Which countries in the world implement a strong unified military service system?

The military service system is an important military system of the country, and it is a system about citizens participating in armed organizations or receiving military training and undertaking military tasks outside armed organizations. Its formulation and implementation is of great significance for ensuring the replacement of standing soldiers and the reserve of reserve soldiers, strengthening army building, enhancing military strength and consolidating national defense, so it has attracted universal attention from all countries.

After World War II, the foreign military service system formed three patterns: conscription system, conscription system and mixed conscription system. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact, many countries adjusted their military strategies and policies, and carried out a series of reforms on the military service system and its regulations. The reform of military service system and the adjustment of military service laws and regulations all reflect the objective needs of military construction and operations in a certain historical period. In other words, the military service system must meet the needs of army building and future operations. At present, the development trend of foreign military service system is:

First, implement the recruitment system to ensure the professionalization of the army.

After the end of the Cold War, some European countries abandoned the development direction of "winning by quantity" and generally implemented the recruitment system in the quality construction of the army to realize the professionalization of the army. They believe that if the army wants to be professional, it must implement the recruitment system. Because only by implementing the recruitment system can some, or even most, of the soldiers become soldiers. Only by serving in the army for a long time can we master the increasingly complex technical equipment and meet the needs of military modernization.

In recent years, some countries have changed from conscription system to mixed conscription system and recruitment system, and the proportion of professional soldiers has been expanding. Some countries have changed from mixed conscription to full conscription. For example, France, as the founder of modern conscription system, has implemented conscription system for 200 years. However, from 1997 65438+ 10/0/,based on the mixed conscription system of 1 983, it was changed to full conscription system. French President Jacques Chirac believes that "the traditional conscription system can no longer meet the requirements of the modern army of a modern power"; "This reform of the military service system laid the foundation for the establishment of professional troops in France in 2000." 1June 3, 996, the German weekly Der Spiegel pointed out: "France will abolish the compulsory military service system next year. Britain, Belgium and the Netherlands have already completed this step. Italy, Portugal and Russia are moving in this direction. Austria and Norway are debating in this regard. It seems that the era of large-scale conscription in Europe is coming to an end. "

Second, pay attention to the intelligence of recruits and improve the quality of soldiers.

At present, the focus of military construction in various countries is not quantity, but quality. Facts show that the quality construction of the army standing army is not only reflected in the political nature of the army. In addition to military thinking, strategy and tactics, weapons and equipment, logistics support, etc. The military technical quality, cultural level and style discipline of officers and men are crucial factors. The quality of soldiers is the key to determine the strength of the army's combat effectiveness, especially in the case that weapons and equipment are becoming more and more complex and the proportion of professional and technical arms is increasing. Many aspects of soldiers' quality are closely related to their cultural quality. It can be said that these are all based on the cultural quality of military personnel.

Many countries attach great importance to improving the cultural quality of officers and men in quality army building. Take the US military as an example. In order to recruit soldiers with high school education or above, recruits must pass strict intelligence tests. According to statistics, in recent years, more than 95% of American recruits graduated from high school (about 75% of China 18 ~ 23-year-old people graduated from high school), and 3% of army soldiers have bachelor's degrees. 98.2% of officers have a bachelor's degree; 4 1.2% have a master's degree; 1.2% has a doctorate. It can be predicted that with the development of modern science and technology and the update of military weapons and equipment, the military will have higher and higher requirements for officers and men's cultural, scientific and technological knowledge and professional skills, and the intelligence standards of recruits will become more and more important.

Three, adjust the service period, the implementation of long and short collocation.

For a long time, the regulations on the service period of soldiers in foreign armies are basically uniform, and the service period of soldiers in all services is the same. In this way, if soldiers have a short service period, they must adopt the conscription system, otherwise they must adopt the conscription system. At present, in countries where the recruitment system is implemented, the service period of volunteers is not always long. For example, the United States stipulates that the standard service period of the "first soldier" is 8 years, but it can only serve for 2-3 years in active service, and then serve for 5-6 years in reserve; Volunteer service in Britain and Mexico is very short, only three years; The minimum service life of the Japanese Volunteers is one year for the Ground Self-Defense Forces and three years for the Maritime and Air Self-Defense Forces. However, in some countries where the conscription system is implemented, in order to make up for the shortcomings of short service period and difficult mastery of complex technical equipment, the system of extended service and non-commissioned officers is implemented among conscripts to extend the service period. For example, North Korean conscripts can serve up to the age of knives (8-9 years), and special forces soldiers can serve up to 30 years old; Conscripts who have completed military service in Vietnam and have professional skills can be converted into professional noncommissioned officers if they wish and with the approval of the army, and continue to serve for more than 3 years, with the maximum age not exceeding 50; Italian conscripts can voluntarily apply for extension of service for 2, 3 or 5 years before enlisting or during their service, and so on. In this way, the single military service system can also receive the effect of mixed military service system, which can not only accelerate the replacement cycle of soldiers, but also help to expand the reserve forces and meet the needs of wartime personnel replenishment; It can also retain the technical backbone and improve the quality and combat effectiveness of soldiers. It can be predicted that due to the increasing complexity of military technology and equipment, technical soldiers have longer training time and longer time to master weapons and equipment than ordinary soldiers. Therefore, the service period of ordinary soldiers and technical soldiers should not be unified and unified. The system of combining the service years of soldiers will be implemented in more countries.

