The history of Paraguay?

Paraguay, the most closed small country in South America, was founded in 193, which was directly transformed from a Spanish colonial province in the wave of Latin American independence movement. Among South American countries, this country has many distinctive features, and it has also created Paraguay's unique historical track.

Paraguay is the only country in South America with an Indian component and a high status. As early as 1524, before the team of Portuguese adventurer alessio Garcia first set foot at the mouth of the alto paraguay River, the Guaraní people had threatened the eastern border of the Inca Empire as a brave and skillful people. However, Guarani people are warriors in the tropical jungle, and their culture has not developed to the height of the Inca Empire. The abstract concept of wealth is almost blank in the consciousness of Guarani people. For Guarani soldiers, it is not attractive to climb the towering and steep Andes and conquer the cold Peruvian plateau.

From another point of view, in the eyes of the Inca warriors of the empire, the steep valley pass of the Andes, the hot and humid climate at the eastern foot and the barbaric Guarani tribe are as daunting and insurmountable as the Bolivian army armed with money by Mobil Oil Company in the 1930s.

Today, more than 90% of Paraguay's population is of mixed blood of Guarani origin, and Guarani language has become the second national language of the country (unlike Peru's artificial protection measures to upgrade Quechua to the second national language, Guarani language is an innate status. )。 The Guarani people's character and their reaction to the new culture constitute the shadow behind Paraguay's historical tone.

I Paraguay before independence

Paraguay existed as a humble inland province during nearly 300 years of colonial rule of the Kingdom of Spain. This humble feature has been stubbornly maintained even after Paraguay's independence. Compared with other provinces, Guarani Indians in Paraguay are probably the least able to feel the pressure of Spanish rule and expropriation.

The Latin history of Paraguay began when the Portuguese explorer Garcia arrived at the mouth of Paraguay. Garcia first gained the trust of Chief Guarani here, recruited more than 2,000 soldiers and plundered the eastern territory of the Inca Empire in Chaco. I lack more detailed information, and it is difficult to understand what caused the infighting between Garcia and Guarani Warriors. In the end, Garcia's team was all buried by Guarani warriors.

But from Garcia's experience, Guarani people are a nation that can cooperate with Europeans. Therefore, the arriving Spaniards can safely establish their homes in Paraguay and turn the area centered on Asunció n into Paraguay province of Spain and America without much resistance. Before Paraguay's independence, only in the170s, a Guarani prophet who claimed to be Obeira Ay-Taiyang launched a holy war, briefly challenging the infiltration of the Catholic Church into Guarani society.

In the primitive Indian society except the Inca Empire and the Aztecs, most people who are martial and have strong fighting power are also people who obey authority and discipline. I can't personally investigate this point, and the existing data can't prove it. However, as the most aggressive nation on the South American continent so far, Guarani people can obey every long dictatorship in the national history of nearly 200 years, which seems to be a point of view.

The most striking page in Paraguay's history before independence was that the Jesuit naturalization area existed for two centuries. In Luo Yaola's thought of establishing Jesuits, the ideal of practicing society with simple utopian socialism finally found a meeting point in Guarani society. 1588, Jesuit priests entered the southeast of Paraguay and successfully established more than 30 naturalization zones. A large number of Guarani people moved to naturalized areas, taking Catholic practice as the key link, and formed a closed, isolated and self-sufficient society. Each naturalized area is built according to unified planning, with square communities and straight roads. Every house has a unified style entrance, so even if it rains all over the city, it won't get wet. All Guaraní people and Jesuit monks living in naturalized areas own land and property. They work together, eat three meals and attend mass on time. The products are evenly distributed to help the poor, the weak and the old.

Such a society has existed quietly and uncontroversially for two centuries. It is hard to say whether the Guarani people's character is suitable for such a disciplined and orderly society, or whether such a closed and orderly society has shaped the Paraguayan people's character. Even after the political conflict between the Jesuit naturalized area and the colonial authorities in Paraguay, Spain, the unprepared Jesuit naturalized area could have fought the Creole militia in Asunció n 1725 ~ 1735, 1750 ~ 1765438.

