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A famous writer talks about Chekhov

1. Gorky talks about Chekhov:

“He hates all vulgar and dirty things, and he uses a This poet described the ugliness of life with the sublime language of a humorist and the gentle smile of a humorist. Few people could see the meaning of severe condemnation under the beautiful coat of his short stories...before him. No one can give the shameful and disgusting picture of people's lives to them in the most realistic way as it appears in the lifeless chaos of the daily life of the philistine."

“Chekhov examined the daily life of the people around him extremely carefully. At this point, his vision was not only sharp but also Vast. ...Landlords, bourgeoisie, petty officials, monks, craftsmen and farmers are all depicted very delicately and realistically in his works."

2 About the theme of "Chameleon"

1. It has the meaning of revelation and irony. This statement is recognized by most people.

2. Absurd meaning. Some people think that the characters in the work are absurd, the events are also absurd, and the relationships between the characters are also absurd.

3. Critical significance. The work criticizes shamelessness, vulgarity, and boredom. There is no essential difference between Ochumelov and those petty citizens. They both constitute the social foundation of the autocratic system. To criticize autocracy, we must first shake this foundation.

Information on "Chameleon": The material and conception of "Chameleon"

Chekhov is good at selecting themes from ordinary life. Once commonplace events enter his works, they not only have a vivid and real atmosphere, but also describe the essence of the social environment, forming a picture of life with the characteristics of the times and becoming a unique satirical epic of Russian social life. "Chameleon" is exactly like this. It only selects a fragment of social life - an extremely common incident of dog biting people on the streets, but it shows a sharp and major social problem, that is, the bureaucratic police are tools to safeguard the interests of the ruling class. , the authoritarian system oppresses the people unscrupulously. Small things reflect big problems, and seeing the big from the small is the unique feature of Chekhov's short stories.

The artistic conception of "Chameleon" is ingenious. An ordinary story can cause laughter. Fascinating, this is the result of the author refining the plot based on the unique personalities of the characters. The plot of this novel is based on the contradiction between the police system and the people. Through the police officer's handling of the incident in which a jeweler was bitten by a dog, the antagonism between the police system and the people was exposed, and the spirit of Ochumelov, who was indifferent to the wind, capricious, and flattering, was exposed. In a short period of time, Ochumelov changed his color five times: At first, he put on a fair face, tried to win people's hearts, and decided to punish the dog owner and teach the master who did not obey the law. But the writer unexpectedly changed his direction. Someone in the crowd said: "This seems to be General Sigalov's dog." Then Ochumelov immediately changed his attitude and defended the dog: "How could it bite you? Can it reach you?" Fingers? It’s so small.” This seems sudden, but it is completely consistent with the logic of character development. Later, the patrolman guessed that "this is not the general's dog." At this time, he changed his attitude for the second time: "You, Khryugin, have been harmed, so we must not ignore it." But the patrolman became suspicious of his opinion. : "But maybe it's the general's dog." So the police officer changed his attitude for the third time. He sternly called Khryukin a "bastard" and "It's your own fault!" The patrol officer said twice to the dog's owner. The inference made the police officer change his color twice.

The chef of the general's family also made two conclusions about the dog's owner, but these are not two opposite conclusions, but the latter is more accurate than the previous one. This careful and ingenious arrangement produces a moving artistic charm. The chef said: "We have never had such a dog there", so the police officer felt confident and showed his authority: "This is a wild dog! ... Just kill it." He changed his attitude for the fourth time. The dog's death sentence has been announced and is about to be executed. But the chef then said: "This is not our dog, this is the general's brother's dog." The police officer changed his attitude for the fifth time. A warm smile immediately appeared on his face, and he even started to flatter the dog. The ups and downs of the plot not only make the story ups and downs and attract readers, but also deepen the character of the characters, and the ugly face of the ruling class's watchdog emerges vividly on the page.

