Where have the Liao, Jin and other ethnic minorities in Northeast China gone in history?

Qidan people: Liao Dynasty perished on 1 125. The year before, some Khitans headed north with the poems written by the imperial clan of Liao Dynasty. In A.D. 1 134, Yelvshi, who moved to Central Asia, led some Khitans to rebuild the Liao regime, which was called Western Liao in history, and gradually faded out of all ethnic groups in China and merged into a part of all ethnic groups in Central Asia. After the demise of Liao Dynasty, some Khitans merged into Mongolia, North Korea and other ethnic minorities, while others entered Hebei, Shanxi and other places, and their own characteristics gradually faded. When Mongolia destroyed the gold, they were regarded as Han Chinese by Mongolian rulers together with Jurchen. As a complete nation, the Khitan ceased to exist in the Yuan Dynasty. DNA sequencing proves that both Daur and Yunnan "I" are descendants of Khitan.

The disappearance of the Khitan nationality puzzled many scholars. Don't they have direct descendants who have survived to this day? The Khitans have always been regarded as ancestors. Are the Daur people in Yunnan really their direct descendants? With all kinds of doubts, the reporter made a special trip to interview Mr. Liu, a researcher at the Institute of Ethnic Studies of China Academy of Social Sciences. In Mr. Liu's narrative, the fog of history gradually dispersed. ...

The Daur nationality has a long history in northern China. Daur, originally meaning "cultivator", was first seen in the literature in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. During the Qianlong period, when the Qing court revised the national interpretation of Three History of Qin Dynasty, it proposed that "Dahe" in Liao history was the ancestor of Daur people. In modern Daur language, although many words come from Mongolian and Manchu, some words are unique to them. Daur people call iron "number", which is strikingly consistent with the title of iron by Qidan people in Liao history.

The three surnames A, Mang and Jiang, who live in western Yunnan, are more than 100,000 "I". Although scattered in Baoshan, Dali and other places, they belong to Han, Yi, Brown, Wa and other ethnic groups, but they all claim to be descendants of Qidan. There are many relics in Baoshan city, which preserve the historical memory of the Khitan people. On the door of the Jiangs Ancestral Hall in Mugualang Village, Shidian County, there is such a couplet: "There are thousands of trees in front of the court, and there is spring in Mangjiang Temple". "Lu Ye" is the first surname of the Qidan nationality in Liao Dynasty. A stone carving found in my cemetery in Changning County records the owner of the tomb: "I was originally from Liaodong, but later I was changed. The descendants of Baoji wandered around and ... immigrated to Shunning in western Yunnan to find food."

In the early 1990s, Mr. Chen Naixiong, a famous Mongolian expert, visited Baoshan in detail, and compared 326 words of "I" with multi-ethnic characters. It is found that more than 100 of them belong to Altaic language family, which proves that there is indeed some connection between "I" language and Daur language.

In the middle and late 1990s, the emerging molecular archaeology provided practical and effective help to finally solve this problem. Molecular archaeology can find out the internal genetic relationship by extracting the DNA of various ancient creatures and comparing their sequencing results, and the conclusion is very scientific. When the Institute of Ethnology of China Academy of Social Sciences cooperated with Yang and Liu Chunyun of China Academy of Medical Sciences to study the topic of "Molecular Archaeology", the study of the descendants of the Khitan was listed as an important content. The research group first collected blood samples from Daur, Ewenki, Mongolian, Han and other ethnic groups, then went south to Baoshan, Yunnan, and took 100 blood samples of "I", and then took the road to Leshan, Sichuan, where a small specimen was extracted from the female corpse of Qidan unearthed from Yeluyu family tomb in Inner Mongolia. After completing the DNA sequencing of the remains of Khitan, Daur, Mongolian, Oroqen, Han and Yunnan "I", the research group conducted a rigorous comparison test, and finally came to the conclusion that among Daur, Ewenki, Mongolian and Han, Daur has the closest genetic relationship with Khitan, while "I" in Shidian, Baoshan, Yunnan is similar to Daur. Following nuzhen Mongolia to fight everywhere, the descendants of Khitan are scattered all over the country.

After Jin destroyed Liao, many Khitans were sent by Jurchen to the northern frontier to build fortifications to defend against Mongolian attacks, and then stationed there. After the Jin Dynasty, a part of the Khitans stationed in the war moved northward, maintaining a relatively large and complete ethnic group. This part of the Khitan people is the ancestor of Daur people today. Yunnan "I" originated from the descendants of the Khitans sent to Yunnan by the Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty. After the demise of the Liao Dynasty, some Khitans joined Genghis Khan under the leadership of Lu Ye Tuhua, the royal family of the Liao Dynasty. In A.D. 1254, his grandson Lu Ye was busy destroying Dali with Kublai Khan in ancient times and was ordered to lead the troops to stay in Yunnan. The lawsuit between Asura, chief of Shidian and Si Afeng, chief of Fengxi, recorded in Yunnan Tusi No.2 in the Ming Dynasty, is the third generation grandson of busy ancient times, and Asura is regarded as the ancestor by the contemporary "I". After more than 740 years of historical vicissitudes, there are no fewer than 6.5438+0.5 million descendants of Qidan in western Yunnan. In the process of reproduction, they continue to intermarry with local ethnic groups, so compared with Daur people, "I" is a little far away from Qidan people.

