Austronesian grammar

Austronesian languages are sticky, and root plus additional components and root overlap (or partial overlap) are the main means of word formation. Additional ingredients include pre-addition, mid-addition and post-addition. German O. Tambov, Japanese Nana Ogawa Masaichi, Asai Huilun, Tsuda Tuzi, American I Diane, etc. They all made a tentative test on the pronunciation of ancient Austronesian. The most commonly used words are disyllabic. Grammatical features: names, common nouns and locative nouns are added with different articles respectively. In the category of pronoun person and number, the first person plural is inclusive and exclusive. Verbs are sometimes, aspect, state, form and so on. Numbers can be counted in decimal, quintile and quartile. Most roots can be used as both nouns and verbs. Word order often changes with the nature of predicates. Predicates in some languages appear at the beginning of sentences, while others appear after the subject. Distributed in Kalimantan, Sumatra, Java, Philippines, Taiwan Province Province, Sulawesi, Madura, Ambon, Timor, Madagascar and Malay Peninsula. Include Alpine in Taiwan Province, Indonesian in China, Javanese, Sunda, Madura, Minangkabau, Aceh, Baltac, Bukin, Balinese, Malay in Malaysia, Tagalog in the Philippines, Pisayan, Ilokano, Bikol, Bopunya, Bangasinan and Igorot. Indonesian and Malay are very similar. The consonants in Indonesian are P, B, M, W, T, D, N, R, L, S, tj, dj, J, K, G, Mi, H, nj, SJ; The vowels are I, e, é, è, a, o, ó, u, ai, éi, au, ou; Stress is usually on the last syllable of a word. Nouns can be divided into proper names, common names, proper names, common names, material names and abstract nouns. Pronouns are not only grammatical categories such as names, numbers and cases, but also differences between kinship and social forms. Verbs have grammatical categories such as state, tense, aspect and form. Adjectives are divided into the same level, different levels and superlatives. These grammatical categories are characterized by the overlapping of additional components (pre-addition, middle-addition and post-addition), auxiliary words or roots. Generally, the subject comes first, the predicate comes last, the object comes after the predicate, and the attribute and adverbial come after the head word. Both Indonesian and Malay have characters based on Latin alphabet, but the design is slightly different. More than 654.38 billion people use Indonesian, and about 654.38 million people use Malay. About 45 million people in central and eastern Java speak Javanese. Old Javanese was introduced from southern India in the 9th century, and New Javanese uses Latin alphabet. About 6.5438+0.3 million people in western Java use Sunda, while others use Old Javanese and also use the Latin alphabet Sunda. Madura is spoken by about 8 million people in eastern Java and Madura, and Sumambo dialect is the standard dialect in education in the east. Madura people traditionally use ancient Javanese, but now they use the Latin letter Madura.

About 3 million people in Sumatra use Minangkabau and about 2 million people use Aceh. Baltac is spoken by about 654.38 million+500,000 people in the northern, central and eastern coastal areas of Sumatra. The old Bartok language of Bartok has 16 basic letters, which have been changed to Latin letters. About 2.5 million people in the peninsula southwest of Sulawesi speak Bukin. Bujinwen is derived from old Javanese. About 2 million people in Bali use Balinese. Tagalog is spoken by about100000 people in central and southwestern Luzon Island, Philippines, including Manila. Tagalog uses Latin letters. The Pisayan language in the central Philippines is the collective name of Cebu, Hili and Samaranch. Cebu is spoken by about 8 million people in Cebu Island, Bohol Island, East Negro Island, Silet Island and North Mindanao. Greek is spoken by about 3 million people in Banai Island and western Negro Island. About 6.5438+0.5 million people speak Samaran in the eastern part of Samar Island and Leyte Island. Ilocano is spoken by about 3 million people in northern Luzon Island. About 2 million people in bicol peninsula use Bikol. About 650,000 people in Bambanya Province, located in the northwest of Manila in Luzon Island, use Bambanya. About 500,000 people in the southern province of Benghazi speak the southern language of Benghazi. In Gaoshan Province in the north-central part of Luzon Island, about 250,000 people speak Igorot. About 400,000 Moro people in Mindanao speak Maronau. Most languages in the Philippines have consonants such as P, B, M, W, T, D, L, R, N, S, J, K, π, Mi, H, Q, and vowels such as I, A, U,? amp#9 1; . Grammatically, there are complex modality and case systems, which are expressed in different ways, such as adding additional components, adding auxiliary words, phrase transposition, stress transfer and so on. Madagascar has about 7 million people who speak Malagasy. They are descendants of Indonesian immigrants about 1500 ~ 2000 years ago, and 5 million of them speak Merina dialect, the official language. About 6.5438+0.5 million people in Vietnam and Cambodia use Zhan. About 200,000 people in the central mountainous area and the longitudinal valley plain along the eastern coast of Taiwan Province Province in China use Gaoshan languages, including Teye, Saide, Zou, Kanakana, Shah Arua, Paiwan, Ames, Bunen, Rukai, Penang, Seises, Shao and Mandarin. Mariana, Marshall, Caroline, Guam, Gilbert, Trucks, Bonaparte, Paro, Yapo, Nauru, Biso and other islands located north of the equator and west of the international international date line, including Marshall, Chamorro, Gilbert, Trucks, Bonaparte, Paro, Yapo, Nauru, Uliti, Qusai and Saipan. Language features: there are soft palatalization consonants and vowel assimilation. Nouns have number and possessive category. Personal pronouns have a complicated number and classification system. A verb or a tense auxiliary verb before a verb, plus a preposition, indicates people and numbers. There are about 20,000 people in the Marshall Islands who use the Marshall language with Latin alphabet. Chamorro is spoken by about 40,000 people in Guam. Chamo Tam also uses Latin letters. About 40,000 people in gilbert islands speak Gilbert. About 25,000 people on the truck speak truck language. About 654.38+500,000 people in Pohnpei speak Pohnpei. Palo language is spoken by about 1000 people in Palo Islands. There are about 5000 people in Yap Islands who speak Yap. Nauruan is spoken by about 5,000 people in Nauru. About 4000 people in Caroline Islands speak Uliti. There are about 3600 people using Qusay.