The historical development of the Xianbei people

As for the origin of the Xianbei nation, historians have not yet concluded, but it is basically believed that the Xianbei was transformed from the ancient northern Chinese nation. There are four main theories: Donghu theory. The most common theory is that Xianbei originated from Donghu. "Book of the Later Han", "Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms", "Book of Jin" and "Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms" all say that Xianbei is the remnant of Donghu. Historical books such as "Book of Wei" compiled by Wang Shen of the Jin Dynasty and "Sustained Book of Han" by Sima Biao also mentioned that Xianbei and Donghu had a close relationship. "Historical Records Suoyin" quotes Hu Guangyin of the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Xianbei is a different species of Donghu", which further proves that Xianbei originated from Donghu. Dongyi said that the Three Kingdoms Wei Zhao said in "Guoyu·Jinyu": "In the past, the kings and princes allied with each other in Qiyang. Chu was a Jingman, built thatch, set up a watch, and guarded the firewood with Xianbei, so it was not an alliance." An annotation. It is: "Xianbei, Dongyi Kingdom." Many scholars have argued based on this and interpreted in detail that Xianbei originated from Dongyi. For example, Li Deshan believed that Xianbei was the Zhulou tribe of the Dongyi branch; Huang Lie believed that Xianbei should be the Baiyi among the Nine Yis, etc. In the summer of 1960, archaeologists discovered a group of early Xianbei tombs on the east bank of the Daran Olomu River in the north of the Zhalainuoer mining area in present-day Hulunbuir City. This large group of ancient tombs is believed to be a Xianbei cemetery from 2,900 years ago to the early Eastern Han Dynasty. More than 300 relics were unearthed. There are a large number of cattle, horses, and sheep sacrificed in the tombs, as well as pottery, bronze wares, bone wares, wooden wares, shells and other funerary objects. Among them, the bag-shaped three-legged pottery and bronze wares and the head-behind single tomb burial method all illustrate the relationship between the owners of the tombs and the Yellow River. The long-standing connection with the civilizations in the basin, and the unearthed funerary objects such as wooden vessels and shells have led to speculation about their origins with Dongyi culture. The Shanrong said in "Historical Records Annotation" cited by Fu Qian of the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Shanrong and Beidi built the present Xianbei." The fleeing Han people said that the Eastern Han Dynasty was quoted in "Historical Records Suoyin" as a memorial to Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty and said: "Qin built the Great Wall, and only laborers The soldiers fled outside the fortress and settled on the Xianbei Mountains, taking him as their nickname. "Hanyuan Collection" quoted "Han Famous Officials" as saying: "For those in Xianbei, Qin Shihuang sent Meng Tian to build the Great Wall and fled outside the fortress." Those who are fresh are few. Those who are humble are those who are humble. "In the early Western Han Dynasty, after Donghu was defeated by the Xiongnu, Xianbei retreated to Xianbei Mountain and was enslaved by the Xiongnu. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he defeated the Xiongnu and moved Wuhuan to the five counties of Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong outside the fortress. Xianbei also began to move south to the Raoleshui (today's Xilamulun River) basin, the hometown of Wuhuan. Previously, Xianbei had no contact with the Central Plains dynasty because it was located in the north of Wuhuan. It was not until the 21st year of Jianwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 45) that Xianbei followed the Xiongnu and invaded the Han territory, that Xianbei began to be known by the Central Plains Dynasty and officially entered the stage of history.

In 49 years, the Xianbei leader returned to the Eastern Han Dynasty. In 54 years, Xianbei leaders Mantou and Yu Qiuben led their troops to Luoyang to pay tribute. They were named princes by the Eastern Han Dynasty and had jurisdiction over Xianbei and Wuhuan tribes. As the Xiongnu split, Xianbei gradually broke away from the control of the Xiongnu. In 85 years, Xianbei united with Wuhuan, Dingling, Southern Xiongnu and other countries in the Western Regions to defeat the Northern Xiongnu. The Northern Xiongnu was weak. In 91 AD, the Eastern Han government united with the Southern Huns to defeat the Northern Huns. The Northern Huns were forced to move to Central Asia. Xianbei took advantage of the situation to occupy the Mongolian grasslands, annexed more than 100,000 remaining Xiongnu tribes, and began to grow strong.

