What management was strengthened during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty?

Ideologically, it is "to oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone", to crack down on the Huns militarily, to strengthen control over the western regions, to strengthen the management of vassal States politically, to issue "favor orders" and to cut off the rights of local strongmen.

Expel a hundred schools of thought from Confucianism

Dong Zhongshu's Confucianism has greatly developed the original Confucius thought, and merged the thoughts of Legalists, Yin and Yang schools and other schools. The first is the ideological unity, that is, the theory of exclusive respect for Confucianism. Others advocate that sovereignty comes from God-given, deify imperial power, implement benevolent policies, and emphasize the rule of law, that is, "morality is the mainstay, supplemented by punishment", and educate the people first, and then suppress them with punishment if education fails. This is a policy of governing the country by combining rigidity with softness, which was adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and became the legal guiding ideology of the Han Dynasty.

Fight against Xiongnu

Emperor Wu's resistance to Xiongnu was a very influential event in the Western Han Dynasty. Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was an outstanding politician in the history of China. He successfully resisted the invasion of Xiongnu slave owners and nobles and further consolidated the emerging feudal regime in the early Han Dynasty.

Xiongnu is an ancient nomadic people in northern China. In the early Han Dynasty, a slave country was established and the country became strong. The East defeated the East Lake, and the West drove away the Dayue family who lived in present-day Gansu. The North surrendered to the Dingling people, while the South often invaded the border of the Han Dynasty, sometimes reaching only 350 kilometers away from the capital of the Han Dynasty, which seriously threatened the feudal regime of the Han Dynasty.

In BC 14 1 year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty 16 years old ascended the throne. At this time, the Han dynasty has been established for more than 60 years, the feudal regime has been consolidated, and the economy has also gained strength. Therefore, he has the conditions to confront the Huns and fundamentally remove the threat from the mainland.

From 133 BC to 1 19 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to fight against the Huns many times. There are three decisive battles: Henan Campaign, Hexi Campaign and Mobei Campaign.

In BC 127, Xiongnu nobles invaded Shanggu (now Huailai County, Hebei Province) and Yuyang with 20,000 cavalry. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent general Wei Qing to ride out of the cloud at a rate of 30,000 (now Tuoketuo County, Inner Mongolia) and west to Longxi (now eastern Gansu Province) to recover the Hetao area and sweep away the military strongholds invaded by Xiongnu. Wei Qing took a circuitous attack and outflanked from the rear, driving away the Loufan King and the Aries King of Xiongnu in one fell swoop, thus removing the threat of Chang 'an.

Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up Shuofang County and Wuyuan County there, resettled 65,438+10,000 people, rebuilt the Old Great Wall of Qin Dynasty, and sent troops to station. Wei Qing was promoted to Changping Hou. In 124 BC, Wei Qing led the cavalry to drive away the Xiongnu right Wang Xian, captured the Xiongnu princes 10 and returned home in triumph. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promoted Wei Qing as a general and became the commander-in-chief of the whole army.

In the second year, in the battle with the Huns, a general Huo Qubing, aged 18, emerged. He is Wei Qing's nephew. Once, he took the lead and led 800 cavalry into the Xiongnu camp for hundreds of miles, winning a great victory. On this basis, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made him the top scholar and built him a rich house for him to see. Huo Qubing said: "The Huns are not extinct, and there is no home!" Show strong patriotic enthusiasm.

The Hexi Campaign began in March 12 1 BC. Huo Qubing led 65438+100000 cavalry, set out from Longxi, fought tarquin at the foot of Gaolan Mountain, pursued more than 500 kilometers and crossed Yanqi Mountain (now Shandan County, Gansu Province). In summer, Huo Qubing led tens of thousands of cavalry, marched 1000 kilometers, and reached the foot of Qilian Mountain, which dealt a heavy blow to Xiongnu nobles. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty successively set up four counties in Hexi region, namely Wuwei, Jiuquan, Zhangye and Dunhuang, and 65,438+10,000 immigrants settled in agricultural reclamation. The recovery of Hexi Corridor relieved the threat of the Han Dynasty to the western regions and opened up the road of communication between the Han Dynasty and the western regions.

The Mobei campaign was the largest in BC 1 19. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to lead 65,438+10,000 cavalry and hundreds of thousands of infantry, respectively, from Dingxiang County (now southeast of Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) and Dai Jun County (now Yuxian, Hebei Province) to * * * crusade against Xiongnu Khan (Xiongnu leader) in Mobei. Wei Qing crossed the desert (Gobi desert) for more than 1000 miles to the north and reached Kanyan Mountain (now Hang 'ai Mountain), killing 19000 people. Huo Qubing went deep into 1000 km, pursued Xiongnu Zuobing to Xushan (now Mount Kent) of the Wolf, and captured more than 74,000 enemies. In this campaign, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also organized 6.5438+0.4 million war horses to accompany him, and sent 6.5438+0 million troops to transport grain and grass, which ensured the main material supply.

