What does "hidden employment" mean in the special issue of high-tech recruitment?

1. The issue of invisible employment

Since the reform and opening up, the three major issues of economic growth, inflation and employment have always been important issues facing my country's economic development. As my country's market economy develops in depth, the employment problem becomes more serious. For a long time, whether in economic theoretical research or economic practice, employment and unemployment have been examined simultaneously as twin brothers. In the economic statistics of various countries around the world, employment and unemployment issues have been clearly recorded and counted. Especially in Western industrialized countries, the employment rate and unemployment rate in a certain period are used as important indicators to measure the economic development performance of various countries. It is regularly published to the public and included in the chronicles of economic development in various countries. This kind of employment (rate) and unemployment (rate) recorded, counted and managed by the government are actually visible or public employment (rate) and unemployment (rate). Based on this open employment and unemployment situation, economists can discover the shortcomings and problems in economic operation and propose "prescriptions" for solving them, and the government can make economic development and employment decisions. Actual economic life shows that neither economists' "prescriptions" nor the government's "decisions" can achieve the expected ideal results. Among other reasons, there are a large number of hidden unemployment phenomena and a large number of hidden employment problems under the different economic development backgrounds and employment operating mechanisms of various countries.

Hidden unemployment, also called invisible unemployment, is a concept developed by Western economist J. Robinson in response to the large number of skilled workers who had to engage in unskilled work during the Great Depression in the 1930s in developed countries, and their productivity was far low. It was first proposed that there is a hidden labor potential due to potential productivity. Development economist A.K. Sen distinguishes labor from labor force. He believes that hidden unemployment occurs not because too much labor is spent in the production process, but because too much labor is used. Hidden unemployment Unemployment usually takes the form of shorter hours worked per person" and "is a situation where the marginal productivity of labor is zero over a considerable range." China is a developing country with a large population, abundant labor resources, and a relatively backward economy. In addition, China has long implemented an "iron rice bowl" employment system that "contracts", leaving very fertile ground for the occurrence of hidden unemployment. . It is estimated that the number of hidden unemployed people nationwide exceeds 230 million. Such serious hidden unemployment is indeed a huge waste of my country’s labor resource allocation.

The problem is that in the past 17 years of reform and opening up, with the rapid development of my country’s urban and rural socialist market economy and the reform of the labor and employment system, various invisible forms of employment that are outside the government’s labor and employment statistics and management have Various regions and industries across the country have sprung up. In the past, we called them the hidden unemployed (theoretically called hidden unemployment, but actually counted as open employment by the government). Nowadays, many people move freely and find their own "in-laws" without the help of the government's labor and personnel department. ", self-employment, self-financed employment, creating a self-financed invisible employment path with Chinese characteristics. The so-called "invisible employment" refers to any form of labor and employment that has not been declared to the government, or that the relevant government departments have not made clear statistics, records and effective management. At present, invisible employment has become a very important employment phenomenon in the development process of my country's national economy, which will inevitably greatly reduce the situation of hidden unemployment. Therefore, in order to reasonably and accurately estimate the status quo and scale of hidden unemployment in China and study the problem of underemployment in my country, we must conduct in-depth analysis and exploration of the status quo and scale of hidden employment in my country.

2. Specific forms of invisible employment in China

Invisible employment is not unique to China. Since the 1970s, it has been a global social and economic phenomenon and exists in large numbers abroad. The "non-public occupation" studied by scholars refers to invisible employment, which roughly includes the following four aspects: (1) secret employees of enterprises; (2) unregistered self-employed personnel; (3) undisclosed part-time workers; (4 ) illegal professionals, etc. Judging from the invisible employment phenomenon in our country, it generally takes the following forms:

1. Invisible employment after public unemployment. It refers to those who have lost their original income-guaranteed occupation due to various reasons and receive relief benefits, and are secretly employed by other units or employers, or are secretly self-employed. This is the most typical form of invisible employment, that is, among the unemployed people counted by the government, a considerable number of people actually have jobs.