Fourth, the scale of active service has been reduced, and the role of reserve forces has been prominent.

In the Gulf War, which attracted worldwide attention, the multinational forces led by the United States recruited a large number of reserve personnel, went into war, and undertook various tasks such as combat, combat support and service support, which made people have a deeper understanding of the position and role of reserve in modern wars and brought some new thoughts to the army building of various countries. Due to the relaxation of the international situation and the huge cost of armaments, the standing armies of various countries tend to be miniaturized. However, in order to prevent the weakening of national defense forces due to the reduction of the standing army, many countries pay more attention to the construction of reserve forces, so as to achieve the goal of raising fewer troops in peacetime and sending more troops in wartime.

Since the implementation of the "overall strength" construction, the US military has always regarded active service and reserve service as two inseparable parts in the "overall strength" construction. At present, the US military has entrusted many tasks undertaken by the active forces to the reserve forces, and often organizes the reserve forces to train with the active forces, so as to make the weapons and equipment of the reserve forces develop synchronously with the active forces as far as possible, and build the reserve forces into reserve forces with complete arms, reasonable organization, advanced equipment and high combat readiness. In the adjusted armed forces of NATO countries, except for the rapid reaction force, which is all composed of active personnel, the main defense force is composed of active and reserve forces, each accounting for half of the troops; The regional defense forces are mainly reserve forces, and the active forces only account for 10%. NATO countries say that at least half of the troops will need to be provided by reserves in future wars. The idea of "combining a lean standing army with a strong reserve force" will become the common choice for military construction in peacetime.

Fifth, strengthen patriotism education and enhance citizens' awareness of military service.

With the relaxation of the international situation, in order to occupy a favorable position in the international strategic pattern in the next century, many countries have turned their attention to the improvement of comprehensive national strength and invested their main resources in economic construction. To this end, they cut military spending and reduced the number of people serving in the army. In a peaceful environment, people often turn their attention to the pursuit of money and enjoyment of life, slowly lose their due vigilance against war, forget to prepare for war, ignore national defense, and even think of serving the country as a soldier.

The motivation of American youth to join the army is mostly for generous salary, welfare treatment, education and employment opportunities after retirement, and serious employment concept. In Russia, there are many people who ask for postponement of conscription, and many young people of school age evade military service through various relationships or under various excuses. In India, which has a proud tradition of joining the army, with the development of domestic commodity economy and the spread of the idea of "material interests first", traditional values have been seriously impacted and challenged since the 1980s. These problems encountered in military service in peacetime have attracted the attention of many countries. More and more countries realize that in peacetime, people's enthusiasm for military service, the attraction of material treatment or the coercive force of administrative regulations are still difficult to mobilize; It is also necessary to publicize the appeal of education, that is, to extensively carry out patriotic education among the whole people, especially young people, and to enhance citizens' awareness of military service. Only in this way can we fundamentally improve the youth's awareness of "serving the country" and solve the problem of "willing to come and stay" as a soldier. To this end, many countries have taken corresponding measures. For example, the United States instills in its people the idea that "the country is supreme" and "the nation is invincible"; France has made arduous efforts to revitalize the national spirit and strengthen national defense awareness; India has achieved good results in educating the whole people to devote themselves to defending the motherland. With the extension of peacetime, the national military propaganda and military service education will receive universal attention from all countries.

Six, the use of information technology to improve recruitment efficiency.

In recent years, with the rapid development of science and technology, especially information technology, information technology has been applied to the military field. Many western countries have begun to develop conscription information support systems and use information technology to improve conscription efficiency. The portable microcomputer system for conscription being developed in the United States can introduce the general situation and professional situation of the army in the form of multimedia, which is convenient for young recruits to understand and choose; Can effectively handle all kinds of data of school-age youth, and input recruits' files into the personnel file system of the Ministry of National Defense through the network; To be able to connect the information system of military service organs with the information networks of police stations, entry-exit management agencies, schools, hospitals and other related units, and obtain all aspects of new recruits in time; Can quickly and accurately carry out the "armed forces vocational ability system test." Experts believe that this portable microcomputer system will replace the conscription station. The British Army began to recruit recruits through the Internet, which not only simplified the recruitment procedures and methods, improved the work efficiency, but also ensured the quality of soldiers and recruited a large number of recruits with high-tech cultural quality.

It can be predicted that with the development of military technology revolution, the recruitment work and means will be continuously improved, the procedures will be simplified day by day and the efficiency will be greatly improved.