The Eastern Roman Empire Era of Greek Literature

Greek literature in the era of the Eastern Roman Empire began when Byzantine rl] (Constantinople) became the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire in the 4th century A.D., and ended when Constantinople fell into the hands of Turks in the 5th century A.D./KLOC-0. In the long years of 1000 years, although Greek culture has continued in this vast land, Greek has become the mandarin of the residents in this area. However, due to the bureaucratic politics of the Eastern Roman Empire and the ideological constraints of the Christian church, although a large number of works were left in this period, there were not many important poets and essayists.

In the 5th century A.D., the creation imitating ancient Homer's epic was revived, and the appearance of these later epic works still centered on Alexander. Shen Yulun, a poet born in Smirna, Asia Minor, wrote 14 volume "Continuing Homer's Epic", which tells the story of the late Trojan War. At the same time, there is an epic poet, Nonos, who wrote 48 volumes of Dionysus Ji, describing later myths and legends about Dionysus, including his expedition to India and his countless love stories. Since then, there have been no important poets in the whole Eastern Roman Empire. In the 6th century, there was a Paul Silenti arrio, a famous Christian poet at that time. In addition, there are many long poems written in poetic style with legendary stories and historical themes. One of the most important long poems is diogenes Achray Tass, which means "border people with dual nationality". The content is about a hero with high martial arts. He is the son of an eastern Roman princess and an Arab aristocrat. He experienced many thrilling scenes and became a famous outlaw who killed the rich and helped the poor in the frontier. He built a castle and later died of illness. People gave him a grand funeral. This long poem was probably formed in the 9th century and10th century. It is oral literature of different manuscripts. In addition, there are a large number of religious poems, but they are of little literary value.

There were many historians and theologians in the Eastern Roman era, and many works survived, but most of them had no literary value and could only be cited as historical materials. In the 6th century A.D., there was a historian, Prokopi Oss, who wrote eight volumes of The War History of Emperor Justinian and The Secret History of the Court, and was regarded by later generations as the most important historian after Eduardo Pioz. In the second half of the 8th century, there was a historian, Theo finnis. The history he wrote at that time could fill a gap in the history of eastern Rome, and his writing was easy to understand. Anna Connena was the daughter of Lekszi Oss, the eastern Roman emperor from 1 1 year to 12. She wrote eight books about her father's life and provided reliable information about the first crusade.

In addition to the above, only1a literary data set named Sui Da in the second half of the 20th century is worth mentioning. The author of this book left no name. It contains more than 30,000 entries and provides a lot of valuable information about the lives and works of writers in the Eastern Roman era and earlier. It can be regarded as an important contribution of scholars in the Eastern Roman era to the history of Greek literature.

Modern Greek Literature There are different dialects in ancient Greece. By the reign of Alexander the Great and the Roman Empire, these different dialects had been unified into one Mandarin. Influenced by Athenian rhetoric, this written language is still somewhat different from modern spoken language, and it has become the official language or "elegant language". This classical "elegant language" is the tradition of modern Greek literature. Another tradition is "oral" literature, which rose in ionian islands and Crete.

/kloc-during the Turkish occupation of Greece after the 0/5th century, the only literary activity was folk songs, and many so-called "crack" songs were handed down. "Rip" is an armed hooligan, which refers to those vagrants who are not bound by Turkish rulers in remote mountainous areas. 16- 17, the local Greek literature was once revived because the Venetians seized Crete from the Turks. /kloc-In the middle of the 7th century, korner Ross wrote a long poem, Elotok Litos, which tells the love story of a young couple. At that time, there were some dramatic works, mostly influenced by Italian and Roman comedies. 1669, the Turks reoccupied Crete, and the revival of Greek literature was interrupted. During 17 and 18 centuries, officials of the Greek church in Constantinople set up Greek schools and published Greek books in some places to promote people to learn Greek culture and advocate a kind of "Fanaliot" literature written in Greek. "Fanaliot" refers to the official class belonging to the Greek church, which made the Greek literature in the Eastern Roman era continue and prepared for the independence movement. "Fanaliot" literature is also influenced by western European literature, especially French literature.

Before Greece gained its independence in the18th century, many Greek scholars and writers lived abroad. Collet (1748 ~ 1833) who lived in exile in Paris contributed to the revival of Greek literature. He published many works of ancient Greek literature, which made the elegant language at that time close to spoken English. He is based on the spoken Mandarin, but he also requires the beauty and standardization of the language and emphasizes rhetoric.