This form of invisible employment is also quite common in Western industrialized countries. In recent years, the unemployment phenomenon in our country has become more and more serious, reaching about 6 million people in 1995. However, a considerable number of unemployed people receive unemployment benefits from government departments on the one hand, and on the other hand, they are engaged in various activities either openly or covertly. Labor or business activities with sources of income, such as setting up street stalls, night stalls, doing business, buying and selling, working as an individual, helping self-employed people stand at the counter, working in township enterprises, etc., without reporting statistics to the government department, some people have considerable income.

2. Second career or part-time job. It is generally believed that a second job refers to a part-time activity that a salaried worker often engages in in addition to his or her own job, with monetary remuneration. In fact, there is no distinction between professions themselves, only when they are associated with a certain subject of employment, there is a distinction between priority and priority. Therefore, in a narrow sense, a second career should be a part-time part-time activity for the purpose of earning income relative to the first career or main job that the employer is currently engaged in. At present, there are roughly four types of investment in the development of second jobs in cities and towns in my country: (1) manual part-time jobs, which are mainly workers, such as workers "setting up stalls" in their spare time, etc.; (2) intellectual part-time jobs, which are based on education, science and technology and other fields Intellectuals are the main body, such as part-time teachers, part-time lawyers, part-time consulting "Sunday Engineers", etc.; (3) Power-based part-time jobs, which are mainly composed of current and retired party and government cadres, such as in the name of directors and consultants, Either openly or covertly working part-time; (4) Comprehensive part-time job, the part-time job subject is more complex, and it integrates the comprehensive application of intelligence, physical strength, and power, including some technical information consulting, etc. But no matter what type it is, as a second job, it should have two obvious characteristics: (1) Amateur nature, that is, workers spend less time and energy on part-time jobs, and they are in a auxiliary and secondary position; (2) In order to obtain a certain The purpose is to obtain part-time income, and this part-time income cannot be obtained as fixed, stable and regular as the income from the first occupation. According to typical surveys, there are currently about 25 million people engaged in second jobs in the country, accounting for about 25% of the total number of employees. Although the central government banned second jobs nationwide as early as 1992, all types of part-time workers are still reluctant to declare their part-time activities, including part-time income, due to various complicated mentality and looming. The employment status of the profession is not entirely clear, and the development of second professions in our country is actually invisible.

3. Reemployment of retired personnel. Strictly speaking, there is a big difference between the re-employment of retired personnel and their second career. Part-time work refers to the coexistence of the main job and the second occupation, while the re-employment of retired personnel refers to the re-employment of retired personnel in the past. Stopped), now go back and continue working. According to information provided by the labor department, in 1988, there were more than 21.2 million retired workers in cities and towns in my country. The re-employment rate that year was 17.25%, and 3.6 million people were re-employed. The re-employment rate in Shanghai was as high as 47.8% that year. If the current re-employment rate is 25%, there will be at least 5 million such people re-employed across the country. Especially after the "early retirement" or "internal retirement" systems have been implemented across the country in recent years, a considerable number of people have actually quit their original jobs. Among this large army of retirees, few actually go home to spend their old age or rest and recuperate from illness. On the one hand, some employees urgently requested to complete the resignation procedures in their own units; on the other hand, they quickly showed up and opened business in another place. A general trend of re-employment of retired personnel across the country has been formed.

4. Migrant workers go to cities for employment. Since the 1980s, migrant workers, composed of farmers, have flocked to large and medium-sized cities, coastal areas, rivers, and border development zones. Although there are many people in the city who have nothing to do, there are also many things that city people are unwilling or unable to do, so the "career gaps" in the city have become a stage for migrant workers. At one time, nearly 50 million migrant workers filled the streets and alleys of cities and development zones. The annual "tide of migrant workers" that is unstoppable shows that farmers themselves have opened up a "path to invisible employment at their own expense."

5. Child labor. Child labor refers to children under the age of 16 who participate in production and business activities in industry, agriculture, commerce, and service industries. Although countries around the world and the International Labor Organization have made extremely strict and specific regulations on the age and occupational conditions for minors to participate in production and business activities, the phenomenon of child labor is still quite common in both developed and developing countries.

