On the China of Buddhist art in China from the development of murals in Mogao Grottoes.

Buddhist painting and sculpture originated in ancient India and developed in China. It was first introduced from India with Buddhism, and then gradually developed into a national style and characteristics of China. Jin's "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" said: "When I dreamed that Jin people grew up, I had sunshine and moonlight to ask his ministers. Or:' there is a god in the west, and his name is Buddha. Its shape has grown. Does your majesty have no dreams? So he sent messengers to Tianzhu to ask about its Taoism, so he went to China to find out its image. "The record of" The Biography of the Western Regions in the Later Han Dynasty "is similar." The History of Buddhism is also recorded. According to legend, Cai sent envoys to Da Yue at the beginning of the Ming emperor Yongping. In the 11th year of Yongping (AD 68, according to legend, Yongping was nine years old), he returned to Luoyang with Samakaya and Zhu Falan. At that time, he carried Buddhist scriptures on a white horse and wrapped a statue of Sakyamuni in white felt. Because the White Horse Temple was built outside Xiyongguan in Luoyang, a three-turn tower was built on the middle wall of the temple. "Shu Wei Shi Lao Zhi" said: "The White Horse Temple was built in Luo Zhong, decorated with Buddhist paintings, with four wonderful paintings." He also said, "Ming Di ordered painters to draw Buddha statues and put them on the cool platform and the celestial mausoleum. "This is China's original homemade Buddha painting.

The origin and development of China's Buddhist statues, paintings and pagodas all originated from India. Judging from the existing Buddhist relics in India, there are no Buddha statues in the first phase of Bodhgaya, the second phase of Baluth and Sanchi, only the footprints of Buddha and Buddha indicate the position of Buddha. There are carved Buddha statues and Buddha footprints in the third phase of Wati in amora, and both of them exist at the same time. In the fourth stage, Ajanta and Gandhara had only Buddha statues but no footprints, and were engraved with Buddhist biographies. At that time, Gandhara built the capital of Guishuang dynasty for the immigrants of the Yue nationality in the northwest, and was famous for taking Greek culture, so the Buddhist art of the Yue nationality was unique. It was introduced into central China and first arrived in western Xinjiang. Today, Qizil Minglou in Baicheng County, Kumutula Thousand Buddha Cave in Kuqa County and Sem Thousand Buddha Cave in Mu Sen all have murals with biographies of Buddhism and stories of Buddha's life. Along the Silk Road, there are Mogao Grottoes in Mingsha Mountain in Dunhuang, Bingling Temple Grottoes in Yongjing and Maijishan Grottoes in Tianshui. There are Yulin Grottoes in Anxi, Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi, Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan, Guangyuan Grottoes in Sichuan and Sheshan Grottoes in Jiangnan. Numerous grottoes have been built in China, including historic sites and buildings, which were destroyed in the past, but today they are well preserved, ranking first in the world.

/kloc-in the 20th century, Da Yue established the Guishuang dynasty, and continued to occupy the high mansion in the southwest, the distinguished guests in the southeast and the whole Gandhara. As the commercial hub of the Silk Road, the area is rich in financial resources, and gold coins are commonly used in trade. With his support, Buddhism has made great progress in Canada, India and Wang Yuanzheng. Buddhist scriptures spread to Middle-earth, that is, from Da Yue. Buddhist art in western China was also preserved by Khotan and Qiuci. Dunhuang and Yungang are world-famous, while the rest of Korea and Japan learn from China. However, most of India's Buddhist scriptures and images were destroyed by Hindus and Muslims after the 9th century, and only a few large caves in Buddhism have been preserved to this day.

No matter sculpture, painting or sculpture, they all grew up on the land of China and have the national style of China. Although influenced by India in the early days, the same theme, content and expression are different. Indian Buddhist murals in Ajanta Grottoes show many entertainment scenes, drinking banquets, magical games, colorful images of bodhisattvas and colorful blessings. Even if the theme of demonization is changed, it is arranged like a scene of a play, which makes people hide. On the contrary, in the murals of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Dunhuang, stories of asceticism are often drawn, such as giving up one's life to feed tigers, robbers digging eyes and so on. The lines and colors are also rough and powerful, and there is no soft and amiable feeling.

