The main progress of population age structure migration in population census

After nearly 20 years of research and discussion, we have basically clarified the process, basic characteristics and main mechanism of population migration and flow since the founding of the People's Republic of China. People began to deeply discuss the complex social and economic impact of immigration, and initially tried to introduce and improve foreign research theories and analysis methods. The management and strategy of migration and mobility are discussed extensively, and its main progress can be analyzed from the following aspects.

1. Basic information of population migration and mobility: As a complex socio-economic phenomenon, population migration plays an important role in economic development and population distribution. But for a long time, we have always lacked a clear understanding of China's population migration. Due to the lack of direct data, some cases can only be judged by indirect calculation, especially in early research. Revenge for it (198 1) According to the changes of population growth rate and population proportion in various provinces and regions from 1949 to 1979, this paper investigates the population migration from the founding of the People's Republic of China to the end of 1970s, and summarizes two inter-provincial migration modes: organized migration and spontaneous migration. It is considered that there are three main immigrant areas, namely, the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. This paper also draws the migration direction (schematic diagram) for the first time. At that time, when information was extremely scarce, it was not easy for this article to accurately describe the situation of population migration in China. Wei Jinsheng (1984) and Jasmine Zhang V (1988) analyzed the definition of population migration in China and discussed the definitions of "migration" and "mobility". Wei Jinsheng defines migration as "all kinds of population movements with demographic significance that occur between different provinces, autonomous regions or counties (cities and municipal districts) and between economic regions and natural regions". This division is widely used in statistics, investigation and research of population migration and mobility in China. Ma Xia (1987) reflects the migration from 1954 to 1984 for the first time, which is a great progress in the overall research, but the data from 1966 to 1968 used in this paper are incomplete (Yang Yunyan 65438 Yang Yunyan (1992) used 1987 1% population sampling data and 1990 census data to calculate the change of migration scale since the reform and opening up, and thought that the migration direction, mechanism and types had been greatly reversed after the reform and opening up.

But up to now, the research on population migration and mobility still shows some confusion, which is first reflected in the concept definition and statistical caliber of population migration and mobility. For example, population migration is limited to those who have completed household registration migration, and all floating population who have not completed household registration migration procedures are called "floating population"; The functional short-term resident or transit population in cities and towns and the permanent population with employment and settlement are also collectively referred to as "floating population" and so on. Because of the confusion of definition, it is difficult to conduct investigation and statistics. On the one hand, we have obtained in-depth and detailed information about population and labor mobility, on the other hand, even the most basic aggregate indicators have not been determined so far. Although the relevant departments have released some materials, these materials are of low quality, with different calibers and often without comparability, so it is impossible for them to sort out continuous materials. The population migration information released by the public security department not only has statistical quality problems, but also has limited coverage. Only the part of the population with household registration migration is included, and its proportion in the total population even shows a downward trend, which is inconsistent with the reality that China's population mobility has greatly increased since the 1980s (Yu Shu et al. 1998). Regarding the temporary population, the statistics of urban temporary population published by the public security department are too wide, and the phenomenon of missing reports is more serious. Population census and national sample survey are mostly stock indicators, and the caliber has changed, which affects the comparability of data.

2. Floating population and "migrant workers' tide": Generally speaking, floating population refers to those temporary population movements, but in the current situation, "flow" is often used.

The concept of "population" includes all population movements that have not gone through the formalities of "household registration transfer", regardless of whether such movements are short-term or long-term. According to the data, there are actually two types of rapidly increasing population movements at present: one is urban functional floating population, which increases with the economic development and their stay in cities is generally short. The flow direction of this kind of floating population is determined by urban function and urban radiation range, and its temporal and spatial distribution is relatively balanced; The other category is the labor force that enters the city to look for job opportunities. This kind of "floating population" is large in scale, stays in cities for a long time, and the mobility is relatively concentrated, which causes great social shocks. The latter is usually called "temporary population" or "foreign population" according to the household registration status. Because this special group conforms to the basic characteristics of population migration in demographic research, they are also regarded as a special form of migration, that is, "informal migration" compared with "planned migration", and their difference from planned migration is mainly reflected in their household registration status. Because registered permanent residence still plays a fundamental role in urban social and economic life, "informal floating population" can't enjoy the same opportunities and rights as "regular" urban residents to obtain means of subsistence and means of production, thus forming different immigrant groups with different registered permanent residence status in employment opportunities, industry and occupational mobility, welfare and social security (Yang Yunyan 1996).