The author takes great pains to describe the process of Ochumelov's five changes. It is by no means a meaningless repetition. This is a method of showing the character's personality layer by layer. ...It plays the role of promoting the development of the plot and enhancing the dramatic effect. In "Chameleon", Chekhov used the character's constant color change, self-performance, and self-exposure, and put it in the midst of inconsistencies and ugliness, and carried out vivid satire and severe and ruthless whipping. The writer remains calm and does not add any comments, but his feelings of likes and dislikes are transmitted through the back of the paper. This is a characteristic of Chekhov's creations.

Information on "Chameleon": Theme analysis of "Chameleon"

Zhang Fa'an

The theme of a literary work is the soul of the work, which is what the writer depicts in the work. The central ideas expressed in real life have distinct characteristics of class and era. Only when we clearly understand the central idea of ??the work, that is, the theme, can we grasp the spiritual essence of the work.

Since "Chameleon" was selected as a middle school textbook, many review articles have been published. These relevant review articles each conducted an in-depth analysis of this work from different angles, but their understanding of the theme was inconsistent. As far as the satirical edge of the work is concerned, there are several opinions. Some say it is a criticism of the "traitors" (Russian People's Opinion Party members), and some say it is a vivid portrayal of the "style" and "double-faced" faction. ; Some say it is a satire on the habits of ordinary citizens. The understanding of the theme of the work is also not unified. The article "The Pearl of Satirical Literature" published in the first issue of "Knowledge" in 1979 said: "The writer used this changeable animal as the theme and title of the novel"; some articles only focused on the protagonist of the work. Analysis, without reading the whole story, without analyzing the contradictory relationships between the characters, or even only analyzing the language logic (part of the dialogue) of the protagonist Ochumelov, determining that the protagonist's character trait is servility first, and summarizing the work's characteristics based on this The theme is "A dog fights against human power" ("Talk about the Logic of "Chameleon"", Issue 3 of "Chinese Language Learning" in 1980). This summary is obviously one-sided. It only summarizes part of the content of the work and reflects one aspect of the character. Therefore, it only reveals half of the problem. Judging from the entire content of the work, Ochumelov's five changes of color are only part of the whole story. His servility is only one side of the character's character, and the other side is the most official. Slavishness and officialdom are the unity of opposites in him. of. For the general, it is servility first; for Khryugin, it is full of official spirit. ...The conflict between him and Khryugin runs through the entire work. The work not only directly describes their contradictory relationship, but also points out that the nature of the contradiction is tit for tat.

Marx pointed out in the article "Theses on Feuerbach": "The essence of man is not an abstract object inherent in a single person. In its reality, it is the sum of all social relations. "Chekhov's "Chameleon" is exactly like this. By putting the characters in specific contradictory relationships to express them, it can achieve the unity of typical environment and typical character, thus making the characters in the work typical and the work having typical significance. At the same time, when we analyze this work, we must not only analyze the subordinate relationship between Ochumelov and the general, but also analyze the contradictory relationship between him and Khryugin, that is, the relationship between bullying and being bullied. Oppressing people is also of essential significance to Ochumelov and is prescribed by his profession. He is a tool and lackey of the upper-class rulers. "He is docile when he meets all the rich people, and barks when he meets all the poor people." This is his essential characteristic, and only then can he reflect the full picture of the work and reveal the true meaning of the work. Only the main contradictory relationship existing in the work can analyze the character essence of "this" Ochumelov, and can also explain a problem, that is, "dogs rely on human power to oppress the people."

