How does Chicago School's urban ecology explain the relationship between urban space and crowd behavior?

Hello! ! ! Biological laws are also applicable to the analysis of urban structure. First, there is a phenomenon of * * * in urban society and biology. * * * refers to the situation that individuals are independent and interdependent in group relations. * * * Life is based on differences. The bigger the city, the finer the division of labor, the single services provided by various institutions, and the higher the degree of interdependence among individuals. The performance of urban structure is that institutions with complementary functions are often distributed in adjacent areas. Second, human beings, like the biological world, are driven by instinct to find a place to survive and multiply, so there is fierce competition in the use of limited land. Parker believes that this is the most important factor that determines the urban structure, urban population and geographical distribution of institutions. Cities are made up of lots with different functions and different land rents. The city center has the greatest function, but the rent is also the highest. It can only be occupied by powerful financial institutions and business groups. Poor immigrants can only live in slums with small functions and low rents. Therefore, Parker pointed out that the geographical distribution of urban population and institutions is not random, but the result of fierce competition and appropriate choice. * * * Life and competition determine the basic framework of urban structure. However, the geographical distribution of population and institutions is constantly changing. Chicago School used five ecological concepts to describe this change process: (1) concentration. Mainly refers to the gathering of institutions with the same function in the central area of the city, especially for banks and businesses, which will greatly promote commercial development. (2) dispersion. Refers to the migration of population and institutions from the city center to the periphery of the city. One example is the large-scale relocation of American urban population and industrial and commercial enterprises to the suburbs after World War II. (3) isolation. The result of competition is that people with the same income, race, religion and other factors or institutions with the same functions gather in a specific area, and the whole city is composed of distinctive areas and separated from each other, which is isolation. Black communities isolated from the outside world and minority communities composed of foreign immigrants generally exist in major cities in the United States. (4) invasion and replacement. These are two closely related concepts. If a group leaves its original place of residence and enters the territory of another group, it is invasion; When this group later replaced the original group and effectively ruled this area, it formed an inheritance. At first, blacks and foreign immigrants lived in a small area of the city. Later, due to the surge in population, blacks and immigrants gradually "invaded" neighboring white residential areas, and white residents moved to other white areas or suburbs in large numbers. As a result, blacks and immigrants "replaced" many original white areas. Chicago School strongly advocates field investigation and research, thus establishing sociology on a real scientific basis. They took the lead in stepping out of the ivory tower behind closed doors in the past, and made a field survey of Chicago, a boiling city, under the guidance of certain theories, and finally revised and improved various sociological theoretical premises. Of course, before the Chicago School, a few people investigated some aspects of urban society, but it was not until after the Chicago School that fieldwork was promoted to a parallel position with sociological theoretical interpretation. Moreover, the fieldwork of the Chicago School is a brand-new method after the thorough transformation of the previous investigation methods: the old-fashioned investigation is randomly mixed with the subjective intention of the investigator, while the Chicago School tries its best to implement "value neutrality" and demands accurate and objective reflection of the urban reality. Only in this way can we ensure the scientific nature of the research. In addition, the fieldwork of Chicago School was conducted under the guidance of a certain theoretical system, which avoided the problem of fuzzy dispersion and contributed reliable materials to the establishment of a complete social theory. Secondly, the Chicago School introduced the concept and method of ecology, which provided an ideal angle for the study of urban society. Ecology studies the interaction between animals and plants and its extensive relationship with the space environment. This interactive thinking mode is especially suitable for studying the city as a compound society from the overall perspective. Therefore, whenever we study macro urban social problems, such as urbanization process, suburbanization reasons, population and institutional distribution in urban areas, ecology becomes an effective method. Since Parker and Burgess introduced ecology, more than half of urban sociologists have inherited this method, and gradually improved it into human ecology with scientific theoretical framework and independent academic status today, becoming one of the two main schools to study urban society. The third theoretical contribution of Chicago School's urban sociology is Voss' research on urban lifestyle. Voss realized the similarities and differences between urban and rural lifestyles, and correctly pointed out some characteristics of urban life, such as professional specialization, formalization of social control and the rise of rationalism. Contrary to the macro perspective of human ecology, Worth's research on urban lifestyle is from the micro perspective. Although some European sociologists, such as Zimmer, had studied the urban lifestyle before him, Worth was a master and made a big step forward on their basis. I wish you progress in your study! ! ! I hope you can adopt it and have more opportunities for communication. I am very interested in it. Thank you! ! !