Does cod have bones?

Yes, it belongs to the class Teleosts

Cod (local names: bighead bluefish, bigmouth fish, bighead fish, pollack, water mouth, broadmouth fish, bighead fish, stonefish ). Pure cod refers to fish of the genus Cod, which is divided into Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Greenland cod (Gadus ogac) and Pacific cod. [1] There is Codidae under the order Codidae. The usual concept of cod is expanded to include cod fishes. There are more than 50 species. Most of them are distributed in the continental shelf waters of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Important fish species include haddock, blue cod, green cod, and green cod. Pollack, whiting, Norwegian whiting and pollock are among the others. Cod is one of the largest annual catches of fish in the world and has important food and economic value.

Chinese scientific name

Cod

Latin scientific name

Gadus

Also known as

Catfish

Kingdom

Animal Kingdom

Phylum

Chordata Chordata

Subphylum

Vertebrata Vertebrata

Class

Osteichthyes

Subclass

Actinopterygii

Order

Gadiformes

Suborder

Gadoidei

Family

Gadidae

Genus

Gadus

Pinyin

xueyú

English name

cod

Contents

1 Appearance characteristics

2 Types

3 Distribution range

4 Living habits

5 Main values

6 Nutrients

7 Food guide Cooking instructions for cod, straw mushroom porridge

8 True or false Species

9 Protection Level

Appearance Characteristics

Cod

Cod has an elongated body, slightly flat sides, a large head, a large mouth, and a slightly upper jaw. Longer than the lower jaw, the tail tapers backward, generally 25 to 40 cm long, and weighs 300 to 750 grams. The vibrissae on the neck are equal to or slightly longer than the eye diameter. Both jaws and vomer have villous teeth. The body is covered with small round scales that are easy to fall off, with obvious lateral lines, 3 dorsal fins, and 2 anal fins. Each fin has no hard spines and is entirely composed of fin rays. The body color is diverse, ranging from light green or light gray to brown or light black, and can also be dark red to bright red; the head, back and sides of the body are grayish brown with irregular dark brown markings, and the ventral surface is grayish white.

Species

The family Codidae includes the genus Cod, and there are three types of fish in the genus Cod: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Greenland cod (Gadus ogac) and Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus). It can be called pure cod in the traditional sense. [1]

Atlantic cod

Lives in the northern Atlantic Ocean. It is a cold-water fish that can grow up to nearly two meters long and weigh one to two hundred pounds. Cod has tender meat, light flavor, large size, and large yields - it is said that when cod is in season, people can walk on their backs on the sea. Since the Viking Age, Nordic fishermen have been fishing for Atlantic cod on a large scale. There is a peninsula in Massachusetts called Cod Cape, which was named after cod merchants in the early years. The famous Boston Tea Party also featured "cod nouveau riche" figures. In the mid-19th century, fried cod and chips became a favorite fast food of the British working class. In the 20th century, fishing technology became more and more advanced, and the number of cod decreased sharply. Fishermen from neighboring countries, including the United Kingdom, had already sailed cod fishing boats to Iceland, whose economy was heavily dependent on the cod fishing industry at that time.

In order to protect the interests of its fishermen, the Icelandic government has continuously revised laws to expand its jurisdictional waters since the 1950s. The UK and Iceland have been fighting for more than 20 years in a battle for cod. Finally, with the mediation of NATO, the UK accepted the concept of an exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles advocated by Iceland.

Atlantic cod

In 2000, a study published by the World Wildlife Fund WWF showed that the global catch of Atlantic cod has dropped by 70% since 1970. Cod has become an endangered species. Later, the Atlantic cod population, which was once considered very pessimistic, gradually recovered, and the annual catch was about 800,000 tons. There is no Atlantic cod in Chinese waters, but major cod fishing countries such as Russia have shipped their catch to Chinese ports. Relying on China's lower human resource costs, China's reprocessed cod products can be marketed around the world. China has become the largest market in Europe. Atlantic cod product supplier.

Cod’s scientific name is Gadus, commonly known as Cod. It is a marine fish that Westerners love to eat. As early as the 17th century, immigrants in North America had dried cod and exported it to Spain, Portugal, the United Kingdom and other places. sell. Since the 20th century, with the invention of the refrigerator, cod has been mostly exported as frozen fish pieces. The flesh of cod is snow white, tender, firm and light in taste. Cod liver also contains large amounts of vitamin A and vitamin D, so it is often used to refine cod liver oil. Cod has triggered three wars between Britain and Iceland. Surprisingly, the huge British Royal Navy fleet was defeated by the Icelandic gunboats transformed from small fishing boats. The world's veteran naval powers lost these three wars in a row.

