Central Plains Immigrants in Fujian Province

From the first year of Jian 'an, Wu Dong sent troops to Pingmin five times in 257 and 62, and the China side of Fujian was returned to Sun Quan. In order to strengthen his rule in central Fujian, Wu abolished the southern governor in 260 and set up Jian 'an County (now Jian 'ou) in Fujian, with five counties under his jurisdiction. A captain was removed and a county was established, which realized the situation of civilian rule instead of military and civilian rule.

At this time, the Han residents in the south of the Yangtze River were immersed in land and sea, especially in eastern Fujian and northern Fujian, and the languages they brought laid the foundation for the dialects in eastern Fujian and northern Fujian. Due to the development of economy and the increase of population, in 282, the Western Jin Dynasty separated some areas from Jian 'an County and established Jin 'an County, now Fuzhou, with eight counties under its jurisdiction. Therefore, there are two counties and sixteen counties in Fujian: Jian 'an, Xing Wu, Dongping, Jianyang, Shaowu, Jiangle, Yanping and Suicheng, which belong to Jian 'an County in northern Fujian; Jin 'an County in Fujian coastal and western areas governs Houguan, Yuanfeng, Marvin, Jin 'an, Tongan, Silla, Wanping and Luojiang.

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains became more turbulent, and more northerners moved to Fujian from the south. In 308, there was chaos in the Central Plains and Yongjia, and clothes began to enter the eight major ethnic groups in Fujian: Lin, Chen, Huang, Zheng, Hu, He, Qiu and Zhan. This is what is said in history, "one crown crosses the south, and eight surnames enter the fairy." Before this, the northern Han people entered Fujian, but the number was small; During Yongjia period and beyond, more northern Han Chinese entered Fujian, forming a climax.

Han people and Fujian and Vietnam people get along day and night, which is bound to be influenced by Fujian and Vietnam. The Chinese language of Fujian and Vietnam has absorbed some elements of Fujian and Vietnam. The adherents of Fujian and Vietnam are not only few and scattered, but also have low culture. Therefore, the Han people finally made Chinese dominant through overwhelming plate migration, and finally replaced Fujian and Vietnam. For example, Fuzhou dialect, Puxian dialect and Minnan dialect are all formed by the long-term integration and evolution of the foreign Central Plains language family and the local indigenous language family (Fujian-Vietnam language family). Tian Liang Prison (502-5 19), analyzing that Jin 'an County is in Liang 'an County, and the county seat is in Fengzhou Town of Nan 'an today.

In the first year of Liang Taiqing (547), the Hou Jing Rebellion made Sanwu a battlefield, and Guangling (Yangzhou), Jiangzhou (Jiujiang), Jiankang (Nanjing), Jiangling and other cities in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River became desolate places. During this period, a large number of refugees left Wu Hui and entered Fujian. Sanwu refugees have traveled all over Fujian and Chaozhou, Guangdong. These immigrants come from shelters and are scattered all over the country. Although the language they brought (Wu dialect) did not overwhelm the guests and could not replace the local language, it injected fresh blood into Quanzhou dialect and other Fujian dialects. Integration of language in this period made the sub-dialects in Min dialect more consistent, leaving a batch of Wu vocabulary.

In the first year of Chen Yongding (557), Fujian was established in Jin 'an County (now Fuzhou), which was the first provincial-level organizational system in Fujian history, governing Jin 'an, Jian 'an and Nan 'an counties. Soon, Fujian was changed to Fengzhou, and the State Council set up Jin 'an County (now Fuzhou), covering the whole province of Fujian and Chaozhou, Shantou and Jieyang in Guangdong. After Emperor Taizong Li Shimin succeeded to the throne, he made great efforts to rectify counties, and divided the whole country into ten provinces according to the conditions of mountains, rivers and geographical areas. During the Wude period, Fujian belonged to Yangzhou, and after the Zhenguan period, it was placed under Lingnan Road. It governs Fengzhou (now Quanzhou), Quanzhou (now Fuzhou) and Jianzhou (now Jian 'ou). Han immigrants entered Fujian and gradually occupied Minnan, assimilating the adherents of Fujian and Vietnam in this area.