However, if the theme is summarized as "dogs dominate the people and oppress the people", it only expresses the phenomenon content of the work, and is not the true essence of the work. Let us take a closer look at the contradictory relationship between Ochumelov and Khryugin: Khryugin used the law as a life-saving rope and shouted: "The law makes it clear, now everyone is equal!" And Ochumelov But Love took the law as a joke. One moment he pretended to be a hero who dared to enforce the law, saying, "Since those gentlemen are unwilling to abide by the law, we have to take care of them now." The next moment, he said, "Those people there (referring to Petersburg or Moscow) No matter what the law is, people will die in the blink of an eye." The role of these character dialogues in the work cannot be ignored. In fact, they ruthlessly expose and sharply criticize the Tsarist authoritarians. The contradiction between Ochumelov and Khryugin is the basic contradiction in the work. It is also a concrete reflection of the sharp contradiction that existed in Russian society at that time between the people at the bottom of the class who strongly demanded the rule of law and the upper-class rulers who crazyly implemented autocracy. It is prominently displayed in the protagonist. It uses a false appearance of law enforcement to cover up its essential violence. This is the essence of the "two-faced" character in "Chameleon", which is the concentrated expression of the hypocrisy and tyranny of the Russian Czarist autocratic government. The edge of Chekhov's "Chameleon" lies here.

Engels said in "Letter to Lassalle" "I think the character of a character not only expresses what he does, but also how he does it..." When we analyze the theme of a work , should not only answer the "what" question, but also answer the "why" question in depth. As far as "Chameleon" is concerned, how Ochumelov's servility and bureaucracy were caused should be viewed from the perspective of that society, and his villainous and liar behavior should be attributed to that social system and recorded in the overall environment of his growth. Go up to the account.

"Chameleon" was painted in 1884. Before the work was published, it was after the assassination of Alexander II (1881) by the Russian Nationalists. As soon as Alexander III came to power, while trying to strengthen police rule, he also engaged in Some concealing laws cast a veil over brutal despotism. Lores Myrikov, the leader of the Supreme Council of Public Security established in 1880, later became the Minister of the Interior. He was a typical two-faced man, and the people called him "the wolf's mouth and the fox's tail." The police at this time were no longer the batons who used their fists to hit people at will in the Gogol era. Instead, they used the official tone of obeying the law and engaged in flattery and seeking credit. The police officer Ochumelov portrayed by Chekhov is the embodiment of the Tsarist autocratic police rule. Therefore, what this work satirizes and exposes is not just an ordinary isolated policeman, but the Russian society that worships officials and nobles, and the extremely vicious Tsarist despotism.

Based on the above analysis, the theme of the work should be like this: "Chameleon" portrays the police officer Ochumelov, a loyal lackey of the Tsarist autocratic rule, who adapts to the wind and bullies his superiors. It skillfully exposes the reactionary and hypocritical nature of the Russian police system and criticizes its anti-people essence.

If the above understanding is desirable, then we can also derive the following understanding: When analyzing any novel, one should not simply summarize the theme by analyzing the character of the protagonist; nor should one only look at the era Background, I use it with a pragmatic attitude; I should not blindly use the title instead of the theme. In the analysis of works, the practice of summarizing the theme simply by analyzing the protagonist's image and character is not an isolated phenomenon. I believe that when analyzing the theme of a work, we should focus on the character of the protagonist, pay attention to the study and analysis of the contradictory relationship between the protagonist and other characters, and combine it with the background of the times and the author's ideological tendency to comprehensively analyze the theme of the work. Only then can we discover the spiritual essence of the work. Whether this is a rule or not, I would like to ask everyone for advice.

Information on "Chameleon": Content Analysis

This novel selects a fragment of social life - a very common little incident of dog biting people on the streets, but it shows a sharp and major incident. The social problem is that the bureaucratic police are a tool to safeguard the interests of the ruling class, and the autocratic system oppresses the people unscrupulously.

The plot of the novel revolves around Ochumelov's five changes of color in a short period of time. At first, he put on a fair face, tried to win people's hearts, and decided to punish the dog owner and teach the master who did not obey the law. But the writer unexpectedly changed his direction. Someone in the crowd said: "This seems to be General Sigalov's dog," so Ochumelov immediately changed his attitude and defended the dog: "How could it bite you? Can it reach you?" Fingers? It’s so small.” This seems sudden, but it is completely consistent with the logic of character development. Later, the patrolman guessed that "this is not the general's dog." At this time, he changed his attitude for the second time: "You, Khryugin, have been harmed, so we must not ignore it." But the patrolman became suspicious of his opinion. : "But maybe it's the general's dog." So the police officer changed his attitude for the third time. He sternly called Khryukin a "bastard" and "It's your own fault!" The patrol officer said twice to the dog's owner. The inference made the police officer change his color twice.

