Please comment on the three "Thomas" in the history of utopian socialism. Who are these three people, please?

[Edit this paragraph] Thomas Moore and Utopia

Saint Thomas Moore

Utopia is the immortal masterpiece of Thomas Moore, an English utopian socialist. The full name of this book is "The Golden Collection of Perfect State System and Utopia New Island". This book was written in Latin during his trip to Europe in151516. The word Utopia originally came from two Greek roots. Ou means "nothing" (one means "good"), and topos means "place", which together is "utopia".

Moore's own utopia is a completely rational Republic. The book describes a beautiful society he envisioned. All the means of production are owned by the whole people, and daily necessities are distributed according to their needs. Everyone is engaged in productive labor and has a lot of time for scientific research and entertainment. There are no hotels, brothels, depravity and sin here. During the war, it hired mercenaries from neighboring belligerents instead of using its own citizens. Moore himself is a man of firm belief. He once wanted to be a priest, and his novels may have been influenced by the Jesuits.

Utopia is used to describe an unattainable ideal or utopian society (the picture shows the utopia map in Moore's Utopia).

In Utopia, Moore exposed the evil "enclosure movement" for the first time with "sheep that eats people" (this formulation was quoted by Marx many times), put forward public ownership, and discussed the people-oriented, harmonious, freedom of marriage, euthanasia, respect for women's rights, religious pluralism and other issues closely related to modern life. He coined the word "Utopia" and initiated the theory of utopian socialism, which became one of the sources of modern socialist thought.

By studying the development history of socialist theory, we can see that socialism has experienced three leaps: the first time was from utopian socialism to scientific socialism. The second leap is the process of the emergence, development, popularization and collapse of the Soviet socialist model. The third leap is the process that socialist countries have explored socialism with their own characteristics through reform and development since 1950s. The three stages are obviously different in time, space, country and theoretical development level, and this division is generally conclusive. In particular, the theoretical relationship between inheritance and development is the most obvious and convincing.

There are three stages in the development of utopian socialism. The first stage was before the middle of17th century, and the representatives were Thomas Moore, Thomas Munzer, Tommas Campanella, Deni villars, etc. They all absorbed and transformed Plato's thought in ancient Greece, equality thought in early Christianity and bourgeois humanism thought that was booming at that time, thus opening up a new era in the history of socialist thought. The second period ended at the end of 18, and the representatives were Gerald Weinstein, Ye Mei, Morelj, mably, Fran? ois Noel Francois Noe l Babeyf, etc. Most of these thinkers build socialism on the basis of natural law and rationalism, with obvious colors of rational speculation and rational argumentation. The third period was defined before the first half of19th century, and its representatives were Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen. Standing at the height of the times, they tried to prove that capitalism would be replaced by a more complete social form with materialistic view of nature and historical view with materialistic factors. As far as its theory is concerned, it is a more thorough development of the principles put forward by Voltaire, Rousseau and Diderot. They were so concentrated that they represented the advanced theoretical trend of thought at that time, so that Marx also reminded people: "German theoretical socialism will never be forgotten, it stands on the shoulders of Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen."

The first leap of socialism, from utopian socialism to scientific socialism, produced Marxism. There are different understandings of the theoretical source of Marxism. People often think that it is the essence of German classical philosophy and British classical political economy, but ignore that the so-called scientific socialism was born out of utopian socialism. After a long historical development, it has actually accommodated the most advanced cultural ideas at that time, and its complexity and openness are difficult to express.

Our party takes Marxism as its guiding ideology, but it can't be ignored that Marxism has been pluralistic and open since its birth, and it often introduces fresh blood with the development of the times. We used to talk about "critical inheritance", focusing only on criticism and ignoring inheritance. Or what has been criticized can't be inherited now. Criticizing the new development of Marxism in the reform and opening up with the summarized Marxist "principles" is a misunderstanding of the "living soul of Marxism", which will also make dogmatism overflow and lead to the narrowness of Marxism.

/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, a famous representative of utopian socialism appeared. They are Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen from England. They profoundly exposed the evils of capitalism and put forward many wonderful genius ideas for the ideal society in the future. They tried to establish a new society of "everyone is equal and everyone is happy". These thoughts have played an important role in inspiring and improving the consciousness of workers. But utopian socialism is only an immature theory, which reflects the initial and unclear wishes of the growing proletariat. They can't reveal the fundamental contradiction and development law of capitalism, they don't know the class struggle and historical mission of the proletariat, so their socialism can only be an unattainable fantasy. When the proletariat grows into an independent political force, it needs a revolutionary theory based on science to replace it.