As early as the Liang Dynasty, Zhang Sengyou was famous for painting Buddha statues. He created the "Zhang Family Style", and the China of the Buddha statue has developed well since then. His son Guo Shan and Confucian children are also good at painting, and they are good at Buddhist painting, which can spread their career. Good fruit painting Star Prince Nafei map, Jia Ling Temple Tower; Confucian children draw Sakyamuni, and treasure the classics to change pictures. In the late Northern and Southern Dynasties, Zhang Sengyou had a great influence, and many people learned from his painting school. The so-called "looking at its dust, like Zhou Kongyan" shows its prestige. His brushwork is concise, and the stories of famous paintings in past dynasties say that he "has only one or two strokes, but his image should be done properly, and he is independent of the present because of his materials." He is like a wonderful person, he has his body, bones and spirit. " Before the Sui Dynasty, the Buddhist grottoes were pioneers and promoters of Buddhist painting in China. Cao in the Northern Qi Dynasty is famous for his Buddhist paintings. Because Cao Guo from Central Asia originally had the style of western regions, he was in the Central Plains for a long time, and his painting skills gradually infected the national style of China, and he founded "Cao Jiafeng", one of the four popular painting styles in the Tang Dynasty. It is characterized by tight clothes, similar to the carving style of Gupta Dynasty in India. Later, Wu Daozi combined the traditional style of China and created the "Wu Family Style". The so-called "a grass out of the water, Wu Dai Dangfeng" is a summary of their comments. Although Cao's paintings have been lost, you can imagine Cao's paintings when you see the statue of Sakyamuni collected by Liu Daoyan and his clothes are wet. Wu's paintings are wide-ranging and fascinating, and his painting style can also be seen in Dunhuang murals. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhist paintings were like porcelain.

Murals The murals of the Sui and Tang Dynasties are now in Maijishan Grottoes and Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. The murals of the Tang Dynasty preserved in Dunhuang are particularly rich and beautiful, colorful and with figures. They often imitate the nobles and wives at that time, dignified and luxurious, and both men and women are very beautiful. Playing in front of the Buddha, the strings are mixed, especially compared with Ajanta murals. There are 207 caves with murals and colored sculptures in the Tang Dynasty in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, which can be divided into four stages: early stage, prosperous stage, middle stage and late stage. Its important caves, such as Cave 220 in the early Tang Dynasty, were built in the sixteenth year of Zhenguan (642), Cave 335 in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Cave 130 and Cave 172 in the second year of vertical arch, and in the kaiyuan and Tianbao years. Cave 1 12 in the middle Tang Dynasty, and Cave 156 in the late Tang Dynasty (this cave was built by Zhang Yichao and has a record of the Mogao Grottoes written by Xian Tong in six years). , all have brilliant works, which can be said to be the representative of Buddhist art in the Tang Dynasty. Although these cave murals were created by unknown painters, the study of their styles should be said to be consistent with the works of Wu Daozi and Yan. For example, the murals in front of the audience are all princes and nobles, similar to the existing pictures of Yan's emperors. It can be inferred that the painting methods of these images should have the same origin as the specifications at that time.

These murals in the Tang Dynasty show the story of Buddhist scripture changes, pure land camouflage and bodhisattva statues. Compared with the past, it is richer in content, more colorful and more extensive in expression. At that time, the most popular belief in pure land was Buddhism, so the pure land in disguise was also the most popular among murals, accounting for about 228 walls. Others, such as musicians disguised as pure land, often take pure land disguised as the main part.

In the disguised form of Pure Land, the realm of imagination is depicted with rich material phenomena. Such as painted Qibao balcony, fragrant flower musical instrument, lotus pond tree bird and so on. Decorate the western paradise very beautifully. This is very different from asceticism and asceticism. Among them, Buddha, Bodhisattva, Heaven, Lux, etc. Are the embodiment of bodybuilding. This is completely consistent with the social life and people's hobbies in the Tang Dynasty. Some Buddhist paintings are also dotted with many scenes of human social life, which are optimistic, clear and interesting.