The chef of the general's family also made two conclusions about the dog's owner, but these are not two opposite conclusions, but the latter is more accurate than the previous one. This careful and ingenious arrangement produces a moving artistic charm. The chef said: "We have never had such a dog there", so the police officer felt confident and showed his authority: "This is a wild dog! ... Just kill it." He changed his attitude for the fourth time. The dog's death sentence has been announced and is about to be executed. But the chef then said: "This is not our dog, this is the general's brother's dog." The police officer changed his attitude for the fifth time. A warm smile immediately appeared on his face, and he even started to flatter the dog. The ups and downs of the plot not only make the story ups and downs and attract readers, but also deepen the character of the characters, and the ugly face of the ruling class's watchdog emerges vividly on the page.

The author takes pains to describe the process of Ochumelov's five changes. It is by no means a meaningless repetition. This is a method of showing the character's personality layer by layer, which can promote the development of the plot and enhance the dramatic effect. role. In "Chameleon", Chekhov used the character's constant color change, self-performance, and self-exposure, placing it in the midst of contradictions and ugliness, and carried out vivid satire and severe and ruthless whipping. The writer remains calm and does not add any comments, but his feelings of likes and dislikes can be seen through the back of the paper. This is a characteristic of Chekhov's creations.

"Chameleon" information: writing characteristics

An excellent dialogue description

The dialogue description in "Chameleon" takes Ochumelov as the core, It can be divided into the following groups:

1. Description of the dialogue between Ochumelov and Khryugin.

2. Description of the conversation between Ochumelov and the onlookers.

3. Description of the conversation between Ochumelov and his assistant.

4. Description of the conversation between Ochumelov and Prokhor, the chef of the general’s family.

5. Description of the conversation between Ochumelov and the beagle.

On the one hand, Chekhov promotes the plot through dialogue description, and on the other hand, he fully demonstrates the character's personality and reveals the character's psychology. Ochumelov adopts different attitudes towards different speaking objects. The content and tone of his dialogues sometimes change gradually and sometimes suddenly. This is true for people and dogs. When there is a gradual change, the transition is by the action of "taking off the coat" or "putting on the coat"; when there is a sudden change, it is simple and decisive. For example, Prokhor said: "Guess, we have never had such a dog there!" Ochumelov immediately made a sharp turn from scolding Khryugin and praising dogs as "delicate animals". Say, "Then there's no need to waste your time going over there to ask", "This is a wild dog", "Just kill it". The most exciting thing is the description of the conversation between Ao and the little hound. It not only describes his praise for the puppy, but also describes his flattery towards the puppy. It is really disgusting. The author fully expresses his ridicule and criticism in the description of natural dialogue without any trace or emotion.

Vivid and detailed description

The author writes about the police officer's coat four times in the novel. Through the detailed description of "taking off the coat" and "putting on the coat", he reveals his fear and fear. mentality. He faced the general's dog just like he faced the general, fearing that he would not take good care of it or be attentive enough; his clothes became a cover for his betrayal and the best tool for him to "change his color". When facing ordinary people, his coat seems to be a symbol of his majesty and domineering power. Wearing this kind of coat gives him the legal power to be tyrannical against the people and to protect those in high positions. Through the details of the "coat", the author portrays the characters superbly and expresses a very profound meaning.

Three Diverse Techniques

1. Repeat the technique. The author's use of repetition is mainly reflected in Ochumelov's repeated "face changes". It is repeated according to the following rules:

(1) Change one's attitude according to the changing information about the dog owner provided by others.

(2) Every time there is a change, the criticism and praise will definitely make a 180-degree turn.

(3) Although it changes frequently, the curse words and compliments remain basically unchanged.

