Geography Grade Eight Volume I (China Land Publishing House) Review Outline

Outline of geography review for senior high school entrance examination in 2006 (II) (the second volume of grade seven)

Chapter 1 Understanding the Mainland

1. 1 Asia and Europe

"Asia" and "Europa": Asia: the place of sunrise in the east; Europa: the place of sunset in the west.

The continental parts of Asia and Europe combined to form Eurasia. Asia borders the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean on the east, south and north, Europe on the west, Africa on the southwest and North America on the east across the Bering Strait. With an area of about 44 million square kilometers, Asia is the largest continent in the world. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in the north, west and south, Asia in the east and Africa in the south.

Asian terrain dominated by plateaus and mountains: three characteristics: 1. Terrain is mainly plateau and mountain, with high average altitude;

2. The ground fluctuates greatly, and the height varies greatly. 3. The terrain is high in the middle and low around.

Terrain difference:

Asia and Europe

The continent with the highest average altitude is the lowest in the world.

The relative height fluctuates greatly on the ground, and the height difference is small.

The main terrain is plateau and mountain plain.

The terrain is high in the middle, and the surrounding plains and mountains are mainly distributed on the south and north sides.

Complex and diverse Asian climate: complex and diverse: continental characteristics are remarkable; Monsoon is the most powerful, typical and influential.

Asia with many rivers: most rivers originate in the central plateau and mountains and flow radially into the sea along the terrain;

The internal flow area is very large.

Asian population and countries: Asia is the most populous continent in the world, with a total population of 3.672 billion in 2000, accounting for about 60% of the world's total population. Most countries in the world with a population of over 1 100 million are in Asia.

1.2 Africa

The continent with the largest number of countries: "Africa" is the "scorching sun". Africa is located in the western part of the old hemisphere, across the equator. It borders the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar in the north, the narrow Red Sea between the northeast and Asia, and the Suez Canal as the land boundary. There are 54 independent countries in Africa, the largest number in the world. The African continent has a vast plateau, which is called "Plateau continent".

The Sahara Desert, located in the north of Africa, is the largest desert in the world, accounting for about the whole continent.

Hot climate: Africa is the continent with the largest arid area in the world.

African savanna is the largest area in all continents.

Climate characteristics: high temperature; A vast arid area; Climate types are distributed symmetrically in the north and south.

Rich in resources: Africa has a vast territory and rich and diverse products, and is known as the "rich continent".

The reserves and output of diamonds, gold, chromite and phosphate are among the highest in the world.

An economy in urgent need of development:

1.3 America: "New World": America is the abbreviation of "America".

The natural environment between the north and the south is different: the average altitude in North America is relatively high, and the terrain fluctuates greatly. The terrain is divided into three north-south longitudinal zones: the west is a tall mountain system, the middle is a vast plain, and the east is a low highland. Immigration and the economy:

Chapter II Understanding the Region

2. 1 Southeast Asia: including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.

Southeast Asia is located in the southeast of Asia, including the Indian zhina Peninsula and most of the Malay Archipelago. The northern part of Indochina Peninsula is high and steep, which is connected with the mountains and rivers of China. Mountains and rivers extend from north to south, forming a surface form with alternating mountains and rivers and vertical distribution. Malay Archipelago is the general name of more than 20,000 islands scattered between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Most islands in the Malay archipelago are rugged, with many mountains and rivers, and few plains and swift rivers. Indonesia is the country with the most volcanoes in the world and is called "Volcano Country". Japan is called "the country of earthquakes"

Regional topographic features and river features

The mountains and rivers of zhina Peninsula alternate from north to south.

The Malay archipelago is rugged, short and swift.

Malacca Strait: Southeast Asia is at the "crossroads" between Asia and the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean, and is an important hub for world shipping and air transportation.

Rich in minerals: natural rubber, oil palm, coconut and other tropical cash crops are important producing areas in the world. The output and export of natural rubber and palm oil in Thailand rank first in the world. The Philippines is the country that produces coconut and exports coconut oil the most in the world. Indonesia's oil and Malaysia's tin rank first in the world.

The largest settlement of overseas Chinese: Southeast Asia is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.