Pacific cod

The size of Pacific cod is generally smaller than that of Atlantic cod, but its appearance is no different from Atlantic cod, and its taste is almost the same. Since the Pacific coast countries do not have the same cod complex as Europe, so It has remained relatively unknown. China's Yellow and Bohai Sea is also the origin of Pacific cod, but coastal residents pay little attention to it.

Greenland cod

Grows in the waters around the Greenland coastline. Due to the low production volume, it rarely appears on the market.

Distribution range

Distributed in the North Pacific. Those on both sides of the North Atlantic generally live near the bottom, from the coast to the deep sea. It is native to the cold waters of the North Atlantic from northern Europe to Canada and the eastern United States. The main cod producing countries in the world are Canada, Iceland, Norway and Russia, and the main production areas in Japan are Hokkaido.

China is mainly distributed in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and the northern part of the East China Sea. There are major fishing grounds in the northern Yellow Sea, east-southeast of Shandong Gaojiao, southern and southeastern sea areas of Haiyang Island.

Life habits

Cold-water bottom-dwelling fish feed on invertebrates and small fish. It inhabits the cold water areas of the Yellow Sea in summer and autumn, and migrates to coastal mud bottom areas with water depths of 50 to 80 meters to overwinter in winter. Most cod live in cold seas in the northern Pacific and Atlantic oceans with water temperatures of 0°C to 16°C.

Cod

Cod feeds on other fish and invertebrates. It eats a lot and grows quickly. It can grow to 1 meter in about 10 years. It eats a lot and is A voracious migratory fish. Because they live in groups, they are easy to catch, and they have been a famous food fish since ancient times. Female fish with strong fecundity and a body length of about 1 meter can lay as many as 3 million to 4 million eggs at a time. The reproductive period of the Yellow Sea lasts from January to February, with a pregnancy capacity of 340,000 to 830,000 eggs, which are sinking eggs with a diameter of 0.98 to 1.05mm.

Arctic cod is distributed throughout the Arctic region and is a typical cold-water fish. When the temperature exceeds 5°C, they disappear. It is a small and medium-sized fish with a maximum body length of up to 36 cm. It is one of the important economic fish in the Arctic region.

In summer, Arctic cod mainly lives on the edge of the frozen area of ??the Barents Sea in the Kara Sea. Juvenile Arctic cod feed on small phytoplankton and zooplankton. As it grows, the plankton individuals it feeds on gradually grow from small to large, and it partially preys on small fish.

In September every year, Arctic cod begin to migrate to the west and south, laying eggs in subzero temperatures in winter. They are floating eggs and the number of eggs they lay is 9,000 to 18,000. Due to the low water temperature, the incubation period lasts 4 to 5 months.

Cod (4 photos)

The growth rate of Arctic cod is very fast in the cold Arctic. At the age of 3, the average body length is 17 cm, and at the age of 4 it can reach 19.5 cm. The age is 21 cm, and the age of 6 is 22 cm. The maximum age of Arctic cod can reach 7 years. The sexual maturity age of Arctic cod is generally 4 years old, and most individuals only spawn once in their lives and stop eating during spawning. After spawning, some Arctic cod swim into the estuary or downstream of the river, and then swim into the open sea. [2]

Main value

Generally inhabits near the bottom (water depth 0-2740 meters), it is a cold-water bottom fish and one of the marine economic fish produced in the northern coast. . Its meat is white, fine and tender, clean and not greasy. Many countries in the world regard cod as the main food fish. In Northern Europe, cod is known as the "nutritionist on the table." In addition to being eaten fresh, it is also processed into various aquatic products. In addition, cod liver is large and has high oil content. It is rich in vitamins A and D and is the raw material for extracting cod liver oil.

The oil extracted from cod liver is an important source of vitamin D. The milky white fish meat of cod is lean and delicious. The firmness of the meat depends on the freshness and size of the cod. Cod has a very good protective effect on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. Steamed cod is light and refreshing, simple and easy to make, and has the effect of promoting blood circulation and relieving pain. [3]

Cod liver can be used to extract cod liver oil (oil content 20-40%), which is rich in vitamin A and vitamin D. Cod liver oil has an inhibitory effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and its unsaturated acid concentration of one hundred thousandth can prevent bacterial reproduction. Liver oil also destroys bacteria present in infectious wounds. An ointment made from cod liver oil quickly liquefies gangrenous tissue. Cod pancreas contains a large amount of insulin. 12,000IU insulin can be extracted from 1kg of pancreas, which has a good blood sugar-lowering effect and is used to treat diabetes. Fish meat is rich in magnesium, which has a good protective effect on the cardiovascular system and is helpful in preventing cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and myocardial infarction. The small molecule peptides extracted from cod using modern bioengineering technology and enzyme engineering technology are rich in soluble calcium, have extremely high biological safety, and are easily absorbed by the human body.