(4) Before the change, there is often a short and cunning transition to cover up the ugly appearance of the change, such as putting on and taking off a coat.

By using repetition techniques, Chekhov strengthened the critical significance of the work, stimulated the readers' attention, and also made the people or things in the work absurd and comical. In particular, it should be pointed out that the author is good at using repetition without revealing any traces, so that readers can enjoy the pleasure of repeated stimulation without making readers feel stiff and monotonous. In addition, the author is good at creating changes in repetition, so that each repetition has rules to follow and is never the same, which reflects the author's creative power and achieves the effect of defeating more with less.

2. Comparative techniques. In the work, the author sets up multiple sets of contrasts to profoundly reflect the theme. Such as:

(1) Comparison between police officers and patrolmen. As a police officer, Ochumelov is very majestic and commanding; while Yeldelin is submissive and servile. “The higher the official level, the more powerful the people are.” The darker and more authoritarian the society, the more severe the contrast between official levels.

(2) Comparison between police officers and citizens. One side is a loyal lackey of the ruler, the Czar, who is afraid of "trouble" and protects the interests of the big shots in everything; the other side is a vulgar citizen who is extremely bored in his leisure time and is afraid that there will be no excitement. In an authoritarian society, ignorant, numb and vulgar citizens are often the inevitable soil for authoritarian rule. Authoritarianism needs lackeys, and lackeys need dumb people. This is no exception.

(3) Comparison of repeated changes in the police officer’s attitude before and after.

(4) Comparison of police officers’ different attitudes towards various people. He was servile to his superiors, showing off his ugly appearance, and had no sense of shame; he was tyrannical and cruel to his subordinates, bending the law and showing favoritism, without any justice at all.

(5) Comparison of the fate of dogs. The dog has a dual symbolic meaning. At one time, it is the incarnation of the general, extremely delicate and protected in every possible way; at the other time, it is the representative of the untouchables, extremely despicable, and must be sent to the eighteenth level of hell.

(6) Comparison between humans and dogs. In such a society, people are often inferior to dogs.

3. Highlighting techniques. In the works, the environment plays a role in highlighting the characters. The description of the environment is rare in the novel, but it is the finishing touch. "It was quiet everywhere, and there was no one in the square. The doors of shops and restaurants were listlessly open." Such an environment makes people feel depressed and deserted. This is the unique atmosphere under the tsar's autocratic rule, and this is also the reason for Ochu, the tsar's lackey. The novel places Inspector Ochumelov in such an environment created by himself. While unfolding the plot, it also fully demonstrates the character of the inspector.

Four personalized language descriptions

The language used by Chekhov to write about Ochumelov reflects his deep understanding of the character, so the language of his characters is completely personal. It fully embodies the characteristics of "chameleon".

Ochumelov's language is varied and varied. To say that it is diverse means that there are many kinds of languages: there are curse words, such as "piggy", "you bastard", "you ghosts" and so on. Interrogatory language, such as "What is going on here?" "Who is shouting?" "What are you doing here?" and so on, these interrogatory language are often used together, allowing Ochumelov's identity and character to be fully realized exhibit. Command language, such as "Put your hands down!" "Stop talking nonsense!" "Do it right away, don't delay!" "Take this dog to the general's house and ask clearly. Just say I found this dog, "Sent someone to deliver it" etc. Threatening language, such as "I'm going to deal with you sooner or later!" "I'm going to teach him a lesson!" The author also asked the police officers to use a lot of omitted language. The sentence structure of these omitted language is incomplete, mostly half sentences, but in the tone of voice But it is certain, which can reveal his characteristics of putting on official airs and official accent, as well as his characteristics of vulgarity and emptiness. Ochumelov's language is changeable. Firstly, he can say different things to different objects; secondly, he can say different things to the same object; thirdly, he can turn language quickly, and his skills of adapting to the situation can be used as he pleases. It is said that he is extremely proficient, reflecting the mentality of an "old oil man" in the officialdom, and also showing the characteristics of a loyal lackey of the Czar.