The Battle of Mobei dealt a fatal blow to the Huns, and there was a situation that the Huns were far away and there was no Wang Ting in Mobei. From then on, the Huns moved north to Mobei. From Shuofang in the north of Han Dynasty to Lingju in the west (now Yongdeng in Gansu Province), 600,000 officers and men were stationed in the fields to strengthen their defense.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty won the war against Xiongnu, which made the country more unified. The "indulgence of cattle and horses, accumulation of livestock and wild spread" inside and outside the Great Wall have created extremely favorable conditions for economic and cultural development.

Strengthen centralization

In strengthening centralization, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did a lot of work. At that time, the prime minister was in charge of the administration of civil and military officials and had great power, so the emperor sometimes had less power than the prime minister, which the emperor could not bear. Therefore, after Emperor Wu ascended the throne, he mainly weakened the relative power in strengthening centralization.

There is also a very favorable condition for Emperor Wu to weaken the power of the prime minister, that is, the former prime ministers were all heroes of the founding of the country, and now they are basically old or dead. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took advantage of this favorable opportunity to let many Confucian scholars take the place of their elders to master state power, and at the same time strengthened their power by cracking down on the prime minister. In 124 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made Gongsun Hong, a Confucian scholar from a common family, as prime minister, which changed the previous practice that nobles were always prime ministers.

Another well-known measure is the promulgation of the "favor order". During the reign of Emperor Gaozu and Liu Bang, many kings surnamed Liu were named Wang with the same surname. But later, the descendants of these kings with the same surname ran roughshod over the countryside, rebelled against the central authorities and disobeyed their orders. In order to completely weaken the influence of the captaincy, Liang Wudi issued this order. Its main content is that the throne of the captaincy can be inherited by the eldest son, and other sons can be enfeoffed in this country in the form of "pushing favors" (that is, spreading favors to let more people enjoy privileges). The new Marquis State broke away from the restrictions of the original kingdom, was geographically independent, and was basically deprived of political power and was under the jurisdiction of local county officials. In this way, the original independent local kingdom automatically handed over power to the state. After that, local kings and princes only enjoyed material privileges, that is, they enjoyed the tax on their fiefs. But without the previous political privileges.

In order to further strengthen the power of the monarch, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent an imperial censor to supervise local strongmen and officials. In BC 106, Liang Wudi divided the whole country into thirteen prisons, each called the Ministry, each sent a secretariat, the central secretariat was called a captain of Li Si, and the other twelve states were called the secretariat. The secretariat supervises the local government from six aspects, that is, "six questions and six rules": First, the mighty men occupy more land and dominate the city; Second, the county magistrate does not abide by imperial edicts and decrees, oppresses the people, runs amok and corrupts; Third, the county magistrate is not sympathetic to the people when trying cases, and ignores human life and rewards and punishments at will, which is hated by the people; Fourth, the selection of officials is unfair, excluding talents and appointing villains as officials; Fifth, the officer's children bully others, and the officer also intercedes with his subordinates for his children, making them bend the law; Sixth, the county magistrate was disloyal to the emperor, colluded with local strongmen and engaged in power and money transactions, which harmed the national interests.

The function of the secretariat is mainly to prevent the county chief from colluding with local strongmen, confronting the central authorities and repeating the situation of insurrection with the same surname Wang. At the same time, the secretariat should also be responsible for recommending officials who are considered to be better to the central authorities, and can also recall officials with poor performance.

At that time, the position of the secretariat was quite high, equivalent to an imperial envoy, and he was away all the year round and had his own office in the local area. As far as the name "historical secretariat" itself is concerned, it already has this feature. "Stabbing" means stabbing to death, that is, investigating illegal acts, and "history" refers to the envoys sent by the emperor.

Bureaucratic reform

This aspect is mainly achieved through the reform of the official selection system. At that time, there was no imperial examination system after Sui and Tang Dynasties, mainly the recommendation system, which was the imperial examination system. But the original is not ideal, the relatives of the referees account for the vast majority, but there are not many talents. This did not play its due role for Emperor Wu, who was in urgent need of talents to govern the country. Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty continued to implement the inspection system in the early Han Dynasty while expanding the inspection scope. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, there were only two subjects: filial piety, and Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty added Confucianism, (that is, knowing statutes), morality and learning.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the county magistrate to recommend talented people to the Central Committee, otherwise he would be punished for being unfilial. At the same time, officials and ordinary people are allowed to comment on political affairs. In this way, Emperor Wu chose the most talented person.

Following Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up the imperial academy in Beijing, which became a school for feudal officials to train civil servants. This is also the first university founded by the state in the history of China, with Confucian classics as the main teaching content. The students are all outstanding young people selected by the state and recommended by various counties. Those who pass the examination after studying in imperial academy for one year will be appointed as officials according to their achievements. Since then, Confucian scholars began to enter the political system in large numbers. China's feudal ruling thought and folk feudal thought were gradually established and consolidated. In the Song Dynasty, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, autocratic centralization reached its peak, and the oppression of people, especially women, by feudal shackles also reached its peak.