Cod (6 photos)

In 1996, the global cod catch reached 10.71 million tons, accounting for 12% of the total marine fishery production. The main species caught are cod, hake and longtail cod.

China’s distant-water fishery started in 1985 and until 1991, large trawl processing ships have been operating in the Bering Sea. Due to overfishing by the world’s major fishing countries, the pollock resources in the Bering Sea were exhausted within a few years. , China's newly emerging offshore fishing industry is in trouble. In the middle of the Sea of ??Okhotsk, there is a small open sea that is long and narrow in the north and south, shaped like a pollock, and surrounded by Russia's 200-nautical-mile economic zone. At that time, the Ocean Company's refrigerated transport ship "Haifa" accidentally discovered the "New World" while transporting fishmeal in the Hubei Sea. Several large trawl processing vessels from Poland were fishing for pollock here, and then the Chinese ocean-going fleet swarmed in, and the story was revealed. A new chapter in China’s offshore fisheries.

Nutritional information

Cod production (17 photos)

Cod meat is delicious and nutritious. The protein in the meat is higher than that of salmon, pomfret, anchovy, and hairtail, while the fat content in the meat is only 0.5 like that of shark, which is 17 times lower than salmon and 7 times lower than hairtail. The liver has high oil content. In addition to being rich in ordinary In addition to all the DHA and DPA in fish oil, it also contains vitamins A, D, E and other vitamins necessary for the human body. The proportion of these nutrients in cod liver oil is the optimal proportion required by the human body every day. Therefore, Nordic people call it the "nutritionist" on the table.

Eating Guide

Cooking Guide

Cod can be cooked in a variety of ways, and it tastes especially delicious when dipped in sauces. Cod can be canned, dried or smoked, and cod roe can be eaten fresh, smoked or pickled. The tongue and liver of cod are also edible. Black cod

Cod

Lock cod is often smoked or pickled, and cod is often made into dried fish.

To remove the salt from pickled cod, place the fish in a container and place the container in a sink with a thin stream of water flowing in. As the sink fills with water, the salt will be washed away. . Pickled dried fish needs to be soaked in water for 8 to 12 hours before cooking. When cooking cod, it is not advisable to boil it. You can add clear soup and simmer it for about 8 minutes. You can also add it to the boiling liquid and cook it for a while. Then quickly remove the pot from the stove and set it aside for 15 minutes. . [3]

Cod and straw mushroom porridge

Ingredients: 1 bowl of thick porridge, 200 grams of cod, 50 grams of straw mushrooms, appropriate amount of green beans; 240 grams of fresh soup, 1 each of refined salt and MSG /2 tsp, 1/4 tsp of sesame oil, appropriate amount of onion and ginger.

Method:

1: Wash and clean the cod, cut into rectangular slices; blanch the straw mushrooms and green beans with water, remove, drain and set aside.

2: Pour the fresh seasoning soup into the pot and bring to a boil. Add the minced ginger and straw mushrooms and cook for a while. Add the thick porridge and bring to a boil. Then add the cod fillets and cook. Finally, add refined salt, monosodium glutamate and sesame oil and mix thoroughly. Add the green beans, sprinkle with chopped green onions, take out of the pot and serve in bowls. [4]

True and fake species

The types of cod sold in the market include silver cod, water cod, dragon cod, oil fish, etc., which are not pure cod. Silver cod, also known as black cod and blue cod. However, it is classified into the genus Gymnospermidae of the order Scorpeneniformes and family Scorpeneidae. Oilfish is the general name for spiny-scaled snake mackerel and different-scaled snake mackerel. Their appearance is somewhat similar to cod, but they are not the same species. Since the fish sold in the market are sold with heads removed and cut into pieces, it is difficult for ordinary consumers to distinguish them based on their appearance. Oily fish contains wax and fat that the human body cannot digest, making it difficult for the human body to digest. After some people consume it, it will accumulate in the rectum, causing diarrhea, gastrointestinal cramps and other discomforts. The commercial value of oily fish is not high and it is a low-priced fish. Because of its high oil content, it is mainly used to refine industrial lubricants. [5]

Since 2009, there have been reports of oily fish being sold as cod in many cities in China, causing diarrhea among consumers [6] .