"Irregular immigrants" existed in the planned economy period. Li Debin (1983) discussed the self-flow of population to Heilongjiang during the planned economy period. Chen Yu (1984) used the data of the third census to study the situation of "separation of people and households" for the first time, and Zheng Guizhen (1985) conducted a comprehensive survey of floating population in Shanghai for the first time, and estimated the floating population to be 700,000. After that, the investigation, analysis and articles about the floating population in cities and towns emerged rapidly. Bai et al. (199 1) made a comprehensive summary of this, and Chen Xianshou et al. (1996) pointed out the trend of "immigration" and "family" of floating population in recent years.

Since the 1990s, the cross-regional flow of rural labor force, that is, the "migrant workers' tide", has become a research hotspot. These studies mainly have two directions: one is to study the transfer of surplus labor force and the "temporary population" in cities and towns from the perspective of rural labor force flowing to cities and towns; First, from the perspective of cross-regional mobility, study the problem of "migrant workers' tide" or "migrant workers' tide" (Central Political Research Office 1994). The research in this field has gradually deepened from some static demographic characteristics, such as mobility, age, gender, education level, industry distribution, professional status, marriage and family, to social and economic dynamic characteristics, such as the mobility process in the inflow place, income and consumption, changes in behavior patterns, social conflicts and integration (Han Xiaoyun 1995), and the impact of labor outflow on the capital and family in the outflow place.

3. Migration selectivity, migration mode and mechanism: there are generally regular or universal structural differences between immigrants and non-immigrants, which can be considered as migration.

The result of immigration "choice" is the selectivity of migration. Some foreign scholars question whether there is selectivity in population migration under the planned economy environment in China. In fact, the selectivity under the planned economy may be more prominent, but the selection mechanism will be different. Because China has long adhered to the policy of controlling urban population growth and non-agricultural population growth, the state basically does not restrict the population moving into rural areas, including urban suburbs and rural areas (engaged in agricultural production), so it is easier to settle down and complete the household registration transfer procedures. Strictly select the population moving into cities and towns, and give priority to the professional and technical personnel urgently needed for urban economic development. In the way of migration, it is mainly the planned deployment of cadres and the enrollment and distribution of colleges and universities. Therefore, the planned migration policy shows obvious selectivity in the source, structure and destination of the migrated population. Planned migration mainly involves highly educated professionals and state cadres, and flows into state administrative institutions, large and medium-sized state-owned industrial enterprises and advanced service industries, mainly engaged in mental work or technical occupations. Among all migration selectivity, age is the most common. Generally speaking, young people have an obvious tendency to migrate, and the floating population is obviously concentrated in the age group of 15 ~ 35. As early as the early 1980s, related surveys confirmed this phenomenon. According to the survey of Jiping (1983), 74% of the people who moved to Beijing are of working age, and most of them are under 30. Li Yu et al. (1984) found during the period of 1980 ~ 1982 that the proportion of working-age population among the migrants in Beijing was as high as 93.2%. The gender selectivity of migration changes with the nature of migration, and some types of migration have obvious gender selectivity. For example, marriage migration is influenced by history and tradition, and most of them are women. 1987 national 1% sampling survey shows that women account for 93.3% of the marriage transfer, and the sex ratio is as low as 7.2, basically women dominate the world. It is the high selectivity of this migration in gender composition that makes the unbalanced marriage migration likely to have a far-reaching impact on the place of immigration and the place of emigration (Yang Yunyan, 1994). The relationship between immigration education and immigration is also an important aspect of immigration selectivity. Judging from the situation in China, the average education level of immigrants is generally higher than the national average. This is closely related to the planned migration of college enrollment, distribution and cadre deployment in China, but the opposite situation is found in the rural labor flow (Zhao 1997).

Wang Guixin (1993), Liu Qiming (1992) and Ding Jinhong (1994) discussed the spatial pattern of inter-provincial population migration, especially the important role of distance in the migration direction. Yan Shanping's (1998) land use interval migration model investigates the influence of migration stock and economic development level difference on inter-provincial migration. There are also some studies that use western economic analysis methods to discuss the mechanism of labor mobility (Cai Fang 1997).

4. About the migration effect: Because of its spatial imbalance and structural selectivity, population migration has many influences on the places of immigration and emigration. First of all, population flow directly changes the total population of the place of immigration and the place of emigration, and indirectly affects the population contrast between the two places through the transfer of fertility; Secondly, the change of fertility behavior caused by population mobility will change the population reproduction mode of the two places; In this way, the distribution and development mode of population will change; In addition, the population movement will change the population structure of the two places. There are two kinds of changes in population spatial structure caused by population movement: agglomeration migration will strengthen the imbalance of population distribution, and diffusion migration will make population distribution tend to be uniform. The regional mobility of population and labor will also have an impact on regional differences (Cai Fang 1998).