After the political failure of the Jesuit naturalization area, the naturalization area was gradually abandoned and lost in the jungle. The Jesuit naturalization area, which has become a world cultural heritage, the baroque architecture of La Santissima Trinidad, the exquisite Guarani sculpture, and the rich Spanish Catholic flavor of the three arches of Jesus de Tavarange attract tourists from all over the world to ask about the Catholic dream of * * more than two centuries ago. But in today's spiritual world of Paraguay, how many thoughts and dreams of naturalization remain?

Second, Paraguay's lonely independence.

Paraguay's independence, although an important event after the Latin American independence movement, highlights its loneliness and isolation. Latin American Cordillo can also be clearly seen in Paraguay, but from the historical context, Paraguay is a lonely and huge Cordillo. Whether it's francia, old Lopez, young Lopez, or marini and Stroessner, they are more like a huge Cordero who monopolizes all authority.

Perhaps this country is too small to have enough land and manors to build a manorial political structure like other Latin American countries. Perhaps it is the deep-rooted authoritarianism in Guarani culture that makes this country only have political and ideological opposition, but lacks economic-based political opposition. But that still doesn't explain the problem. Irala, Paraguay's first immigration leader, an outsider without Guarani culture, can maintain its dominant position for 20 years, and the power of the Spanish-appointed governor is useless.

Antekira Castro and her partner Mobo made their first lonely independent attempt from 172 1 to 1735. Its loneliness, without external echo, excludes all other political forces, such as the Catholic church, the Spanish governor, the Jesuit naturalization area, and the Guarani people. Even though this society was established in a short time after independence, it is actually an autonomous commune (Comuneros) that replicates the model of Jesuit naturalization area, an egalitarian and isolationist society under authority.

Paraguay's real independence was 75 years after the failure of the autonomous commune. It seems that this movement is not so isolated. Buenos Aires is independent, and General San Martin will return to Argentina to start his great career. However, what happened in Paraguay ran counter to the cause of General San Martin. General belgrano (friends who are familiar with the war in the British Malvinas Islands may remember that the main warship of Argentina that was sunk was General belgrano. ) led by the army, in Paraguay, met not the revolutionary army of La Plata, which was welcomed by flowers, but a heavy blow from Paraguayans. Although this blow was attributed to the loyalty of Governor Belasco, who represented the king of Spain, to the Spanish royal family, Paraguayans' strong desire for isolation and self-isolation during the founding of the country could not be ignored.

1811In June, 2008, Paraguayans defeated the army of the United Province of La Plata led by General Grana. 14 In May, Paraguayans expelled Governor Belasco and formed the "Honta" (committee). In June, the Paraguayan Provincial Assembly announced that it would break away from Spanish rule and establish an independent Republic of Paraguay. 18 13 10 in June, the first constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) was passed.

Three. The dictator of Paraguay

Roya bastos, an exiled Paraguayan writer, once described her country's dictatorship like this: "The world we live in has been attacked by an incurable terminal disease, which is called' man'." . In fact, a survey of Paraguay's 200-year history since its independence can be summarized as follows: Francesca (during the period of José Gaspar Rodriguez de Franck rule the kingdom 18 14~ 1840) and Lopez the elder (ruled in carlos antonio lopez).

When it comes to dictators, most of them are associated with brutal arbitrariness, personality cult, secret police, political persecution, nepotism,,, and so on. Latin American dictators, when I first read Marquez's speech at the Nobel Prize ceremony more than ten years ago, I was deeply impressed by their dictatorial style beyond imagination. It can even be said that their incredible historical stories aroused my strong interest in an instant, which is also the source of my writing these articles today, which was looming a long time ago.