After the downfall of the Jin Dynasty, Jurchen still lived in the northeast. In the early Ming Dynasty, there were three health centers in Northeast China, namely Jianzhou, Haixi and Yeren. Jianzhou has arrived in Nurhachi, and it is strong. He unified the ministries of Jurchen, reused the title of Jin, and later renamed the Jurchen nationality Manchu, and set out to attack the Ming Dynasty. Unfortunately, he died of war wounds. His son, Huang Taiji, succeeded to the throne and changed his name to Qing Dynasty for the sake of Emperor Taizong. Emperor Taizong first made peace with Ming and attacked North Korea to expand his military strength. Later, he invaded the south and killed the famous anti-Qing fighter Yuan Chonghuan. Soon, Emperor Taizong collapsed, and sai-jo Fu Lin succeeded to the throne at a young age and was regent by Wang Shu-dourgen. At this point, the Ming Dynasty rebellion broke out and was finally destroyed by Li Zicheng. Wu Sangui, commander-in-chief of Shanhaiguan, was captured by Li Zicheng because of his love for Chen Yuanyuan, so in a rage, the Qing soldiers entered the customs and Manchu officially entered the Central Plains.

Soon, sai-jo collapsed. Michelle Ye, the holy father, succeeded to the throne, which opened three prosperous times of the Qing Dynasty: Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong. But in the later years of Qianlong, the prosperous times began to turn. During the Daoguang period, the Opium War broke out and was later invaded by foreign powers. Coupled with civil strife, Manchu rule was shaken, and Han people took advantage of the situation to rise. Emperor Xianfeng, Emperor Guangxu, etc. Tried to be strong one after another, but failed. In the third year of Xuantong (AD 19 1 1), the Manchu government was overthrown. The Qing Dynasty perished.

Manchu still lives in the northeast of China.

From the early Ming Dynasty to the middle Ming Dynasty, the Jurchen in the vast area of Northeast China was divided into three parts: Jianzhou, Haixi and Donghai (savage). Initially, Jianzhou Jurchen was distributed in Mudanjiang, Suifenhe and Changbai Mountain. Hercynian Nuzhen is distributed in today's Songhua River basin; The East China Sea Jurchen is scattered in Heilongjiang and Sakhalin Island. From the beginning of the Ming Dynasty to the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the number of health centers and institutes increased gradually, reaching as many as 384, and they have been under the name of Nurgandus. The chief officials of Wei and Suo, such as viceroy, viceroy, tongzhi, viceroy, viceroy of thousands of households and viceroy of hundreds of households, are all leaders of the Jurchen nationality. The Ming court granted a seal to allow regular tribute to Beijing. And in Guangning, Kaiyuan, Fushun, Qinghe, □ Yang, Kuandian and other places opened a horse market for trading. This kind of guard is called detention guard station, so it is still controlled by Liaodong capital. Hercynian Jurchen also lost officials of the Ming Dynasty. During the more than twenty years from the ninth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (141) to the eighth year of Xuande (1433), she was repeatedly sent to be a slave (downstream of Heilongjiang Province). In the 11th year of Yongle (14 13) and the 8th year of Xuande, Yongning Temple was built and rebuilt (Teling Ancient City, where the headquarters of Nuer Daitu is located, near the estuary of Heilongjiang), and a monument was erected in front of the temple twice. The former is called "The Story of Yongning Temple", and the latter is called "The Story of Yongning Temple Reconstruction", which records the establishment of Nuer Daitu and Yongning Temple in detail. There are four languages engraved on the tablet: Chinese, Jurchen, Mongolian and Tibetan, with a title headed by Yishiha at the top. There are dozens of people, including Han nationality, Jurchen and Mongolian, who witnessed the history of the northeast territory of the Ming Dynasty and the Jurchen ministers affiliated to the Ming Dynasty.

Among the ministries of Jurchen in the Ming Dynasty, Jianzhou's daughter was really a lazy member of ten thousand households. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, chiefs Ahachu and Mengge Timur came back, and then they set up three guards (Jianzhou Guard, Jianzhou Guard and Jianzhou Right Guard) and set up a governor. The hospitals in Haixi later developed into Yehe, Huifa, Hada and Wula. Influenced by the Nuzhen in the East China Sea, Jianzhou and Haixi moved south one after another. During Jiajing period (1522 ~ 1566), Jianzhou Nuzhen belonged to Suzihe area east of Fushun today. The four parts of Haixi are scattered in the Huifa River basin north of Kaiyuan. The productivity of Jianzhou and Haixi developed rapidly, and the farming technology was relatively improved. Iron ware and Niu Geng were widely used, and they quickly changed from gathering and hunting economy to agricultural economy, and entered the stage of slavery development. Ministers called Baylor and Beizi, who owned a large number of slaves (Aha) and became slave owners (Erzhen), and civilians called Ilgen. Yongning Temple Monument, the memorial tablet for setting up a health care center in Ming Taizu, has jurchen characters on the back, which is a treasure in jurchen writing materials.

In the 11th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1583), Nuerhachi, the sixth Sun of Mongolian timur, rose up and unified the ministries of the country. In the seventeenth year of Wanli (1589), the Ming court made Nuerhachi the viceroy, promoted him to the left viceroy, and later awarded General Longhu. Nurhachi successively annexed four parts of the Haixi, conquered the Nuzhen in the East China Sea and unified the Nuzhen departments scattered in the Northeast. In the process of unification, Nurhachi improved the original hunting production organization form of Nuzhen Lu Niu and created the Eight Banners, a social organization with military and political integration. In the first year of the mandate of heaven (16 16), Nurhachi was called Da □, with "Jin" as the country name, which was called Houjin in history. At present, there are great differences about the sociality of the Jin Dynasty before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the discussion is developing in depth. Nurhachi died in the eleventh year of destiny (1626), and his eighth son, Huang taiji, succeeded to the throne. In the ninth year of Tiancong (1635), Shen Zhu (another translation of Jurchen) was changed to Manchuria, from which Manchuria replaced Jurchen as the surname, while other Jurchen ministries also took Hezhe (. In the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), Huang taiji changed his title to Qing, which was the last feudal dynasty in China history.