The population is concentrated in alluvial plains, estuarine deltas and coastal plains, while the tropical rain forest areas in mountainous areas and islands are sparsely populated.

2.2 South Asia

South Asian subcontinent: South Asia is the vast area between the central and western parts of the sub-Himalayas and the Indian Ocean. It borders the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west, with a total area of about 4.3 million square kilometers.

Three regions: Himalayas, Ganges Plain and Deccan Plateau.

A year is divided into three seasons: March-May is the hot season; June-10 is the rainy season; The cool season is 1 1 until February of the following year.

Religion and society: Buddhism; Hinduism; Islam in Pakistan.

Population and economy: South Asia is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a population of about 65.438+0.3 billion, accounting for more than 654.38+0.5 of the world population.

2.3 West Asia

Land of five seas and three continents: Mediterranean; Black sea; Caspian sea; Red sea; Arabian sea. Asia; Africa; Europe

This is also the famous "Silk Road" in ancient China.

Agriculture and animal husbandry in arid environment: crops need water for irrigation, especially in Israel.

Arab countries: religion: the birthplace of Christianity, Judaism and Islam

World oil treasure house: accounting for 25% of the world's total output. Shipped out through the Persian Gulf. Oil export route:

2.4 Western Europe

Location and Scope: Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe, covering an area of about 5 million square kilometers, including more than 30 countries. Judging from the level of economic development, most of them belong to developed countries.

Strong economic strength: prosperous tourism;

2.5 Arctic and Antarctic regions

World of Ice and Snow: The Arctic refers to the area north of the Arctic Circle, including the Arctic Ocean, northern Eurasia and North America, as well as some islands. The inland area of the Arctic Circle is about 8 million square kilometers, and the area of the Arctic Ocean is about 1365438+ million square kilometers. The Antarctic region includes the Antarctic continent, its islands and continental ice, as well as a part of the South Pacific Plain, the South Atlantic Ocean and the South Indian Ocean. The polar regions are extremely cold, windy and rainy.

In the Arctic Circle, the population living for a long time is close to 3 million. The local aborigines are mainly Inuit and Lapp. Antarctica has no country and no permanent residents. Polar scientific expedition: China Great Wall Station (62 13; 5858' West) China Zhongshan Station (6925' s；; 76 10 ' E)

Chapter III Entry into China

3. 1 Japan: East Asia Island: Japan is located in the east of Asia and the west of the Pacific Ocean. Its territory consists of Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu and more than 3,900 nearby islands. The capital Tokyo. Common language: Japanese. Mountain topography: Japan is a mountainous island country, and 3/4 of its territory is mountains and hills. Kanto Plain is the largest plain in Japan. Mount Fuji: A famous active volcano, with an altitude of 3776, is the highest peak in Japan.

Humid climate: Japan mainly belongs to temperate monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon climate.

The fusion of East and West: In ancient times, Japanese culture was influenced by China. In modern times, European and American cultures widely influenced Japan. Japanese clothing: kimono; Japanese favorite traditional food: sushi

Developed economy: After World War II, Japan gave full play to its advantages in human resources and maritime transportation, actively introduced advanced foreign technology, and strived to open up the international market, thus making its economy develop rapidly. At present, Japan's GDP ranks second in the world after the United States. The per capita GNP also ranks among the top in the world. Japan is a capitalist country with developed economy, and its processing and manufacturing industry, high-tech industry, international trade, financial industry and information industry all rank among the advanced in the world. The main departments are electronics, home appliances, automobiles, shipbuilding, steel, chemistry, textiles and precision machinery. Japan has a small area of cultivated land and insufficient agricultural labor force, but the level of agricultural production has improved.

Japan is a famous fishery producer in the world. Japan's traffic is also quite developed. Major cities: Tokyo is the national political, economic, cultural and transportation center, and one of the world's mega cities with a population of over120,000.

3.2 Egypt: The land spans two continents: Egypt is the abbreviation of Arab Egypt, and most of it is located in the northeast of Africa. The dividing line between Asia and Africa: Suez Canal. Egypt's territorial area exceeds 1 10,000 square kilometers.

