in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.

When the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, the system of ethnic hierarchy and segregation was implemented, and Han people were forbidden to enter the "Longxing Land" of Manchuria for farming-a customs ban was issued. Shunzhi warned the Manchu nobles to retreat to Kanto, and Yongzheng said, "I am the righteous emperor" and "I am not from China". The Manchu people lost all their money and entered the customs, and the population in Northeast China dropped sharply. Under the pretext of "living in ancestral home and prospering the king", the Manchu people protected "participating in the mountains and benefiting the pearl" and implemented the policy of banning the Northeast for a long time. At the beginning of Shunzhi, more than 1,000 kilometers of "wicker fences"-Manchuria Great Wall (wicker fence, willow wall, liucheng fence and striped fence) were built in sections all over the country, and it was not completed until the middle of Kangxi. From Shanhaiguan via Kaiyuan and Xinbin to the wicker edge in the south of Fengcheng, it is called the "old edge"; Jilin City has been called the "new frontier" ("secondary sea") in the north since Kaiyuan Northeast. Therefore, there are folk sayings of "border people" and "border people".

There are three periods: (1) 1644 to 1667. The Regulations on Recruiting People for Reclamation in Liaodong stipulates that "those who recruit 100 people will be given the title of magistrate, and those who recruit 100 people will be given the rank of resident". In the past 23 years, "many people in Shandong have migrated to the Northeast", and many areas are "because of immigration". (2) From1668 to 1860, in order to maintain the inherent customs of Manchuria and ensure the livelihood of the Eight Banners, in the seventh year of Kangxi (1688), the Qing court ordered that "Liaodong should recruit people and appoint officials, and stop forever", and implemented a policy of banning northeast China. (3) From 186 1 to191kloc-0/After the Opium War, the Qing government's control over the border areas gradually weakened, and Russia continued to encroach on the Heilongjiang border. The Qing government adopted the suggestion of Tepuqin, the general of Heilongjiang Province, and officially reclaimed land in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860).

Breaking through the Kanto, the Northeast has changed from "migrants" to "refugees" and then to "immigrant society". In the early Qing Dynasty, ethnic contradictions were sharp, and the rulers of the Qing Dynasty took extremely cruel measures to suppress them. When the rebels are sent to the "smoky place" on the border, most Shandong offenders are sent to the "extremely poor" northeast, which is called "exile" in history. Shandong people are typical "settled in their native land". Population pressure, natural and man-made disasters and the policy orientation of Manchu government constitute the external causes of Shandong people's invasion of Kanto. Taking the railway construction in the Middle East at that time as an example, The History of Northeast Development quoted Toshiyama Dono as saying: "China coolies are like a collection of ants, and Shandong, which is supplied with labor, took the opportunity to transport countless laborers out of Tamen. It is no exaggeration to say that Zhongdong Road, which is more than 1500 miles, was completed by Shandong coolies. " After crossing the Kanto, the northeast is a place invaded by foreign enemies, and Shandong people have an extraordinary struggle. "Records of Angel Commune in Hunjiang City, Jilin Province" records: "During the period of 192 1, there was a farmer named Wang Zhenbang, originally from Shandong, who fled the countryside and lived in Xichuan with his wife and eldest daughter. 193 1 year, when the Japanese invaded the northeast, Wang Zhenbang and fellow villagers in Shandong gathered 100 people fought against Japan. At the end of 1934, it fought with the Japanese army three or four times, of which the second time was the best, and the Japanese army suffered heavy casualties. The insurgents were frightened by the Japanese army. "

Breaking through the Kanto, because the northeast is an exile and reclamation is forbidden, Mongolian nobles are stationed in the pasture on the west side of the Great Wall. However, the overthrown Manchu colonial government was unable to stop the historical trend. More than 200 years of colonial rule of Manchu promoted the great integration of Manchu, Mongolian and Han nationalities. Even the historical vicissitudes such as "Manchu independence" movement and "puppet Manchukuo" failed to turn Manchu into Manchu in China. Shandong's mentality of the hometown of saints weakens the local consciousness, while the adventurous spirit is the most strengthened, which urges the refugees to return to spring and take root in the northeast. After the Revolution of 1911, tens of millions of Han Chinese returned to the embrace of China, "so that the map of human geography shows that this area belongs to China people completely" (Grassland Empire,).

Breaking through the Kanto is a tragic history and an immigration feat. "De-orientalization" has a specific route and a specific background. Therefore, it is a social and historical migration phenomenon with spontaneous objective factors and internal political influence. "In essence, Shandong people's crusade to the east is a spontaneous and unstoppable tragic movement for the survival of poor farmers on the verge of death." Japanese Obuchi Hiranaga 1899 recorded the real historical picture of that year in Travel Notes of Manchuria: "From Fengtian to Xingjing, I saw my husband on the road with a unicycle and a woman sitting on it. If a child cries, my husband pushes from behind, my brother pulls from the front, the old man leans on a stick, and the girl has something to rely on. On the way, my husband scolded his young woman and mother. Teams always enter Tonghua, Huairen, Hailong City and Chaoyang Town, opposite each other. From Fengtian to Jilin, Shandong immigrants slept all the way ... ". As the largest ethnic group in the world-the Han nationality, hundreds of years of people's pressure has caused the Han nationality to spread to the surrounding areas: to the west, down to Southeast Asia, and Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang have also become places for Han immigrants. Then, going to the east becomes a balance between population and economy.