In 622, the Tang Dynasty set up Fengzhou in Nan 'an County, and the state was ruled in Fengzhou Town, Nan 'an City. Fengzhou leads Nan 'an, Putian and Longxi counties. In 627, Fengzhou was abolished and Nan 'an, Putian and Longxi counties were merged into Quanzhou (now Fuzhou).

In 684, Nan 'an, Putian, Longxi and other places in Quanzhou (now Fuzhou) were located in Wurongzhou, which is now Fengzhou in Nan 'an. Soon, Wurongzhou was abolished, and the three counties still belonged to Quanzhou, and the state was now Fuzhou. In 699, Wu Rongzhou was re-established in Nan 'an, Putian and Longxi counties, and Fengzhou Town in Nan 'an was still established. At the same time, the western border of Putian County is Qingyuan County, which belongs to Wurong area. In 700, the state was abolished and transferred to Quanzhou (now Fuzhou). In 700, Wurongzhou was established in Quanzhou, which governs Nan 'an, Putian, Longxi and Qingyuan counties.

In 7 1 1 year, Wu Rongfu changed its name to Quanzhou, and Quanzhou was changed to the Governor's Office of Zhou Min (a provincial institution), and Quanzhou was subordinate to the Governor's Office of Zhou Min. Zhou Min belongs to Jiangnan Road at this time. Since then, all references to "Quanzhou" refer to Quanzhou today. The jurisdiction of Fujian Governor's Office includes the whole province of Fujian and Jieyang, Shantou and Chaozhou in Guangdong. During the kaiyuan period (7 13-74 1), Quanzhou governed five counties: Nan 'an, Putian, Longxi, Qingyuan and Jinjiang.

In 742, the Tang court changed the state to a county, and Quanzhou was renamed Qingyuan County, still belonging to Jiangnan Road. In 760, Qingyuan County was changed to Jiangnan East Road. Qingyuan County led Nan 'an, Putian, Xianyou (formerly Qingyuan County) and Jinjiang, and later Qingyuan County was renamed Quanzhou.

In 733, the Tang Dynasty took the words Fuzhou and Jianzhou, calling them Fujian economic envoys (military commanders) and "Fujian". In the Tang Dynasty, Fuzhou, Jianshe, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Tingzhou were established one after another, and in 77 1 year, Fujian observer was formally established, becoming the highest local governor, forming a considerable prototype of provinces. In the tenth year of Tang Tianbao, Chaozhou was transferred from Fujian to Lingnan Taoist Temple in 75 1 year.

In 669, Zheng Chen and Chen Yuanguang led soldiers and their families to recruit barbarians and settled in Fujian. According to the genealogy of Zhang Kai in British College, Chen Zhengxian led 5600 government soldiers into Fujian, and then asked for help from Serenade. The court ordered Zheng Chen's two brothers, Chen Min and Chen Fu, to lead troops south. Fujian has an estimated 10,000 troops. They finally settled in Zhangzhou, known as the ancestors of Zhang Kai.

During the "An Shi Rebellion" period, there were frequent wars in the Central Plains, but Fujian, located in the southeast corner, became a paradise for northerners to avoid chaos and move south.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Wang Xu, the secretariat of Daoguangzhou in Huainan, was unable to cope with the blackmail of the great warlord Qin Zongquan, and drove the officials and people across the river with 5,000 troops. Tens of thousands of people entered Fujian in 885. Later, because Wang Xu killed many people, Wang Chao, a native of Gushi, Gwangju, was elected as the new commander-in-chief. From Nankang to Ganzhou, then to Chaoyang, Quanzhou and Fuzhou, Fujian was finally settled. When Wang Chao died, his younger brother knew about it during the trial, and so did he. His son Han Yan founded Fujian and even died. From Wang's entry into Fujian to Fujian's demise, Wang ruled Fujian for 60 years. During its reign, immigrants from Gwangju, Shouzhou and other places spread all over Fujian, and developed and multiplied, which had a great impact on Fujian's population. In the Tang Dynasty, Fujian was sparsely populated, with only 744,677 households in Yuanhe period. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao entered Fujian, killing people like ants, further reducing the population of Fujian. Judging from the proportion of Fujian's population at that time, the original population of Fujian was only tens of thousands at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and tens of thousands of young and long-lived immigrants entered Fujian. If you count a family of five, the northern immigrants alone may account for 1/5 of Fujian's total population!