During the reign of Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tanshihuai unified all Xianbei tribes and divided the territory into three parts: the east to the east of Youbeiping, the middle part from Youbeiping to Shanggu, and the west to the west of Shanggu. Each of the three departments is managed by an adult and is directly under the control of Tanshihuai. After unification, Xianbei invaded the borders of the Eastern Han Dynasty for many years. In 177, Emperor Ling of the Eastern Han Dynasty ordered the Wuhuan captain Xia Yu to defeat Xianbei Zhonglang General Tian Yan and Xiongnu Zhonglang General Zang Min each led more than 10,000 cavalry, respectively from Gaoliu (now Yanggao, Shanxi) and Yunzhong County ( Northeast of today's Inner Mongolia) and Yanmen County (now northwest of Dai County, Shanxi) went out of the fortress and attacked Xianbei in three directions. The Han army had been out of the fortress for more than 2,000 miles. Xianbei leader Tan Shihuai ordered the leaders of the East, Central and West tribes to lead their troops to fight separately, and defeated the Han army.

After the death of Tanshihuai, Xianbei split, and western Xianbei rebelled. Monan split from the east of Yunzhong into three groups: First, the Budugen Group, with tens of thousands of followers, occupied Yunzhong, In the Yanmen area, the second is the Kebineng Group, which is distributed in Daijun, Shanggu and other places. The third is several small groups under the original alliance's "Eastern Masters", scattered outside Liaoxi, Youbeiping and Yuyang Great Wall. Among them, the Kebineng Group is the most powerful and influential.

During the Three Kingdoms period, Ke Bineng was determined to unify Xianbei, so he showed respect to the newly established Cao Wei. In 220, Kebineng presented horses to Emperor Wen of Wei Cao Pi; in 221, Kebineng returned more than 500 Han families who had stayed in Xianbei to return to the Han Dynasty; in 222, he led more than 3,000 horsemen and drove more than 7,000 cattle and horses to fight with the Wei state. "Mutual trade", and then sent more than a thousand families of Han people back to Shanggu and other places. After maintaining good relations with Cao Wei, Kebineng began to annex other tribes. In 228, Kebineng annexed the various tribes of Xianbei in the east. In 233, Kebineng annexed the roots of Budu and unified Monan, posing a threat to the border of Cao Wei.

In 231, during Zhuge Liang's fourth Northern Expedition, he sent envoys to contact Ke Bineng, intending to attack Cao Wei from both front and rear. Ke Bineng led his troops to Shicheng (now Gaolan, Gansu) and stationed troops on the border. In order to prevent Xianbei from going south, in 235, Wang Xiong, the governor of Youzhou in Cao Wei, sent the assassin Han Long to stab Kebineng to death. Xianbei began to "disperse tribes and conquer each other", and each Xianbei tribe entered a period of independent development.

The eastern Xianbei tribes formed three tribes: the Murong tribe, the Yuwen tribe, and the Duan tribe, occupying western Liaoning; the Tuoba tribe also moved south for the third time to Yunzhong (today's Inner Mongolia) under the leadership of Tuoba Liwei. Tuoketuo area); the Tuofa tribe also separated from the Tuoba tribe and moved from Saibei to Hexi; the Qifu tribe had already moved into Yong and Liang prefectures on a large scale before the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty. Western Jin Dynasty After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, it adopted a policy of appeasement to the surrounding Xianbei tribes and granted official titles to some tribal leaders to strengthen its rule. Although there were rebellions in Xianbei from time to time (such as Murong Shegui, Murong Xin and his son invading the border, Bald Tree Function's anti-Jin uprising, etc.), generally speaking, the Western Jin Dynasty and Xianbei maintained a good affiliation. However, after the Eight Kings Rebellion began, the Western Jin Dynasty was in internal chaos, its national power was weakened, and the world was in chaos. Various ethnic minorities went south one after another to compete in the Central Plains. At this time, the Xianbei tribes, especially the Xianbei tribes in western Liaoning, also took the opportunity to get a piece of the pie. The Duan tribe and the Tuoba tribe took refuge with the important border ministers of the Western Jin Dynasty and participated in the disputes in the Central Plains.