Child labor is linked to poverty, and the poorest countries are often those with the most child labor. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the government strictly restricted child labor. However, in recent years, with the impact of the commodity economy, the new theory of "the uselessness of studying" has resurfaced. Millions of children across the country drop out of school every year, and a considerable number of them prematurely They were pushed into the torrent of commodity economy and became child laborers.

6. Professionalization of criminal activities. In recent years, with the development of the market economy, various social and economic criminal activities have become increasingly professional, such as prostitution, human trafficking, drug smuggling, theft and fraud, underground business activities that produce counterfeit and shoddy goods and tickets, gambling and other illegal activities With the emergence of criminal activities, some criminals engage in various social and economic criminal activities as their main source of illegal professional income.

3. The operating characteristics of invisible employment in China

1. Market regulation of labor employment

The biggest characteristic of invisible employment is that it is independent of national planning management and Outside the scope of labor supervision, the principle of pure market adjustment is implemented based on market conditions. This market adjustment is mainly reflected in: (1) "two-way selection" is implemented between workers and employers, and there is no "matching" style. There is no "fence" between the labor instructions that prevents the flow of labor. There are no restrictions on the flow of labor between units, regions, and ownership systems. Basically, people can make the most of their talents, use their strengths, and use their skills. Its good. (2) Compared with the "iron rice bowl" of public employment, invisible employment is outside the vision of government management and is a kind of self-funded employment. This kind of employment does not enjoy the opportunities and various discounts of "public employment" and does not cost directly. The government's financial investment is taking a new path of "self-funded invisible employment". Although these employees have to enjoy the existing shared costs of society during the labor process, such as transportation, occupation of employment sites, etc., compared with the "iron rice bowl" allocated by the state administration, they do not directly cost the national treasury a penny. (3) It completely uses monetary income as the motivation for material interests. Workers from all walks of life are employed at their own expense. Some use their knowledge and expertise as capital, some use their own physical strength as input, and some use "power" and "relationships" as backing. They have joined the torrent of invisible employment. The ultimate goal is to obtain higher hidden income than the employment cost investment. The income from invisible employment is greater than the cost of invisible employment, which is the starting point for workers to engage in invisible professional activities. The greater the difference between the two, the higher the invisible income, the greater the motivation for invisible employment, and the more people will join the invisible employment team. Therefore, invisible employment is a value orientation driven by the size of a unit's monetary income. Compared with the multiple value orientations of people with "public employment" such as monetary income, good housing conditions, the ability to develop talents, or easy and comfortable work, this undoubtedly better reflects the value selection principle of the commodity economy.

2. Concealment and openness coexist

The reasons why workers’ employment must be concealed are: (1) The government cannot provide publicly funded employment to all citizens in the society; There are many employment vacancies in the society, so some workers have found every opportunity to fill the gaps. Compared with the publicly funded occupations in the "elegant hall", some occupations are also excluded from the "official hall". (2) Invisible employment can conceal part of the income. On the one hand, the unemployed can receive government relief funds, but on the other hand, they engage in invisible occupations or underground operations. Part-time workers can get double pay, and some illegal professionals can also get an illegal "black income." (3) The government’s management mechanism is imperfect and imperfect. Some occupations, such as child labor, are prohibited by law but are not strictly regulated. There are also a large number of invisible employment forms that either the government has no time to take into account, or there are different opinions about their merits and demerits, which leads to indecisive control measures, or the control measures are impractical and difficult to be effective, leaving them in an invisible state. The openness of invisible employment refers to the fact that this informal form of employment is almost everywhere, in our daily lives, right under our noses. Some invisible jobs are neither approved by the government nor explicitly prohibited. Some are explicitly prohibited by the government, but are blatantly used by those who employ them. Many invisible workers, once banned by the government, move from the ground to the underground and disappear. When the time is right, they show up again and "get away with it." Therefore, a large number of invisible employment activities are characterized by being covert, semi-public, and semi-underground.