Let me repeat Marquez's original words translated into Chinese: "Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana, who ruled Mexico three times, ordered an extremely luxurious funeral to bury his right leg lost in the so-called pastry war. El Salvador's omniscient tyrant General Maxi Migliano Herná ndez Martí nez actually wiped out 30,000 farmers in a brutal massacre. In order to check whether the food was poisoned, he also invented the pendulum and ordered all public lights to be covered with red paper to prevent the spread of scarlet fever. The memorial statue of General Francisco Morazan standing in Tegucigalpa Square is actually a statue of Marshal Nai bought in an old statue warehouse in Paris. "

Self-compiled chronology of historical events in Paraguay

Chronology of historical events in Paraguay

(Mainly refer to the drafts of Li Chunhui and latin american history, Commercial Press)

1524, Portuguese Lekso Garcia and several companions arrived at the mouth of Paraguay, allied with Guaraní people, and led 2,000 Guaraní fighters to invade the border area of Inca Empire through Chaco. After returning to Paraguay, he was killed by Guarani people.

1526, the Spanish sebastian cabot expedition entered the Paraguay River area and once arrived in Asunció n.

1535, Mendoza was sent to La Plata and Paraguay by King Carlos I of Spain. After Mendoza landed in Buenos Aires, he ordered Juan de Golas to lead a long-distance team to Paraguay.

1537 In August, irala, a member of the expedition, established his first residence in Asunció n, and the surrounding area gradually became a Spanish colony.

1537 September, irala was appointed as the first ruler of Asunció n.

1544, during the first revolution, Creoles in Asunció n revolted and expelled Alva nunes Caleca Vaca, the Spanish appointed governor of Asunció n.

1556, irala died and his rule ended. In the same year, the Catholic Church established its first parish in Asunció n.

1In the 1970s, a prophet appeared among the Guarani people, calling himself Obeira-Taiyang, and launched a brief jihad.

1588, Jesuit priests entered Paraguay, went deep into Indian tribes and preached in southeastern Paraguay. Since then, a Jesuit-ruled area with a population of 654.38 million, including 30 naturalized areas, has been established, which lasted for two centuries.

/kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, Paraguay was placed under the jurisdiction of the governor of Peru.

172 1 year, the indigenous whites in Asunció n brewed a movement against Spanish rule, which was the beginning of the uprising in 172 1 to 1735.

1725 launched a coup, the Spanish governor was dismissed, and Jose Antequera Y Castro, a native white man, came to power. The new government abolished Jesuit areas and expelled Jesuit priests.

173 1 year, the indigenous white militia was defeated by the army of the Peruvian governor, and Antekira Castro was captured. He was executed in Lima on 5 July.

1732 February, 2000 Paraguayan rebels looted the Jesuit seminary and imprisoned the bishop.

1733, Mobo, a friend and fellow traveler of Antekira Castro, led the local white people in Asunció n to launch a new uprising, killed the Spanish governor and established "Comuneros" in Asunció n.

1735, the autonomous commune was defeated by the Peruvian governor's army and failed.

From 1750 to 176 1 year, there was a long-term conflict and war between the governor-general area and the Jesuit area in Peru;

176 1 year, Jesus will be expelled from Paraguay. Paraguay was under Spanish colonial rule.

/kloc-In the late 8th century, Paraguay broke away from the governor of Peru and was placed under the jurisdiction of the governor of La Plata.

1810 In May, Buenos Aires declared its independence and asked the provinces under the former governor of La Plata to join, but Paraguay refused. The Buenos Aires government sent belgrano to Paraguay.

18 1 1 June 1, Paraguay defeated belgrano's army.

18 1 14 May 14, Asunció n Rebels expelled the governor who was connected with the Wang Party and organized a "flood" against him. "Red River" is hosted by francia (Jose Gaspar Rodrí guez de Franc Kingdom 1766- 1840).

18 1 1 In June, the parliament officially declared independence from Spanish rule and established an independent Republic of Paraguay.

18 13 10 month, the first constitution was passed.

1865438+In May 2004, francia was appointed as an autocratic ruler by the National Assembly.

18 16, francia was appointed as the lifelong ruler.

1840, Francesca died.

184 1 year, Carlos Antonio Lopez (1790- 1862) came to power.

From 1842 to 1844, the slaves were liberated.

1845, the first newspaper in Paraguay was published. Francisco solano Lopez Jr. (1826- 1870) was appointed as the commander of the army.

Paraguay was recognized by the United States and other European powers from 65438 to 0853. Lopez Jr. went to Britain, Spain, Italy and France to buy arms.