Duanbu Xianbei originated in the Liaoxi Corridor area. Its ancestors were Duan Rilu's family members, who were originally slaves of Master Wuhuan. Due to famine, they begged for food near Liaoxi County, induced rebellion, and gradually became strong. After the Eight Kings Rebellion broke out, Duan followed Wang Jun, the governor of Youzhou in the Western Jin Dynasty, and went south to the Central Plains, conquering Yecheng and looting a lot. As a result, Duan Wumuchen, the leader of the Duan tribe, was granted the title of Duke of Liaoxi by the Western Jin Dynasty and took control of Liaoxi County. However, the Xianbei soldiers were afraid of Wang Jun's military order and drowned 8,000 Han women in the Yishui River, which was outrageous. The history books commented: "The poison of the common people of Guizhou began from then on."

The Tuoba tribe originated in the northern section of the Daxingan Mountains. The Gaxian Cave discovered in the Daxingan Mountains in 1980 confirmed that it originated here. The Tuoba tribe moved south many times and participated in the tribal alliance formed by Tanshihuai. In 310, Tuoba Yilu, the leader of the Tuoba tribe, formed an alliance with Liu Kun, the governor of Bingzhou in the Western Jin Dynasty. They fought against Shi Le together and were granted the title of Great Chanyu by the Western Jin Dynasty, acting as Duke. In 315, he was granted the title of King of Dai, appointed hundreds of officials, and the Tuoba Dai Kingdom was established. Eastern Jin Dynasty During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Xianbei tribes set off a climax of state-building in the north. From 337 to 420, they established seven states, including the Former Yan, the Later Yan, the Western Yan, the Southern Yan, the Southern Liang, the Western Qin, and the Northern Wei.

Si Yan: Before the establishment of the Xianbei Murong Tribe in Western Liaoning in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Xianbei Tribe, under the leadership of Murong Xian, had never participated in the melee in the Central Plains and focused on cultivating strength. The Murong tribe successively defeated the Xianbei tribes such as Fuyu, Goguryeo, Yuwen tribe, and Duan tribe, and gradually became the strongest presence in western Liaoning. In 321, Murong Xin was granted the title of Commander-in-Chief of You, Ping Er Prefecture and Dongyi Military, Chariot and Cavalry General, and Ping Prefecture Mu by the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He was granted the title of Duke of Liaodong County. He was given a Dan Book and Iron Coupon, allowing him to undertake the selection of Ping Prefecture officials. After Murong Xin's death, his son Murong Huang came to the throne. After Murong Huang came to the throne, he first put down the rebellion in the country, and then defeated the Duan and Yuwen tribes. In 337, Murong Huang was granted the title of King of Yan by the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and was known as Qian Yan in history. In 352, Qian Yan attacked and destroyed Ran Wei. In the same year, Murong Jun's son Murong Jun became emperor in Zhongshan (now Dingxian County, Hebei Province), and later moved the capital to Yecheng. In 370, the former Yan was destroyed by the former Qin. After the Battle of Feishui, Murong Xianbei established Hou Yan, Xi Yan, and Nan Yan successively. In 394, Xi Yan was annexed by Hou Yan. In 407, there was civil strife in Later Yan. Feng Ba, Zhang Xing and others overthrew the rule of Murong Bao, and promoted Bao's adopted son Murong Yun (Gao Yun) of Goguryeo to ascend the throne and claim the title of King of Heaven.

In 409, there was civil strife in Later Yan. Han Feng Ba quelled the civil strife, ascended the throne and proclaimed himself King of Heaven, and Later Yan was destroyed. In 410, Liu Yu captured Guanggu City (now Qingzhou, Shandong) and Nanyan was destroyed.