Information on "Chameleon": Guidance on key and difficult points

Using wonderful dialogues, vivid details to describe characters, and clever use of contrast techniques are the focus of learning.

Understanding the social significance that shaped Ochumelov and the theme of the novel is a difficult part of learning.

When I first read the text, I thought it was ridiculous and the content was not very difficult to understand. However, upon closer inspection, I became unsure of the theme of the novel. It is necessary to guide students to study and discuss several issues that are not taken seriously and are easily ignored, so as to deepen their understanding of the topic.

1. Law is mentioned three times in the novel: Khryugin mentions it twice and Ochumelov once. What is the role of this in the novel?

2. What role did Ochumelov play in this dog bite case?

3. What is the symbolic meaning of the beagle?

4. What is the role of General Sigalov in the novel?

5. Ochumelov is fickle. What is the one thing that never changes amidst all the changes?

6. What role does Ochumelov’s “new military coat” play in the novel?

7. The novel does not describe Ochumelov's psychological activities. However, during the handling of the case, his psychological activities were extremely intense. We can try to figure out his psychological activities at that time based on the plot of the story.

......

To learn the comparative writing method, in addition to using the charts in Exercise 2 at the back of the book, students can also design several charts according to the plot of the story, such as asking students to draw Austrian Chumelov's change curve, etc.

Information on "Chameleon": Introduction to the author

Chekhov (1860-1904), whose original name was Anton Pavlovich. Chekhov was a famous Russian realist writer in the mid-to-late 19th century. He was the first famous writer in the history of Russian literature to use short stories as his main creative genre.

Chekhov’s grandfather was a liberated serf; his father worked as a clerk and later ran a small grocery store. Due to poor management and debts, he went bankrupt and fled to Moscow alone. Later, his mother also moved with her other children. He went to live in Moscow, while Chekhov stayed in his hometown because he was studying. In order to make ends meet and continue his studies, he worked as a tutor. In 1880, the 20-year-old Chekhov entered the medical department of Moscow University and began literary creation at the same time. He graduated from university in 1884 and practiced medicine in the suburbs of Moscow. At the same time, he continued to engage in writing. "Chameleon" was written in this year. The author was only 24 years old. During this period, the author also wrote some famous short stories with strong humor and profound thoughts, such as "The Death of a Civil Servant", "The Fat Man and the Thin Man", "Sergeant Prishibeev", etc.

In the mid-1880s, Chekhov wrote some works that reflected the painful lives of the lower class people, such as "Sorrow", "Trouble", "Wanka", etc.; in the late 1880s, Chekhov's creation Reaching full maturity, he wrote "The Privy Councilor", "The Enemy", "Trapped", "The Grassland", "The Boring Story", etc. In 1890, Chekhov made a long trip to Sakhalin Island, where prisoners were exiled in the Far East. There, he interviewed nearly 10,000 convicts, immigrants, children, and local officials, consulted a large amount of archive materials, and was greatly affected. shock. He said angrily: Sakhalin is a hell on earth. He summarized his travel experience in the past four months and later wrote "Travel Diary of Sakhalin".

In 1892, Chekhov moved to Melikhovo, 60 kilometers away from Moscow. There, he practiced medicine and engaged in other social welfare undertakings. His literary creation also reached its peak, and he published "The Sixth Ward", "The Jumping Woman", "Literature Teacher", "The House with the Attic", "The Peasant", "Yao Neqi" and "The Man in the Condom" Novels and short stories such as "Gooseberry" and plays such as "Uncle Vanya" and "The Seagull".

In this century, as a keen artist and rigorous doctor, he had a premonition that major changes would occur in Russian society. Before his death, he wrote "In the Canyon" (novel) and " Excellent works such as "Three Sisters" (script), "The Bride" (novel), and "The Cherry Orchard" (script). These works express the author's pursuit of light, desire for freedom and good expectations for a new life. Unfortunately, he never saw a new life and died in 1904 due to long-term lung disease.