The theory and practice of proletarian pioneers that existed before the birth of immature socialism and scientific socialism. Utopian socialism came into being in16th century and ended in11930s and 1940s. It is the reflection of the opposition between the exploiters and the exploited in the process of the emergence and development of capitalist mode of production, and it is the ideological system of modern proletarian pioneers based on theory. It is divided into three stages.

The utopian socialism in 16 and 17 centuries has the following main characteristics: the ideal social system in the future is only a literary description; Put forward the basic principles of socialism (or * * * productism) such as public ownership, national labor and distribution according to needs. , but it is still a rough and simple outline; When designing an ideal social plan in the future, take the manual workshop as the prototype. The utopian socialists in this period were represented by Moore and menzel.

/kloc-Utopian socialism in the 0/8th century is characterized by: understanding enters the stage of theoretical discussion and demonstration, making clear provisions in the form of "code", exploring the development law of human society, criticizing private ownership, especially capitalist private ownership, discussing the economic inequality caused by private ownership, and then leading to political inequality, and stating that all state systems in the past were based on private ownership, with a preliminary class view and absolute egalitarianism. When designing the blueprint of an ideal society in the future, we take rural communes and handicraft workshops as prototypes. Utopian socialists in this period were represented by Morelj and Francois Noe l Babeyf.

/kloc-Utopian socialism in the early 0/9th century was the period when utopian socialism reached its peak. Its main characteristics are: the criticism is directed at the capitalist system; Theoretically, it is put forward that the economic situation is the foundation of the political system, and private ownership produces class and class exploitation, and from this point of view, it analyzes the history and present situation, thus predicting the exploitation essence of the capitalist system. When designing the blueprint of the future society, we take the big factory as the prototype, completely abandon egalitarianism and asceticism, and make socialism a highly developed society with material civilization and spiritual civilization. Utopian socialists in this period were represented by Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen.

They even conducted a social experiment. 1824, Owen bought 12 14 hectares of land in Indiana, USA, and started the experiment of a new harmonious settlement, but the experiment ended in failure.

-

-

Utopia always appears as the opposite of reality. Therefore, there is an important difference between ideal and utopia. But they have the same origin, that is, the instinct of human hopes and dreams.

Bacon's New Atlantis (1627) and Sun City in campanella (1637). With the rise of socialism in the19th century, Utopianism gradually turned into a debate about the possibility of realizing socialism. Bellamy and Wells' Utopia (12300: Modern Utopia, 1905) are both powerful works to defend orthodox socialism, and they are utopian socialists' demands and assumptions about the nature and characteristics of the future social system and political structure.

The main representatives are Saint-Simon, French Fourier and British Owen. "New Harmony" commune blueprint ... Thomas Moore Saint-Simon.

Robert owen Charles Fourier

A socialist theory that comes into being when capitalist production and class conditions are not yet mature. It adapted to the spontaneous resistance of modern proletarian pioneers to capitalist exploitation and oppression, and represented the interests and demands of the proletarian masses at that time.

The representative figure of historical development and utopian socialism has gone through more than 300 years from the emergence of advanced ideas as human beings to the final opposition. In the16th and17th centuries, T. Moore (1477 ~ 1535) and T. campanella (1568 ~ 1639) had different ideas about the ideal social system. At the end of 2008, F-N Francois Noe l Babeyf (1760 ~ 1797) was the representative and leader who advocated the complete abolition of private ownership and "equal access", that is, equal distribution. 18th century, Morelj (about18th century) and G.B. de mably (1709 ~ 1785) began to explore the theory of capitalism. Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen are great representatives of utopian socialism and capitalism criticized in the early19th century, and their theories mark the highest stage of utopian socialism development. 19 in the 1930s and 40s, when the Saint-Simon School had disintegrated and the Fourier School and the Owen School gradually declined, L.A. Branch (1805 ~ 188 1) and E. Kabe (1788 ~) appeared among the working people. In the history of economic thought, utopian socialist economic thought appeared as the opposite of bourgeois political economy, and early utopian socialists were the initial critics of capitalist mode of production. /kloc-the economic theory of utopian socialists in the 0/8th century is also opposed to the contemporary bourgeois economic theory. For example, mably was an opponent of the physiocratic school. /kloc-at the beginning of the 9th century, "during Ricardo's period of political economy, there appeared the opposition of [bourgeois political economy] at the same time-* * productism (Owen) and socialism (Fourier and Saint-Simon)" (Complete Works of Marx and Engels, vol. 26, No.3, p. 260). 19 Utopia in 1930s and 40s * * Materialism is the opposite of vulgar political economy in the same period.