3. Legal and illegal coexist

Most invisible employment is an inevitable product of reform and opening up and my country’s socialist market economy. For example, the introduction and implementation of a series of measures such as the proposal of the "Three Combinations of Employment Policy", the reform of the "iron rice bowl" employment system, the gradual establishment of the labor market, and the rational flow of talents have made some invisible employment appear legal. , such as the transfer of rural surplus labor, part-time work, and re-employment of retirees, the government has successively adopted some encouraging measures and policies, thus turning some invisible employment activities into legal public activities recognized and recognized by the government. However, there are also a small number of invisible workers who take advantage of the natural concealment of their profession and the government's laissez-faire and helpless policy tendency to blatantly engage in various illegal and disciplined and even criminal underground business activities, such as some part-timers, "waste heat" People steal raw materials, production tools, technical drawings, etc. from the original unit to serve part-time and employed units for personal gain. Some state officials use their power to do business, and migrant workers go to cities to manufacture fake and shoddy goods, adulterate with fakes, and steal the information of relevant units. property, stranded migrant workers abroad, illegal "black" work, many invisible workers evading personal income adjustment taxes, hiring child labor, etc., are all improper and even illegal professional behaviors. Therefore, for the government, invisible employment is actually in a "dilemma" in which the government wants to manage but does not manage it, wants to manage it but is difficult to manage, and manages it but fails to manage it well. This form of invisible employment is in this dilemma. , must have the characteristics of legal and semi-legal, disciplinary and illegal coexistence. It is said to be legal, but it escapes government management and has illegal elements; it is said to be illegal, but many invisible forms of employment are needed by society and have legal elements.

4. Autonomy and blindness coexist

The autonomy of invisible employment refers to the employment place, employment content, employment time arrangements and choices of invisible employees, etc., are all It is completed independently by the employment subject. There is no information call from the government department, no red-headed document from the government department, and no "employment permit" is issued. In the past two years, in order to control the large number of migrant workers going out, the state has required the labor department to issue employment certificates. However, it is still unknown whether workers can find jobs and where they can find jobs. Invisibly employed people show their special talents, work in their own way, find their own "in-laws", seek self-employment, and work at their own expense. The blindness of invisible employment refers to the fact that some invisible employees make blind decisions under the conditions of insufficient employment information and inaccurate employment opportunities. For example, some part-time workers once made decisions due to lack of organization when policies and managers’ attitudes were unclear. Undisciplined part-time workers are subject to unfair treatment such as exclusion, attacks, and prosecutions; some migrant workers blindly go out in large numbers and cannot find jobs for a while, and live on the streets, posing serious problems to urban transportation and social security.

5. Mobility and uncertainty coexist

The uncertainty of invisible employment refers to the career choice of employees. There is no fixed place or unit. Employment opportunities, the principle of wherever you can make money, the more money you make, it will flow there, find employment in the flow, survive in the flow, and get rich in the flow. This kind of occupational mobility is not only reflected in frequent career changes, but also in the fact that one employment subject can work part-time in several places at the same time. For example, scientific and technological personnel can provide skills to several rural enterprises at the same time, and teachers can teach in several schools. , nannies can provide housework for several citizen families, lawyers can work part-time in several companies, doctors can treat patients in several hospitals, actors can "appear" in several theater troupes, and so on. The uncertainty of invisible employment refers to the connection and replacement between occupations, which is characterized by discontinuity or instability. They often finish one job and may not be able to find a new one right away. Due to the discontinuity in the replacement of occupations, workers' invisible employment income is characterized by instability and uncertainty. When there is work to do, the income is relatively stable, and even rich; but when there is nothing to do, the income is relatively stable. , there will be no income, and even the capital will be eaten up. On the other hand, it is precisely because of the uncertainty of invisible employment activities and their income that it has brought management difficulties to the state in regulating invisible employment activities and their income. It is a new topic to manage and supervise invisible employment and transform it from invisible to visible.

