Brief introduction of Naiman banner culture

Brief introduction of Naiman banner culture

Text/Li Yanhui

Culture is a collective personality formed by people who live together in a certain area through long-term accumulation and guidance of spiritual values and lifestyles. Cultural phenomena in any place have their regional, historical and national roots, and Naiman Banner culture is the generalization and * * * thing of cultural phenomena with distinctive historical and national characteristics formed in this particular region of Naiman Banner.

Can Naiman Banner culture be summarized in the following sentence: "Originated in Hongshan, prospered in Qidan, spread in Chahar, combined with agriculture and animal husbandry". This sentence can be vividly illustrated by the word "feng" of "three horizontals and one vertical". Three horizontals refer to three distinctive historical periods in Naiman Banner's history, namely, ancient Hongshan Culture, medieval Qidan Liao culture, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and Mongolian and Yuan Chahar culture from the Republic of China; One vertical means that Naiman Banner runs through an obvious main line from ancient times to the present, which is a cultural feature of the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry formed by the collision, coexistence and mutual integration of agriculture and animal husbandry, which is determined by Naiman Banner's special geographical position in the area controlled by the Central Plains regime and the activities of nomadic people in the north.

First, Hongshan Culture's discovery witnessed the prehistoric civilization of Naiman Banner.

Hongshan Culture is an agricultural civilization that began more than 5,000 years ago, and it is recognized as the earliest known civilization form in China. More than 20 generalized Hongshan Culture sites have been discovered in Naiman Banner. Xinglongwa Culture (now Xinglongwa Town, Aohan Banner), discovered on a hillside 4 kilometers southwest of Chengzi Village, Tuchengzi Township, Naiman Banner, has pushed this civilization forward for more than 3,000 years. It is called "the first village in China" and is the earliest known agricultural area where human beings settled. A large number of unearthed cultural relics prove that Hongshan Culture ancestors in a broad sense have developed from the initial state of fishing and hunting production to the era of "slash and burn", forming a settled tribal economic form with agriculture as the mainstay and coexistence of animal husbandry and fishing. The most typical place is where "millet" and "millet" are unearthed, such as pig-shaped jade articles, deer and bird-patterned pottery, etc. The prototype carbides of "millet" and "millet" unearthed on this hillside prove that there was farming culture in the south of Naiman Banner as early as seven or eight thousand years ago, so this area is called "the hometown of millet in the world".

Second, the Khitan culture, belonging to the Donghu school, rose here in Naiman Banner.

It is clearly recorded in the history books that Naiman Banner has always been a place where the Central Plains regimes such as Shang, Yan, Qin, Han, Tang and Song competed with northern nomadic peoples such as Shanrong, Donghu, Xiongnu, Wuhuan, Xianbei, Qidan, Jurchen and Mongolia. When history evolved into the 4th and 5th centuries, Yuwen Department of Xianbei in Donghu was defeated by Murong Department of the same clan, and was partially defeated. The other part moved further north to the Ergon River basin, forming the stone enclosure, the predecessor of today's Mongols. Long Ting is in Huazhou, and the water sink is called Liao. /kloc-More than 0/000 years ago, the Khitans established Longhua Prefecture (now north of Ximengjiaduan Village in Baxiantong Town) here, and then established the Liao Dynasty here. During the period from 907 AD when Yeluboji called Khan, to 9 16 AD, and then to 9 18 AD when Yeluboji made Zuo Qi (now Baling) its capital, Longhuafu, as a private city in Yeluboji, actually became the political, economic and cultural center of Qidan at that time. Longhuafu was the first town established by the Khitans. According to records, Longhua Prefecture not only established the first Han Buddhism temple on the grassland, but also implemented the "investing in the state" and the north-south official system for the first time. The Khitans consciously create and preserve their own culture. They created Khitan characters and recorded historical facts. At the same time, they also absorbed the cultures of Bohai Sea, Five Dynasties, Northern Song Dynasty, Xixia and Western Regions, which effectively promoted the political, economic and cultural development of Liao Dynasty. The Khitans fought everywhere, expanding the territory, and put the plundered Central Plains people in "Zhuzhou" to develop agriculture. "Governing the Khitan with the national system and treating the Han people with the Han system". Therefore, in Naiman Banner, at that time, the mode of production, which was dominated by animal husbandry and supplemented by agriculture, reached an unprecedented peak of Khitan culture based on the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, so that the north and the western regions only knew Khitan but did not know the Song Dynasty. The big hoes, plows, exquisite harnesses and cockscomb pots of wine unearthed in Naiman Banner all reflect this feature, and the discovery of Chen and Xu's joint burial tomb proves the prosperity and glory of Fan Han's mixed culture at that time.

Third, Naiman Banner culture and Mongolian and Yuan Chahar culture come down in one continuous line.