Western Qin: The Qifu Xianbei are the most important and powerful branch of the Xianbei tribe in Longxi. They moved south to Yinshan in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty and merged with the Gaoche tribe. In 385, Qifu Guoren was called the Great General and Great Chanyu, and led the two prefectures of Qinhe and the herdsman, which was called Western Qin in history. Qifu Guoren died in 388, and his younger brother Qifu Gangui succeeded to the throne, claiming the title of King of Henan and moving the capital to Jincheng (now Lanzhou, Gansu). 394 years ago, Fu Deng, the lord of Qin, was defeated and died. He returned to Longxi and was renamed King of Qin. In 400 AD, the capital was moved to Yuanchuan (now Yuzhong, Gansu). In the same year, he was defeated by Yao Xing, so he surrendered to Later Qin and became its vassal state. In 407, Qiangui was left to live in Chang'an by Yao Xing. Two years later, he returned to Yuanchuan and regained the title of King of Qin. Qian Gui died in 412, and Zi Qifu Chipan succeeded to the throne, claiming the title of King of Henan, and moved the capital to Linxia (today's Linxia, ??Gansu Province). In 414, he conquered Nanliang and was renamed King of Qin in October. In 431, it was destroyed by Hu Xia and the Western Qin Dynasty was destroyed.

Northern Wei: Formerly the Dai state established by Tuoba Yilu. In 338 AD, the leader Tuoba Shiyijian succeeded to the throne in Shengle (now Helinger County, Inner Mongolia), entering a slave-owning class society and gradually becoming stronger. In 376, the former Qin Dynasty attacked Dai, Tuoba Shiyijian died in battle (or was captured), and Dai was destroyed. In 386, Tuoba Shiyi's grandson Tuoba Gui reunited with his old tribe and held a tribal meeting in Niuchuan (today's Xilamulin River in Inner Mongolia) to take the throne. Not long after he ascended the throne, due to the remoteness of Niuchuan, the capital was moved to Shengle. In April of the same year, he changed the name of the country to Wei, called himself King of Wei, and was known as the Northern Wei in history.

Nanliang: Bald Xianbei is a branch of Tuoba Xianbei and has the same origin as the Northern Wei Dynasty. In 394, the bald Wu Gu claimed to be the general, the great Chanyu, and the king of Xiping, and was known as Nanliang in history. The following year he was renamed King Wuwei, and in 399 the capital was moved to Ledu (now Haidong, Qinghai). In 399, Wu Gu died, and his younger brother Tufa Lilu Gu succeeded him. He moved to Xiping (now Xining, Qinghai), and in 401 he was renamed King of Hexi. In 402, Li Lu died alone, and his younger brother Tufa Litan succeeded to the throne. He was renamed King of Liang and moved back to Ledu. In 404, due to the prosperity of Later Qin, Li Tan professed his vassalship to Yao Xing. After Yao Xing destroyed Hou Liang, because Liangzhou (governing Guzang, today's Wuwei, Gansu Province) was inconvenient to control, he appointed Litan as the governor of Liangzhou and entered the town of Guzang. In 408, Lai Tan broke with Yao Xing and became King of Liang again. Since then, it has been fighting for the leadership of the Hexi Corridor with its neighboring countries for many years. First, Xia sent troops to invade the north of Nanliang, killing and plundering people and animals. Laitan pursued and defeated them, and Nanliang suffered a fatal blow. Hou Litan led 50,000 cavalry to attack Beiliang, but was defeated and returned. He had to abandon Guzang and move back to Ledu in 410. In 414, Li Tan surrendered to the Western Qin Dynasty, and Southern Liang was destroyed.