1858, the railway from Asunció n to Buenos Aires was completed.

1859, the United States navy invaded Paraguay.

1862, old Lopez died. Little Lopez took the stage.

1864, Brazil launched a war against Uruguay, and Brazilian troops invaded Uruguay.

1864165438+1October 12 Lopez Jr. officially declared war on Brazil.

1865 In April, the Argentine government declared war on Paraguay. 10 In May, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay signed a tripartite agreement under the planning of British Ambassador to Argentina Edward Thornton, forming an alliance against Paraguay.

1870 in March, little Lopez was killed in the battle in the depths of Cora jungle. Paraguay was defeated and signed an armistice treaty, ceding 55,000 square miles of territory to Brazil and Argentina.

1870165438+1On October 25th, Paraguay's parliament promulgated the second constitution. According to the Constitution, the National Assembly consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, and the President, Vice President and Members of Parliament are indirectly elected for a term of four years.

187 1 10 in June, the first president elected according to the new constitution, Salvador Jovelanos, took office.

1874165438+1October, the second president Juan bautista Gill took office.

1876, Brazilian troops withdrew from Paraguay according to the armistice treaty 1870.

1In April, 877, President Hill was assassinated.

From 188 1 to 1909, there were seven coups.

1In July, 887, the Leipzig company composed of German immigrants established the "New Germanic District" 2 10 km northeast of Asuncion.

1892, Asunció n established its first university.

1893, the utopian socialist William Ryan organized the "Australian Cooperation Association" and planned to establish a utopian society called "New Australia" in Paraguay. The Paraguayan government supported the project and allocated 450,000 acres of land near Biljari to the organization. The plan failed in less than two years.

From 65438 to 0906, Italian immigrants established a "new Italy" area between Rimbart and Angostura, south of Asunció n.

19 12, Eduardo Schaerer was elected president, the only president with a four-year term since 1870.

19 13, the railway from Asunció n to Buenos Aires was completed.

1922, Mobil Oil Company discovered oil in Granchako.

From 1924 to 1928, Paraguay's economy developed greatly during the administration of President Elgio Ayala.

1928, Paraguay and Bolivia clashed for Granchako oil field.

1932~ 1935, Grand Chaco War. The commander of Paraguay is Colonel Estey Estigarribia, and the commander of Bolivia is General Kundt, a German officer. Paraguay won the war.

1933, Paraguay * * * production party was established.

On May 30th, 1934, Louisiana Senator huey long delivered a speech, revealing that the Great Chaco War was essentially a war waged by Mobil Oil Company of New Jersey and Shell Oil Company for the right to exploit oil in Chaco area, and the two companies funded Bolivian army and Paraguayan army respectively. Lang described Mobil Oil Company as "the lair of criminals, evildoers, domestic murderers, foreign murderers, international conspirators, greedy robbers and thieves, and the lair of saboteurs and thieves". (reprinted by Guaragna in Buenos Aires,1934165438+10)

At the beginning of 1936, the National Front was formed.

On February 17, the army staged a coup to overthrow the government of Eusébio Ayala, a liberal, and Colonel Rafael Franco, a general in the Grand Chaco War, formed an interim government.

1On August 3, 937, the army and navy staged a coup, Franco resigned and Dr. Felix Pava came to power.

1938 In July, Paraguay signed a peace treaty with Bolivia, and Paraguay got 3/4 of the disputed land in Granchako, while Bolivia only got a corridor extending from Columbus to Brazil.

1On April 30th, 939, in the national election, Estey Estegaribia, leader of the Liberal Party and commander of the Grand Chaco War, was elected president.

1939, Paraguay trade union established.

1940, Esther Garibia declared dictatorship. On August 4th, the third constitution was promulgated. According to the constitution, the president is directly elected for a term of five years and can be re-elected; Congress changed to a unicameral system; All military and administrative powers of the country are concentrated in the hands of the president. Cabinet members and Supreme Court judges are nominated by the President. This year, Esther Garibia died in a plane explosion. Marini came to power.

1942, the marini government ordered the dissolution of the Liberal Party.

1945 In February, marini declared war on the Axis countries.