First, after the kingdom of Khitan was destroyed by Jin in the12nd century, most of the population of Khitan quickly merged with Mongols (descendants of Shiwei) who had the closest blood relationship, very similar production and living habits and totem worship, and used the same language. According to the records of the Yuan Dynasty, after the Liao King Yelv Xue Yue in A.D. 1266, the busy Wu, Wu and Hongjila left by the host Wu Wang were stationed in the present Naiman Banner and taught in Hebei, the south and the south bank of the Lao Ha River. Naiman Banner quickly and easily transformed into Mongolian meta-culture while retaining certain farming culture. 2. Around 1550, Kuden Khan, the 18th grandson of Genghis Khan and Chahar in the Northern Yuan Dynasty, led the Chahar Department of Mongolia to move eastward. After Naiman was defeated by Genghis Khan, the rest were merged into Genghis Khan's brother and son. Therefore, Genghis Khan and Torre kept the most central palace accounts. Since then, this part of Naiman people has been subordinate to Chahar Department (meaning Zhili Central Palace Account). As Chahar Khan crossed the desert, he moved eastward and settled in Naiman Banner today. Later, it was not until 1636 that the Qing Dynasty seized power that Genghis Khan's twentieth grandson, Zhou Chu, was made king of the county and became the flag of Zasak. It was here that the name and place name of Naiman Banner Department were fixed, which was called Naiman Banner, and the words Naiman Banner were engraved on a large iron pot collected by Wang Fu of Naiman Banner. Chahar culture, the core of Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties, came to Naiman Banner, organically combined with local culture, and got a good inheritance. From the perspective of cultural types, Chahar culture is an economic and cultural type with grassland culture as its connotation, Mongolian as its main body, and multi-ethnic and multi-mode of production, which has distinct regionality and diversity. The core concept of Chahar culture is manifested in the natural ecological view characterized by "eternal life" worshipped by Shamanism, a nomadic people in northern China at that time, the ideological and moral view characterized by honesty and trustworthiness, and the political ecological view characterized by inclusiveness. In the Qing Dynasty, influenced by the Qing court's policy of "borrowing land to support the people", the migrated Chahar Mongolians also began to learn agricultural farming. Han people who gradually migrated from Guanli, Shandong, Hebei and other places also learned to graze and raise livestock while constantly cultivating agriculture. From the perspective of Inner Mongolia, the Mongolians here not only inherited the traditional habit of raising livestock, but also were the best at farming. All these modes of economic production are reflected in the cultural life of local Mongolian, Han and ethnic residents, such as "sending cattle and horses for employment", "keeping mother meat" and "burning the fire when getting married"; In many aspects, such as food titles, clothing, offering Aobao, offering Hada, Nadam, etc., Chahar cultural customs have always been followed. Reflected in the cultural and artistic forms and ideological values, the characteristics of Mongolian-Chinese unity and the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry are more obvious, such as folk songs "Nongjiya", "Naiman King" and "Zhang Yuxi", which fully embodies eclecticism in music, lyrics, artistic forms and values.

History entered modern times, especially since modern times, because the administrative divisions were merged into Zhelimu League area at that time, Naiman Banner culture became a part of Horqin culture and developed harmoniously with Horqin culture, which also belonged to Mongolian Yuan culture, but it still did not break away from the category of agricultural civilization, which made Naiman Banner culture, which was originally characterized by integration and tolerance, have the characteristics of Horqin culture. Especially since 1970s and 1980s, people in Naiman Banner have formed a distinctive personality characteristic of "open-minded, open-minded, honest and trustworthy, not afraid of difficulties, pioneering and enterprising" in the process of fighting against harsh natural conditions, which can be summarized as the language expression of "Naiman Banner spirit" for the time being.

4. Naiman Banner culture is a multicultural fusion of farming civilization and grassland civilization.

Culture is the accumulation of humanistic activities and the sublimation of spiritual level, and humanistic activities should be attached to the natural environment and conditions in their activity areas, that is, the so-called "one side of the soil and water supports one side." In a word, Naiman Banner culture is a multicultural fusion of farming civilization and grassland civilization. Any region has its unique cultural characteristics and characteristics, and the cultural characteristics of Naiman Banner are closely related to the geographical environment here. Naiman Banner is located in the connecting zone between North China and Northeast China, between Yanshan Mountain and Daxing 'anling Mountain, and in the basins of Laoha River (Xiliaohe River) and Jiaolai River, which naturally becomes the blending place between the Central Plains and the northern grassland nationalities and is the general source of Naiman Banner culture. In this sense, for thousands of years, the northern grassland culture and the central plains farming culture meet here and continue to expand. Even today, Naiman Banner has become the intersection of the southwest-Tokyo Pass (Tongliao) and the northwest-southeast (Bohai Sea), which is the closest place to the sea in Inner Mongolia. The rise of modern agricultural civilization, industrial civilization, commercial civilization, social civilization and ecological civilization in Naiman Banner is still the continuation and development of the above cultural characteristics in Naiman Banner. Therefore, when we understand and publicize Naiman Banner culture, we must grasp this general feature and law. Only in this way can our cultural and literary works have a foundation and vitality, and we can better grasp the development direction of Naiman Banner culture.

Note: The original text is contained in Naiman Banner Cultural Records.