Understanding of pre-capitalism: Utopian socialists discussed the social and economic system before capitalism. Many of them think that the starting point of human history is public ownership rather than private ownership. Morelj and others tried to prove the inevitability of people working together and enjoying the fruits of labor in primitive society. Utopian socialists believe that human society is a historical process from a low stage to an advanced stage. Saint-Simon believed that slavery reduced the killing of prisoners of war, promoted the division of labor between manual labor and mental labor, and had a beneficial impact on economic and cultural development. Compared with the social system of ancient Greece and Rome, theology and feudalism formed in the Middle Ages greatly promoted human civilization. All utopian socialists criticize the capitalist system. Moore exposed the primitive accumulation of capital, denounced the enclosure movement that deprived farmers of land, and pointed out that sheep ate people. Saint-Simon called anarchy "the worst disaster of all disasters" and thought that economic freedom would inevitably lead to this state. Fourier thinks that the wage labor system is a "restoration of slavery" and the capitalist factory is a "moderate prison". Owen attacked capitalist private ownership, believing that private ownership is the root of class disputes. He exposed the class exploitation relationship under the capitalist system. Workers have created huge social wealth, but it has been divided up by factory owners, businessmen, bankers, brokers, rent collectors, renters and dignitaries. Wealth is concentrated in the hands of a few people, and most people become "slaves of the wage system." Utopian socialists firmly believe that capitalism should be replaced by socialism. Utopian socialists have made many guesses and assumptions about the economic problems of an ideal society in the future, among which there are many positive factors.

During the transitional period, some utopian socialists suggested that it would take a transitional period to enter the future ideal society from the existing society. Fourier believes that there must be two transitional periods from the civilized system of decentralized production to the harmonious system of complex cooperation: semi-cooperative guarantee system and simple cooperation system. Owen believes that the transition from capitalism to commune system must go through a process of social transformation. In the transitional period, we have to solve two major economic tasks: ① to organize production according to the principle of cooperation; ② Organize the market according to the principle of fair labor exchange. Engels said that Owen's organization of production and circulation was "a measure for the transition to a completely socialist social system" (Selected Works of Marx and Engels, vol. 3, p. 304). Kebe believes that there must be a transitional system between private ownership and capitalism that lasts for decades or even hundreds of years. Its tasks are: peaceful social transformation of the property ownership of the rich; Cultivate the habits and talents of poor people to manage capitalist society; Lay the material foundation of socialism.

Public ownership Most utopian socialists advocate "public ownership of property". Some utopian socialists, such as Moore, understand public ownership of property as public ownership of means of production and consumer goods; Other utopian socialists, such as Morelj and Owen, understand it as the public ownership of property except daily necessities, which is actually the public ownership of the means of production. A few utopian socialists, such as Saint-Simon and Fourier, kept the private ownership of the means of production in their ideal society, which is an obvious manifestation of their bourgeois tendencies.

Some utopian socialists put forward the idea of planned economy. Saint-Simon advocated organizing production in a planned way under the industrial system and thoroughly eradicating anarchy.

Purpose of Production Saint-Simon clearly put forward for the first time that "meeting people's needs" is the only and fixed purpose of the new society. Owen compares the production purpose of commune with that of capitalism, and thinks that the production purpose of capitalism is to benefit capitalists, while the production purpose of commune is to directly meet the material and cultural needs of commune and all members of society. Utopian socialists are convinced that their ideal society has great advantages and can make productive forces develop at a high speed. Because the purpose of production is to meet the demand directly, abundance will not cause crisis and poverty. Utopian socialists attach importance to the rationalization of future social production. Saint-Simon looked for what he needed from the classic works of British political economy. According to his own understanding, he thinks that the country may have set itself the only reasonable purpose, that is, to produce more things with the least management fee.