/kloc-in the second half of the 8th century, the famous patriotic poet Regas (1757 ~ 1798) published many revolutionary leaflets and revolutionary songs in Vienna and other places, calling on the people to revolt. He wrote to Napoleon asking for help in liberating the Greeks. He was arrested by the Austrian authorities, handed over to the Turks and secretly hanged. After liberation, the Athenians erected a statue for him, and his name has always been the pride of the Athenian people.

1828 After Greece gained independence, the "Faniot" literature of the Eastern Greek Church moved to Athens, and the romantic literature movement in Athens began. The main poet of this school is Suzos (1806 ~ 1868), who studied in Paris and was influenced by French romantic literature. He is famous for writing satirical poems. The last important poet of this school is pallas Coase (1838 ~ 1895). They all write in elegant language and have a strong nationalist tendency.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, there was another school of Ionia besides the romanticism in Athens. The founder and representative of this school is Solomos (1798 ~ 1857). He studied in Italy and also wrote in Italian. His poems written in modern Greek are full of patriotic enthusiasm. In the struggle between classicism and folk school, he chose the latter. He also introduced some western European poetry forms, which enriched the expressive ability of modern Greek poetry. Among this school of poets, Calvos (1792 ~ 1869) and Valaori tees (1824 ~ 1879) are important, and the latter has a great influence on palamas, a great poet of the New Athens School.

Around 1880, some young poets thought that elegant literature and its romantic tendency were old-fashioned, lifeless and empty, so they started the New Athens School. They also want to keep some classical traditions, but they prefer oral literature and face real life. Palamas (1859 ~ 1943) is the leader of this school. He wrote some famous philosophical narrative poems and some wonderful lyric short poems, as well as short stories and poetic dramas. After palamas, it is recognized that the greatest poet of this school is Anoos (1884 ~ 195 1), whose Song of Victory was secretly spread under the occupation of the enemy during the Second World War. Kafka (1863 ~ 1933) was an important poet who was not influenced by palamas. Carvafis was born in Alexandria, and his language is different from both elegant literature and New Athens School, which makes him unique. In his poems, historical memories and personal experiences are intertwined, reflecting some modern trends in the West. At that time, Deloxis (1859 ~ 195 1) was also a poet who opposed Athenian romanticism. He doesn't belong to palamas School, but he also stands on the side of folk literature and draws nutrition from it. The important Greek poets who appeared after the First World War were the pessimist Cario takis (1896 ~ 1928), who won the symbolic poet Severus of Nobel Prize in Literature (1900 ~ 197 1) and the epic Ode. And 1979 won the surrealist poet Eris of Nobel Prize in Literature (191~1996). Lyrics are the main forms of contemporary Greek poetry, but Lascala Toth (1811901) and Soris (1853 ~19/kloc) are the most popular.

In terms of prose, after Greece gained independence, many historical novels first appeared, which were deeply influenced by western European literature, in addition to some memoirs. Psyche Harris (1854 ~ 1929) published My Journey in 1888, which aroused China people's yearning for the Greek culture in the past, and Psyche Harris became the leader of the vernacular literature movement. 19 The 1980s was a turning point, which opened a new era of contemporary Greek prose creation. Romanticism is no longer popular, writers no longer write historical novels, but write short stories and novels reflecting reality, especially novels reflecting rural real life. At this time, folklore research is in the ascendant, and collecting folklore is also helpful to dig up rural themes. Nikolai Polites (1852 ~ 192 1) has played a great role in the study of folklore. Since then, there have been a large number of short stories describing the life of rural areas and fishermen, including palamas's famous short story "The Death of a Man". Calka Witschas is also an important novelist. He wrote the novel The Beggar. The poet Delosi also wrote some short stories about rural life. Xenopoulos (1867 ~1951) has written several novels about city life. He and some writers also launched a new drama movement, and most of his plays were influenced by Ibsen. After World War I, Mirivilis (1892 ~ 1969) wrote many war memoirs, novels and many short stories. In addition, there are many famous contemporary novelists, such as Winnie the Gith (1904 ~), Cosmas Polites (1888 ~) and Theo-Otto Cass (1905 ~ 1966), who have all written some famous novels and novels. The famous poet Kazandzakis also wrote some novels, which were translated into many languages. He also wrote many essays and travels.

Western scholars generally believe that although contemporary Greek literature cannot be compared with the outstanding achievements of ancient Greek literature, it is still a noteworthy aspect of contemporary European literature. In terms of novels and dramas, although the achievements of contemporary Greek writers are not as good as those of important writers in Western Europe in the 9th and 20th centuries, there are also many excellent works.