Cod

Because the mechanism of oily fish causing diarrhea is not fully understood, many countries in Europe and the United States have included oily fish on their prohibited eating lists, and many countries have banned the sale or do not recommend that their citizens consume the oil. fish. The U.S. banned the fish in the 1990s and has now lifted the ban. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration still opposes the import and interstate trade of oilfish; the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare lists oilfish as a "poisonous fish" and prohibits its import. In Hong Kong, China, in August 2007, the Center for Food Safety launched the "Guidelines on the Identification and Labeling of Oily Fish/Cod", recommending that all importers should use the common names of spiny-scaled snake mackerel and different-scaled snake mackerel as "waxy oil fish" and "oilfish", and other common names such as "cod" are not allowed to be used for the industry and consumers to distinguish.

As of 2013, China has no regulations prohibiting or restricting the consumption of fish such as oilfish, and has only issued restrictions on a very few fish such as pufferfish.

Long cod, round cod, flat cod, silver cod, blue cod, golden cod, black cod, pollock, pollock, rock cod, water cod, what kind of cod have you eaten with various names? ? Although the real cod is in danger of extinction, in the world of food and beverages, there are still many fish dishes called cod. However, most of the cod is not cod in the true biological classification, but is just the name of a product. Even most chefs can't tell which of these fish are real cod. If these fish are deheaded, gutted, boneless, skinned and cut into cubes or slices, it will be even more difficult to tell in appearance. , almost identical to real cod flesh.

In the biological classification method, cod belongs to the kingdom Animalia, the phylum Chordata, the class Actinopterygii, the order Codidae, the family Codidae, and the genus Cod. Only fish from the order Codidae, Codidae, and the genus Cod are true cod, and there are only three species, namely Pacific cod, Atlantic cod, and Greenland cod. [6] Many cods on the market are either from the same family but different genera or the same order but from different families, or they do not belong to the order Codidae. These fish, which have little to do with cod, are given the name cod because cod is on the verge of extinction and the Atlantic cod fisheries are closed one by one to fishing, and the market is looking for alternatives.

It has become a common practice to label other non-cod fish species with the name cod.

Protection levels

Cod on the road to extinction

Overfishing has caused a sharp decline in the Atlantic cod population. From the 1960s to the early 1990s, the number of Atlantic cod in Newfoundland waters plummeted by 99.9%. This was also one of the most serious "collapses" of existing marine and even land animals in history. Although countries have successively implemented a series of bans since 1993 and expected to see the recovery of cod stocks, however, after more than 10 years of limited fishing or even fishing bans, cod stocks have shown no signs of rebounding and have remained Remaining at an all-time low, their individual sizes are also far smaller than before, with the average size of adult cod declining by about 20% over the past few decades. Because the largest and fastest-growing species of cod are almost completely fished out, the growth and reproduction of existing cod is very slow.

More and more evidence shows that humans' so-called "long-term thinking" - only catching big fish and releasing small fish, has actually unknowingly affected the evolution of species, and ultimately led to the "weak" survival” is a dire consequence. Norwegian scientists analyzed data from the past 30 years and confirmed that large-scale fishing of large individuals will lead to a reduction in the average size of cod. Compared with their "ancestors", cod are smaller, mature earlier, spawn earlier, and produce smaller fish. This evolutionary trend actually preceded the cod population collapse. Scientists point out that fishermen should return the strongest cod back to the sea, only in this way can they ensure their normal reproduction. The best way to protect fishery resources is not to catch the big ones and let the small ones go, but to fish moderately and randomly. This way, strong individuals tasked with reproducing would not be under undue evolutionary pressure.

Canadian scientists used a well-established fishery reserve model to predict the future of cod stocks living in Newfoundland. The models take into account the reproductive rate of cod populations - based on the proportion of cod larvae in the population, the growth of adults and natural mortality. The final prediction is regrettable: if limited fishing is allowed, the cod population living in the southern part of the Gulf will become extinct within the next 20 years. Even if the cod fishery were completely banned, these stocks would be gone within 38 years. Additionally, while most other cod populations living outside of Canada remain intact, they may experience the same problem in the coming years.

French scientists also found that rising ocean temperatures caused by global warming are causing a double disaster for cod. Since the mid-1980s, rising sea temperatures have caused changes in the plankton ecosystem, thus bringing long-term changes to the growth environment of cod. Juvenile cod feed primarily on marine plankton. Rising sea temperatures have drastically changed the abundance and seasonal changes in plankton, disrupting the normal food supply of cod. As a result, the number of cod that can develop normally and survive is decreasing.