Tuyuhun: The Tuyuhun tribe moved westward to Gansu and Qinghai in the early fourth century under the leadership of their leader Tuyuhun. They have the same origin as Murong Xianbei. Later, when Tuyuhun's grandson Ye Yan became the leader, he imitated the Han people, took his father's surname as his surname, and took the country name Tuyuhun, marking the establishment of the Tuyuhun regime. Because Tuyuhunkong was relatively poor, they were basically bullied by their powerful neighbors. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tuyuhun successively served under the Liu Song Dynasty, Southern Qi Dynasty, Northern Wei Dynasty, etc. In 431, Tuyuhun destroyed Hu Xia. In this way, the territory, property and large population of the Western Qin and Xia Kingdoms that were destroyed by the Xia Kingdom came under the rule of Tuyuhun. Its territory includes eastern Qinghai, eastern Longnan region, eastern Wuwei region, Dunhuang and Anxi areas. The Tuyuhun national regime entered a golden age. After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, it maintained close relations with Tuyuhun. In the 750s, Tuyuhun was annexed by Tibet. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, after Tuoba Gui established the Northern Wei Dynasty, he reformed the tribal system established by Tuoba Xianbei based on blood relations and "dispersed the tribes and settled in separate territories", which made all ethnic groups become compatriots of the Northern Wei Dynasty and strengthened the centralization of power. In addition, the great development of agriculture and the establishment of farming fields stabilized the economic foundation of the Northern Wei Dynasty, accelerated the feudalization process of Tuoba Xianbei, and laid a solid foundation for the future strength of the Wei Dynasty.

In 395, Later Yan attacked the Northern Wei Dynasty. Tuoba Gui led his army to defeat the Later Yan army in Shenhebei (now southeast of Datong, Shanxi), and took advantage of the victory to move south. In 397, Later Yan's capital city Zhongshan (now Dingxian, Hebei) was captured and Later Yan was destroyed. In 398, Tuoba Gui moved his capital to Pingcheng (today's Datong, Shanxi) and proclaimed himself emperor. He was known as Emperor Daowu in history. After Tuoba Gui defeated Hou Yan and entered the Central Plains, he encouraged agricultural production, and his slave-owning aristocrats gradually became sinicized and transformed into feudal landlords.

Tuoba Gui recruited large Han landowners to join the ruling group and accelerated the Sinicization process of the Tuoba tribe in Xianbei. However, the Sinicization policy of the Xianbei people was generally not particularly successful. Some Xianbei people were first Sinicized and then later Huned. In 422, Tuoba Guizi, Emperor Mingyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty, took advantage of the death of Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty, Liu Yu, and relied on his strong military power to launch an all-out war with the Liu Song Dynasty along the Yellow River Basin, seizing Hulao (now northwest of Xingyang, Henan), Luoyang, and Song Dynasty south of the Yellow River. Huatai (now east of Huaxian County, Henan Province) and other important military towns.

In 423, Tuoba Tao ascended the throne and became Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Tuoba Tao was a talented man with broad strategies and proficient in the art of war. In previous wars, he often personally led his troops on expeditions. He was brave in battle and won many victories. He successively destroyed Huxia in 431, Beiyan in 432, and Beiliang in 439, and unified the north. After Tuoba Tao's death, Emperor Wencheng Tuoba Jun, Emperor Xianwen Tuoba Hong, and Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong ascended the throne one after another and gradually implemented reforms, transforming the social economy from a nomadic economy to an agricultural economy. After Emperor Xiaowen came to the throne, in order to ease class conflicts and restrict local powerful forces, he carried out large-scale reforms with the assistance of Empress Dowager Feng. For example, the implementation of the salary system, land equalization system, three-chief system, and relocation of the capital greatly promoted the economic and social development of the Northern Wei Dynasty, promoted the integration of ethnic groups, and created conditions for the unification of the country in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