IV. The role of invisible employment in China

(1) Positive role

1. Increased the actual employment rate and reduced the employment pressure on the government

The level of employment rate is closely linked to the performance of economic development. Our country is a country with very rich labor resources. Both rural and urban areas are generally facing huge employment pressure. According to the preliminary results of the National Bureau of Statistics' 1994 sample survey on natural population changes, the current urban unemployment rate in my country is actually 5 Around % (social statistics is 2.8%). At present, the ability of state-owned enterprises to absorb employment is weakened, the collective economy is weak, and the ability to absorb employment is difficult to expand. The existence and development of invisible employment not only reduce the amount of hidden unemployment in the whole society, but also greatly increase the actual employment rate of the whole society. Some practitioners of invisible employment are unemployed, some are unemployed according to government statistics, some are part-time workers, and there are also temporary workers, migrant workers, etc. These people are self-employed and employed at their own expense without government help, which not only reduces the government's huge employment pressure and increases the actual employment rate, but also reduces the government's fiscal expenditures for arranging labor employment.

2. Filling in some temporarily irreplaceable occupational gaps in the national economy

Generally speaking, my country’s labor force is seriously oversupplied, and many people have nothing to do and are waiting and looking for job opportunities. , but on the other hand, there are many things that no one is doing. This contradiction between the overall surplus of the labor force and the short supply of jobs is the basic condition for the existence and development of invisible employment in our country. For example: on the one hand, government agencies, offices in large and medium-sized cities, There is a serious surplus of talents in enterprises, institutions and scientific research units. On the other hand, rural grassroots and a large number of township and village enterprises are experiencing a severe shortage of professional talents. On the one hand, private education and other institutions established in recent years are seriously lacking in teaching staff. On the other hand, the state-run higher education institutions are seriously lacking. Schools and scientific research units are full of talented people; on the one hand, some dirty, hard, tiring, dangerous, and toxic industries and types of work in many large and medium-sized cities are not available, especially those in the city who do not want to do them; on the other hand, there are many farmers in the countryside There is serious underemployment; on the one hand, there is a serious surplus of labor in my country's primary and secondary industries; on the other hand, the lagging development of the tertiary industry cannot meet the needs of social and economic development. The rise of second professions, the part-time work of scientific and technological personnel, teachers, doctors, lawyers, engineers and other shortage talents, the development of invisible employment such as the migration of large numbers of migrant workers to cities, have undoubtedly filled many career gaps in all aspects of reproduction and social and economic life in our country. , from the perspective of the entire society, this not only makes full use of the idle labor resources of the entire society, but also plays an important role in facilitating people's lives, increasing national wealth, and promoting the development of my country's social, economic, cultural and other undertakings.

3. Increased income of employees

Various invisible employees can obtain corresponding invisible employment income from their invisible employment process, which can be used to improve The living standards of invisible workers. One of the purposes of the majority of invisible employees is to earn more invisible employment income. For example, migrant workers who go to work in cities often earn around 5,000 yuan a year, or even higher. Second-job workers also earn 300 yuan a month part-time. Ranging from 1,000 yuan to 1,000 yuan, the "waste heat" income of retired employees is also quite high in some cases. Some employees run part-time businesses, companies or even group companies, and the invisible employment income is even higher. All of these have indeed increased the income of the invisible workers and improved their living standards. In recent years, the amount of savings deposits of urban and rural residents in our country has exceeded one trillion yuan and is showing a growth trend. The growth rate of nominal wages of employees is much lower than the rate of price increase. However, the living standards of residents have not dropped significantly accordingly. In some cases, the living standards have even dropped significantly. Improved. This is largely supported by invisible employment income. From this perspective, the existence of invisible employment activities has improved people's psychological tolerance for the current high inflation rate.

4. Conducive to the reasonable flow of labor force

The highly centralized economic management system and the "matching" and "lifelong marriage" labor and employment models not only enable all types of talents to become It has reduced the "private property" of regions, departments, and enterprise units, and has also resulted in talents being "used for areas other than what they have learned" and "using areas other than their strengths," and the distribution of talents is unbalanced.