With the introduction of Buddhist painting art into China, Indian Buddhist painting theory was also introduced. Sheikh of Nanqi once concluded that there are "six methods" in painting art and "six branches" in India. The explanation of the two methods is not very clear, and it is not certain that the "six methods" are "six branches", but there is indeed an interaction between them.

Although sculpture has foreign influence, it also has its great creation and national style. In Xinjiang, there are statues of ancient caves such as Qiuci and Gaochang. In Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province, there are grottoes such as Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Anxi Yulin Grottoes, Yongjing Ling Bing Grottoes and Tianshui Maijishan. Further east, there are large and small grottoes such as Yungang in Datong, Shanxi, Longmen in Luoyang, Henan, Tianlong Mountain in Taiyuan, Shanxi, Xiangtang Mountain in Handan, Hebei, Yunmen Mountain in Gongxian, Jiangsu, Lianyungang and Wanfo Hall in Yixian, Liaoning. There are statues of Sheshan Grottoes in the south of the Yangtze River, Guangyuan Grottoes and Dazu Grottoes in Sichuan, and caves in Bazhong and Tongjiang, which are widely distributed and numerous. Leshan Giant Buddha, especially Cheng Weiguan. From the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the sculpture art of Buddhism in China created many great projects. Among the grottoes mentioned above, the grottoes in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the Sui and Tang Dynasties are the most exquisite, among which the stone carvings in Yungang and Longmen are the representatives. There are countless other bronze statues, stone statues, wood carvings and dry lacquer statues in temples all over the country. Buddhism has made great achievements in sculpture and colored sculpture in China. The grottoes in the Northern Wei Dynasty were influenced by the outside world, but compared with the statues of Gandhara and Gupta in India, they also had different styles. By the Tang Dynasty, the national form was becoming more and more mature, and its beauty was solemn, showing the boldness of vision of the Chinese nation and the required artistic level. In Dunhuang and Maijishan in Tianshui, Gansu Province, because the stone is conglomerate, it is not convenient to carve, so the workers are ingenious and use colored plastic instead. The Tang Dynasty sculptures in Mogao Grottoes shine brilliantly. Yang Huizhi of Jiangnan became a famous clay sculpture artist. Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, many clay sculptures have appeared in temples, which are unique to the Buddhist art in China.

Tibetan Buddhist art has its own style in China, which is not only related to the Buddhist art in Han areas, but also influenced by Indian and Nepalese Buddhist art. The Lama Temple in Beijing, Xihuang Temple in Chengde and Sumi Fushou Temple all belong to the art system of Tibetan Buddhism. The Potala Palace in Lhasa contains a large number of Buddhist paintings, handed down gold and bronze Buddha statues, as well as embroidered and woodcut Buddha statues, which are generally supported by believers. In Ta 'er Temple in Qinghai, the ritual Buddha of butter sculpture is made of butter every year, which is a unique Buddhist art of herders. In Wutun, there are traditional techniques for making Buddhist paintings, which are still developing.

Under the influence of the Tang Dynasty, China's Buddhist art spread to Korea and Japan. Nigume of Seokguram, Gyeongju, South Korea, sits like a statue, wonderful and solemn; Eleven statues of Guanyin and Four Bodhisattvas look dignified, which are very similar to the Buddhist art in the prosperous Tang Dynasty in China. Bodhisattva statues and wooden colored paintings at Nakamiya Temple in Nara, Japan, smiling; The statue of Guanyin Bodhisattva in the main hall of Yakutski East Hospital is gilded in copper, with short matching; Horyuji Mengsi Salvation Guanyin Statue, set off by wood lacquer; The Manjusri Bodhisattva in Horyuji Pentecostal Pagoda is painted; Nigume statue of Dongda Temple, made of copper and engraved with gold; Zhao Ti Temple Jintang Rushena Buddha statue in Tang Dynasty, with dry paint and lacquer foil; The materials and production methods of statues in various temples are different, but they are all influenced by the artistic style of Buddhism in China in the Tang Dynasty. Horyuji Jintang murals, majestic and solemn, are as glorious as Dunhuang murals in China.

Although China's Buddhist art was influenced by India, China's Buddhist artistic style also spread to Gandhara and other regions in India, which had a certain influence on the development of Indian Buddhist art. 。