Population mobility will also have a direct impact on the ecological environment. In ecologically fragile areas, population migration may aggravate the deterioration of the ecological environment, especially the unreasonable use of environmental resources in agricultural migration has caused serious consequences, but there are also a few cases where the ecological environment has been improved through scientific management after population migration.

The social impact of population mobility is a problem of particular concern. In the process of reaching a balance, the population flow constantly breaks the old balance, resulting in multi-level friction. In the long run, this social integration process is conducive to enhancing the vitality of society, while in the short run, it may bring social problems, such as cultural conflicts and crimes. The adjustment of immigration behavior is an important part of the micro-social effect of population mobility. The differences in values and behaviors of immigrants who flow from one cultural background and a specific community into another behavior and cultural atmosphere force immigrants to make adjustments in the conflict, and their behaviors and values may also affect the indigenous people who move in. Immigrants have formed a vibrant immigrant culture through the exchange and integration of various cultures, and in other cases, it may also lead to social conflicts. Generally speaking, immigrants who are in a minority position or with backward cultural background are more likely to adjust their own behaviors and values to actively or passively adapt to the lifestyle of the place where they moved in and be assimilated. When immigrants are in the majority, they may impose their own culture on immigrant areas. In immigrant areas, indigenous people may adopt a friendly or admiring attitude towards immigrants with relatively advanced cultural background, while they tend to adopt a discriminatory or even hostile attitude towards immigrants with backward cultural background. In this respect, more attention is paid to the research on the changes of women's marriage and childbearing behavior (linford et al. 1998), and these studies will be more valuable if they can be combined with the comparison with the places where they moved out.

At present, the impact of "floating population" on the labor market in the inflow area is not only a complex academic issue, but also an important practical issue. Fearing that the "foreign population" will affect local employment, some regions, especially megacities, have introduced policies and regulations to intervene in the employment of foreign population. Ding Jinhong (1995) and Zhao Min (1995) analyzed the employment of migrant population and its influence on urban labor market, and thought that the influence of migrant labor on local employment was limited. Chen Hao (1996) discussed the positive and negative effects of labor outflow on rural development.

5. On Policy and Evaluation: The editorial department of Population Studies organized a special discussion on the issue of floating population (1997). Generally speaking, academia and society

The attitude towards the floating population has changed from being more exclusive to being more tolerant. Liu (1995) made a detailed empirical analysis of floating population management. The policy evaluation related to immigration mainly focuses on immigration, household registration management system and urbanization policy.

In terms of development migration and environmental migration, after the founding of New China, China carried out large-scale development migration, environmental migration and reservoir migration. The idea of emigrating to remote areas has always been the mainstream. In the article (198 1), it is proposed to continue to emigrate to the west, and Wang Xun (1984) even proposed a specific scale. However, the idea of moving to the northwest has been criticized by the population geography circle (Huarong 1985), and the evidence about water resources constraint is the most convincing. The evaluation of northwest immigrants also indirectly supports these criticisms (Chen Bomin et al. 1988). In the late 1980s, the concern about emigration to the northwest was replaced by environmental emigration (Xie Shusen et al.1988; Zhang1995; Zhang Zhiliang 1995). Reservoir migration, as an important organizational migration, has been attached great importance by relevant research institutions (Zhang Siping 1983). In particular, the immigrants from the Three Gorges Project have attracted much attention (Helping Agriculture 1995). 1998 The catastrophic flood in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River has put forward new tasks for the resettlement work.

On the status and function of the so-called "floating population": In this respect, further breakthroughs are needed in theoretical and empirical research, such as the legal status of the floating population. The equal labor right of workers is the basic right protected by the Constitution, and the discriminatory policy against the so-called "foreign labor" undoubtedly violates this equal right. The word "foreign labor" itself contains a strong color of planned economy, even discriminatory. What is the legal basis and theoretical explanation for restricting the employment of non-local registered workers? At present, the discriminatory treatment of so-called "foreign labor" has neither sufficient legal basis nor the basic principles of market economy. Secondly, our understanding of the labor market is very limited, and the impact of foreign labor on local labor supply, wages, overall economic operation and the creation of new employment opportunities is quite complicated. At present, under the discriminatory policy environment, most of the "migrant workers" can only engage in low-income and manual jobs under the harsh conditions in cities and towns. Some of their limited wages are collected by the government as compensation and returned to the subsidies of urban workers, while urban (local) workers use their favorable institutional position to "rent-seek". Under this institutional arrangement, even if the "foreign population" does a good job, it is hopeless to integrate into the urban community. The long-term policy of protecting cities has limited the opportunity for rural population to share the welfare improvement brought about by economic development. As the "last bastion" of the planned economy, the household registration system has always been very strong and obvious in its incompatibility with economic and social development.