The language brought by the Han people who entered Fujian in the Tang and Five Dynasties is already the northern Mandarin dialect (that is, the vernacular literature system) in the Middle Ages. At that time, Quanzhou dialect was deeply rooted, and the northern dialect could not change the Quanzhou dialect system, so it could only "do as the Romans do", and finally the northern dialect was mixed with the previous Quanzhou dialect.

Wang's second son, Wang, killed his brother and usurped the throne and proclaimed himself emperor. Fuzhou was promoted to Changle Prefecture and established as East County, which was in charge of the seven states of Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Jianting, Zhangyong (Jiangle) and Ganping (Yanping). In 945, Wang's "Great Min Kingdom" was destroyed by the Southern Tang Dynasty, and the Southern Tang Dynasty and Wu Yue were divided into Zhangzhou and Fuzhou. Quanzhou and Zhangzhou (now under the jurisdiction of Quanzhou Putian Xiamen Zhangzhou) were commanders of Quanzhou skirmishers in the Southern Tang Dynasty, and the Southern Tang Dynasty was appointed King of Jinjiang, and Quanzhou was changed to Qingyuan Army. After Liu's death, Putian native Chen was divided by the Qing army. Chen Zi left Zhangzhou and Quanzhou in 0/9 and armed nearly 20,000 people. In 964, the Qingyuan Army was renamed Ping Navy, nominally under the South Zhejiang Road Army. In 978, Chen went to the "Grounding Table" and dedicated Zhangzhou and Quanzhou 14 counties under his jurisdiction to Song Ting. The establishment of local political power in Song Dynasty basically inherited the state and county system in Tang and Five Dynasties. In fact, the military, state and government in the Song Dynasty were administrative agencies at the same level, and the roads above the state and county were equivalent to those in the Tang Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Fujian was called Fujian Road, and its administrative division was divided into six countries: Fu, Jian, Quan, Zhang, Ting and Nanjian, and Shaowu and Xinghua armies. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jianzhou was promoted to Jianning House, so Fujian included one government, five states and two armies, and * * * counted eight administrative agencies at the same level, so it was called "Eight Min", and * * * governed forty-two counties.

In 979, Baizhang Town of Putian County, Youyang Town of Xianyou County, Yongfu of Fuzhou (now Yongtai County) and a part of Fuqing were zoned, and Xinghua County was set up, and Guyi County was set up (now Youyang of Xianyou County). In the same year, the Taiping Army was built in Guyi and changed to Xinghua Army, which was directly under the southwest road of Zhejiang and governed Putian, Xianyou and Xinghua counties. In 983, Fujian broke away from the south-west Zhejiang Road and set up Fujian Road alone. Xinghua Army belongs to Fujian Road. 1276, the yuan army occupied Lin' an, Zhao acceded to the throne in Fuzhou, changed to Jingyan, and promoted Fuzhou to Fuan House, with its capital in Fuzhou.

1277, Xinghua Army was changed to Xing 'an Prefecture. At the end of the same year, Xing 'an League was besieged by the Yuan Army, and Xing 'an League was changed to Xinghua Road.

During the Renzong period in the Northern Song Dynasty, Fujian studies began to sprout. In the early Southern Song Dynasty, Cheng Luoxue entered Fujian and Fujian Studies was founded. From Shaoxing to the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu, a member of Huizhou government, made a comprehensive summary of Neo-Confucianism since the Northern Song Dynasty, established an objective Neo-Confucianism ideological system, and the study of Fujian studies became mature.

At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, most of the land in the north was occupied by Jin Bing, and the Han people in the Central Plains moved southward for the third time on a large scale, and a considerable part of them settled in Fujian. In the Song Dynasty, the number of households in Fujian exceeded one million, and Jiading reached 1.59 million.