In the later period, the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty became increasingly corrupt, the officialdom gradually deteriorated, and most of the peasants' families were ruined. As a result, in 523, the Six Towns Uprising broke out. Although the uprising was suppressed, the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty was already shaky. In 528, Er Zhurong from Qihu launched the Heyin Revolution and took control of the government. In 530, Emperor Xiaozhuang of the Northern Wei Dynasty Yuan Ziyou killed the authoritarian Erzhu Rong. Erzhu Rong's younger brother Erzhu Zhao killed Emperor Xiaozhuang and established Yuan Gong as emperor. The political power was again controlled by the Erzhu family. In 532, Gao Huan destroyed the Erzhu family, killed Yuan Gong, and established Yuan Xiu as Emperor Xiaowu of Wei. In order to get rid of Gao Huan's control, Yuan Xiu fled from Luoyang and went to Yuwentai, the general who was guarding Guanzhong. Yuwentai's ancestors came from Xianbei, Yuwenbu, in western Liaoning. At this point, the Northern Wei Dynasty began to split: Gao Huan established Yuan Shanjian as emperor and moved the capital to Yecheng, which was called the Eastern Wei in history; Yuwentai killed Yuan Xiu and established Yuan Baoju as the emperor, and the capital was Chang'an, which was called the Western Wei in history. Northern Zhou Dynasty The Yuwen clan who established the Northern Zhou Dynasty originated from the Yuwen tribe in the Xianbei period in the east, and was distributed in the area of ????Xilamulun River and Laoha River today. The ancestors of the Yuwen tribe are an ethnic group that was assimilated after the northern Xiongnu moved to Central Asia. The tribesmen who stayed in their hometown in Mobei moved eastward and mixed with the Xianbei people. They are of Xiongnu descent. Under the leadership of their leader Yuwen Mona, the Yuwen tribe moved south from Yinshan to western Liaoning, and had many battles with the Murong tribe in western Liaoning, and most of them were defeated. Finally, in 344, the Yuwen tribe suffered a devastating blow from the Murong tribe, and the members of the Yuwen tribe were scattered all over the place.

In 557, Yuwentai's son Yuwenjue deposed Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty and established himself as emperor. He was Emperor Xiaomin of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. The name of the country was changed to Zhou, and it was called Northern Zhou in history. In 557, Emperor Xiaomin was young, and power was in the hands of his cousin Yuwenhu. In September, Yuwenhu killed Emperor Xiaomin and established Yuwenyu as emperor, namely Emperor Ming of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 560 AD, Yu Wenhu poisoned Emperor Ming to death and established Yu Wenyong as emperor, who was Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. In 572 AD, Emperor Wu of Zhou killed Yuwen Hu and took charge of the government himself. After taking office, Emperor Wu of Zhou Dynasty Yuwen Yong took some major economic and political measures, and the country became increasingly powerful. Under the rule of Gao Wei in the neighboring Northern Qi Dynasty to the east, the government was corrupted and the people complained. This also inspired Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty to be determined to unify the north.

In 576, the Northern Zhou Dynasty sent troops to attack the Northern Qi Dynasty, first occupied Jinyang (now Taiyuan, Shanxi Province), and continued to advance eastward. In 577, the Northern Qi capital Yecheng was captured. The Northern Qi Dynasty was destroyed and the north was unified. After Emperor Wu of the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty, he marched into the southern Chen Dynasty and acquired the land north of the Yangtze River. The Northern Zhou Dynasty expanded its territory and laid the foundation for the subsequent unification of the Sui Dynasty. In 581, Yang Jian accepted the Zen throne and proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of the Zhou Dynasty, changed the country's name to Sui, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty fell. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, after the fall of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Xianbei country established with the Xianbei people as the main body ceased to exist. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Xianbei no longer existed as a political entity and a national entity.

Today, the Xianbei people have been integrated into other ethnic groups and have become another ancient ethnic group that has disappeared on the road to ethnic integration. However, research on mitochondrial ancient DNA of ancient human remains by Professor Zhou Hui from the Jilin University Ancient DNA Laboratory (Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University Frontier Archaeological Research Center) has confirmed that the modern Xibe people are likely to be descendants of the ancient Tuoba Xianbei .

The main reason for the disappearance of Xianbei is population depletion. Generally speaking, the Sinicization policy of the Xianbei people was not particularly successful. Some Xianbei people were first Sinicized and then later Huns.

The Tuoba tribe is a very complex tribe among the Xianbei tribes. Its population consists of not only the original Tuoba tribe, but also the more than 100,000 Xiongnu households living in Mobei, as well as the Tuoba tribe. The Tuoba tribe conquered the captured dirty people and many miscellaneous people, and in the process of its rise, they absorbed a large number of Sushen people, Fuyu people, and even Caucasian white people, so that the Tuoba tribe was closer to the white race in appearance. people. It can be seen that the ancestors of the Xibe people are likely to be the original Sushen people of the Tuoba tribe, because the Xibe language, like Manchu, belongs to the ancient Sushen language (Tungusic language family).