Many workers who are invisible are engaged in temporary or irregular jobs through part-time jobs, "waste heat" and other forms of work in units, departments and regions that are in urgent need of employers. This is because my country's current labor market has not yet been fully liberalized. A better form of talent mobility. This form of talent flow not only eliminates a series of "worries" such as resistance from the original unit, housing allocation, professional title evaluation, "iron rice bowl" protection, family migration and household registration back to the city, but it is also conducive to giving full play to the talents of practitioners. Professional expertise is conducive to partially alleviating and solving the contradictions and difficulties such as talent gaps, irrational talent distribution, and invisible unemployment in our country across the century. Although the unorganized and unplanned spontaneous immigration of a large number of farmers will bring about a certain degree of blindness, compared with the past practice of restricting nearly 800 million agricultural people to rural areas, tens of millions of migrant workers have benefited from the "people-enriching policy" Inspired by the idea of ????going to cities to seek self-employment, it is undoubtedly a more reasonable mobility behavior for balancing the distribution of urban and rural labor forces and workers and peasants, and for adjusting the urban and rural industrial structure.

5. Promote the formation of labor market allocation benchmarks

The biggest feature of the "iron rice bowl" labor employment system is that the state provides every urban worker with "From cradle to grave", a "package" policy has been adopted. On the contrary, invisible employment does not directly cost the state any financial expenditure from the beginning. It implements pure market-regulated employment. What prevails here is the "two-way choice" principle of labor employment and the labor market allocation benchmark. It reflects the characteristics of invisible workers who find employment in mobility, survive in mobility, and develop their talents in mobility. Therefore, in most invisible employment activities, workers can not only basically "make the best use of their talents" and "use what they are good at", and can be used most effectively, but the level of invisible employment income also has an important impact on the number and scale of invisible employment. The size, etc., play a direct regulatory role. This market allocation principle and benchmark of invisible employment has undoubtedly played an important catalyst and booster role in the formation of my country's labor employment system and labor market.

(2) Negative effects

1. Affects the accuracy of government statistics on labor employment and income and living standards

Due to the large number of invisible employment activities, In addition to the government's socio-economic statistics, it is bound to be difficult to obtain accurate government or official statistics on the number of unemployed people and income level indexes. Actual invisible employment shows that the unemployment rate in real life is much lower than the official statistics or published unemployment rate, and the income of some people is also much higher than the official statistics. This will not only seriously affect the scientificity and validity of the macro-employment theory based on inaccurate statistical data, but also cause the government departments' labor and employment decisions to deviate from the actual employment situation in real life, thus seriously affecting The correctness and operability of government decisions.

2. It reduces the government’s fiscal revenue and leads to the loss of some public assets

Invisible employees take advantage of the characteristics of their working hours and income to evade the government tax supervision and management, causing the government to lose a large amount of fiscal revenue. Unlicensed operators in urban and rural areas, invisible employees in second jobs, etc. are not only difficult to grasp their income, but there is also a lot of tax evasion. Employed people take advantage of the characteristics of their employment activities, such as concealment, mobility, intermittentness, non-declaration, no statistics, and no management, to either eat "grass on the edge" and harm the public and private interests, or to engage in tax evasion activities, causing a large number of people to Financial resources are lost to invisible employment activities. In particular, a small number of party and government cadres use their power to work part-time. Most of these people "rely on their positions as public servants, wear the public name, use the public money, earn the money of power, and put it in their private bags" and "eat the royal grain" "Earning money" is actually a concrete manifestation of the power economy in the form of invisible employment.

3. Leading to unreasonable brain drain

Invisible employment activities that have developed rapidly due to market regulation, under the conditions of my country's labor employment system and labor mobility are not perfect, It has played a certain positive role in promoting the reasonable flow of manpower among regions, departments and enterprises. However, if this flow of talent is not controlled, it will inevitably turn into an unreasonable loss of talent. This is manifested in the following: (1) Second jobs, layoffs, etc. have actually become "transit stations" and "experimental fields" for talent flow and loss. Many enterprises' business backbones and technical talents have been lost through this "transfer station" ; (2) Brain drain is actually the loss of technology.