Utopian socialists put forward various schemes for the distribution of consumer goods in the future. Moore and others put forward the principle of distributing consumer goods according to their needs. Due to the level of productivity at that time and the thinking of small producers, Francois Noe l Babeyf and others regarded average distribution as absolute equality. Saint-Simon put forward the idea that everyone's role and income should be in direct proportion to his talents and contributions, and his disciples developed this idea into the principle of "paying according to ability, and determining ability according to work efficiency". This principle already contains the idea of distribution according to work. Fourier put forward the principle of "proportional distribution", that is, distribution according to labor, capital and ability, which is consistent with his idea of retaining capitalist ownership of the means of production. Owen believes that in the transitional period, consumer goods should be distributed according to labor, while under the commune system, that is, under the capitalist system, they should be distributed according to their needs.

Utopian socialists put forward different ideas about the exchange of future society. In the sense of social members' exchange activities, the future society they designed is generally exchange. As far as commodity exchange is concerned, their schemes are quite different. The schemes of Moore and Fourier are two different modes. In Moore's utopia, the relationship between goods and money no longer exists. Because there is no commodity production, money will be abolished, and people regard gold and silver as cheap commodities. In Fourier's French, there is also a commodity currency relationship. Fourier believes that the commodity exchange under the cooperative system will be very active, and the commodity circulation will increase by a hundred times compared with that under the civilized system.

On the issue of consumption, 16 ~ 18 century utopian socialism has different colors of asceticism, and some even openly advocate the Spartan life of abstinence and asceticism. By the beginning of19th century, asceticism had lost its conditions for existence. At this time, utopian socialists criticized asceticism and made an attractive grand imagination of the high material and cultural living standard of the ideal society in the future.

Since Moore began to combine urban and rural areas, many utopian socialists have paid attention to solving the problems of urban-rural opposition, mental labor and physical labor opposition. Owen advocates the combination of urban and rural areas, industry and agriculture, and mental and physical labor. Under the Owen Commune system, teenagers are generally educated in intelligence, morality, physique and behavior, and are trained to be all-round people.

The ideal society with external relations designed by utopian socialists is not a closed society, but has external relations to varying degrees. There is a trade relationship between their new world and the old capitalist world. The new world should learn from foreign advanced science and technology and develop production through various channels. Therefore, residents should pay attention to learning foreign languages and all kinds of knowledge about foreign countries, learn as much about foreign countries as possible, and don't let the old fashions in the old world corrode the new fashions in the new world.

Utopian socialism is a progressive theory in the history of economic thought. /kloc-The rise of the workers' movement and the widespread spread of utopian socialism in the early 20th century accelerated the vulgarization of bourgeois political economy. Marx said: "The urban proletariat sounded the alarm in Lyon, while the rural proletariat ignited a raging fire in Britain. Erwinism spreads on this side of the Straits, while Saint-Simon Doctrine and Fourier Doctrine spread on the other side of the Straits. The death knell of vulgar economics has sounded "(The Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 23, page 654).

Utopian socialism is one of the sources of Marxism, which is of great significance for Marx and Engels to establish scientific socialism. Utopian socialists discuss the social and economic system before capitalism, criticize capitalism, and speculate and imagine the economic problems of socialism and capitalism. Their economic thoughts are of great significance for Marx and Engels to establish proletarian political economy and generalized political economy, and to study the laws of material production and distribution in various stages of human social development (see Marxist political economy).

However, the utopian socialist's view of history is basically idealistic. Reason is regarded by them as a transcendental and eternal thing, the only force that dominates the world, and they deny that history was created by the people. With a few exceptions, they all deny class struggle and revolution, so it is impossible to understand the objective law of social development and the essence of employment slavery, and to find the correct way and social force to replace capitalism with socialism. They advocate transcendental rationalism and bourgeois theory of human nature, claiming that "rationality" and "humanity" can win the victory of conquering and transforming the world through small-scale argumentation.

The significance of utopian socialism is inversely proportional to the development of history. With the maturity of capitalist mode of production and the development of class struggle, it gradually lost its revolutionary significance, lost its original class foundation and became reactionary or conservative socialism.