Some employees regard their unit as a free "technical training center". Once they are "full of feathers" and the opportunity is ripe, they will fly away or even leave without saying goodbye. This not only reduces the technical quality of the unit's workforce, but also makes the company's talent training difficult. , more "cautious" for fear of "making wedding clothes for others"; (3) The "mentor-apprentice relationship" in some companies is becoming increasingly "alienated". Most young people are eager for quick success and quick gains, and are unwilling to learn skills, but focus on hard work and part-time jobs. Firstly, they are worried that the "peaches" will be picked when they are ripe; secondly, they are worried that apprentices will compete with their masters for part-time jobs and are unwilling to teach skills, resulting in the loss of many unique skills; (4) Behind the brain drain is the "war for talent", and some units are trying to attract Talents are lured by the idea that they do not need household registration, do not need leadership approval, and do not need work files, but only academic certificates and ID cards, so as to poach talents from other units. (5) A large number of young and middle-aged rural laborers blindly move to cities to work, which has seriously shaken the stability of the basic position of my country's agriculture, etc. From this point of view, if the flow of talents directly or indirectly has an important impact on the overall interests and long-term interests of the unit, it will inevitably evolve into unreasonable brain drain.

4. It leads to employment friction and unfair income distribution, which affects workers’ enthusiasm for production and management.

The phenomenon of a large number of workers having “one job and multiple occupations” is bound to be related to my country’s current employment situation. Friction and conflict occur. The main ones are: (1) The contradiction between total quantity and structure. On the one hand, my country's urban and rural labor force is seriously oversupplied and unemployment is serious. Many people cannot get basic living security because they have no employment opportunities. On the other hand, there are a large number of workers holding two or even multiple jobs. This is in the total number. This will inevitably reduce or occupy some of the jobs that can be filled by the unemployed. Although part-time activities are limited by the nature of their work and professional quality, not all part-time positions can be filled by the unemployed, but many part-time positions can still be filled by the unemployed; (2) "white heads" crowd out "black heads". Although the re-employment of retired people (called "grey heads") mainly benefits from the opportunity to exert "residual heat" on the "career train", this part of the "re-employment phenomenon of people getting off the train" has a negative impact on young unemployed people. (called "blackheads") employment has had a certain impact, creating the contradiction of "white-haired people crowding out black-haired people's jobs"; (3) the contradiction between doing "public work" and doing "private work". Some people complain about no illness and suffer from minor illnesses. They stay sick and receive labor insurance from time to time or for a long time in order to make extra money through part-time jobs. This phenomenon of doing "public work" to support "private work" has seriously affected the former's enthusiasm for production and management; (5) The contradiction between part-time workers allocating their time and energy between their own job and their second job. "Going to work is like a worm, leaving work is like a dragon", "Being in the Cao camp and being in the Han Dynasty", some people work part-time in their own positions, working hard, and are listless, while in part-time positions they race against time and talk about "dedication" ", with so much motivation; (5) Especially those party and government cadres who "use their power to hold part-time jobs" line their own pockets and seriously undermine the fundamental principle of career choice. All these frictions and conflicts in career choices generated in the process of invisible employment are not conducive to the healthy development of various forms of invisible employment, and have seriously affected the enthusiasm of most workers for production and management.

5. Poisoned the social atmosphere and corroded the social organism

Professionalization of various economic illegal and criminal activities - illegal occupations, such as smuggling, drug trafficking, prostitution, and counterfeiting Illegal underground professional activities such as "underground factories" of counterfeit and shoddy goods, reselling, theft, etc. also constitute an important part of invisible employment. It not only poisons the social atmosphere, corrodes the social organism, affects the national economic environment and order, but also returns to the country The management of economic and social life has caused great troubles and has become a cancer for the progress and healthy development of our country's socialist civilization.