Religion: Islam; Capital: Cairo (Millennium Ancient Capital). Deserts are widely distributed: the Mediterranean coast in northern Egypt has a Mediterranean climate; Most areas have a tropical desert climate. It is hot, dry and rainy all year round. The longest river in the world? The Nile, which Egyptians call the Mother River, is the Yellow River in China. Ancient civilization: Egypt is one of the birthplaces of ancient civilizations in the world. Magnificent sphinx, mysterious mummy, solemn temple, hieroglyphics, astronomical calendar. The pyramids of Egypt: known as one of the seven wonders of the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in China's Qin Shihuang Mausoleum are also one of the seven wonders of the world. Develop industry and agriculture: agriculture is concentrated in the Nile Valley and Delta, which is the region with the highest level of agricultural modernization in Africa. It is famous for producing long-staple cotton, and its output ranks first in the world.

3.3 Russia: the country with the largest area: Russia has a vast territory, with a map of 6.5438+0.708 million square kilometers. It is the largest country in the world and the only country that spans two continents and the eastern and western hemispheres.

Vast plains: Russia's terrain is high in the east and low in the west, and rivers and mountains are important dividing lines of large terrain areas. 70% of Russia's territory is vast plains. Temperate continental climate is dominant: most parts of Russia belong to temperate continental climate, with long and cold winters and short and cool summers. Rich in resources: Lake Baikal in Siberia is the deepest lake in the world and the lake with the most fresh water in the world. Russia's oil production ranks third in the world. Gold production ranks second in the world. Economy in reform: Russia is an important industrial power, with prominent positions in energy, steel, machinery, chemistry, aerospace and other sectors. The main agricultural products in Russia are cereals, potatoes, flax and dairy products. The Volga River Basin and the Don River Basin in Eastern Europe Plain are the main agricultural areas. 199 1 year Russia disintegrated from the Soviet Union to Russia. Moscow, the capital, is located in the plain of Eastern Europe. The development of Siberia:

3.4 France:

European economic power: land: covering an area of 550,000 square kilometers. Population: 58.89 million. Capital: Paris. Terrain: the southeast is high and the northwest is low, and the plains and hills account for 4/5 of the country. Climate: temperate maritime climate, with little climate change and even water throughout the year. Output: Wheat production ranks among the top in the world. It is the country that exports the most wheat in Europe. Overview: French industry is also very developed. Coal, iron and other important industrial resources are abundant.

Culture and Tourism: France has a long history and splendid culture. Well-preserved cultural relics, beautiful natural scenery, romantic and affectionate folk customs, elegant art and fashion trends ... France 1999 received the largest number of foreign tourists in the world. Tourism is also an important pillar of the French economy.

3.5 United States: the territory of the United States: composition: Alaska, "mainland" and Hawaii. National flag: The Stars and Stripes. Highly developed economy: The United States is a highly developed capitalist country. After World War II, its total industrial output value has been ranked first in the world. America is a big agricultural country in the world. The United States is rich in natural resources, developed in transportation and abundant in science and technology, and has many advantages in developing industry. America is an industrial power in the world. In terms of foreign trade, the United States is not only the country with the largest export volume of industrial and agricultural products, but also the country with the largest import volume of automobiles, oil and textiles in the world.

Population and city: the population in 2000 was 282 million; The vast majority of ethnic groups are white immigrants from Europe, and there are also a few blacks in the United States. The population of the United States is unevenly distributed. The densely populated areas in the United States are coastal plains and near the Great Lakes. However, the western plateau mountainous area is sparsely populated. Washington, the capital of the United States, is located in the District of Columbia. New york is the most populous country in the United States, the largest port and one of the four largest financial centers in the world. Los Angeles is the largest port city and economic and cultural center along the Pacific coast of the United States. San Francisco, commonly known as San Francisco, is one of the financial, trade, educational and cultural centers along the Pacific coast of the United States, and is also a famous natural harbor.

3.6 Brazil: Amazon Plain and Amazon River: Brazil is the largest country in South America with a land area of 8.547 million square kilometers. The topography of Brazil is mainly plains and plateaus. Amazon Plain accounts for about 1/3 of the whole territory, and the rest basically belongs to the Brazilian Plateau. There are dense forests and a wide variety of animals and plants here, and it is known as the "world animal and plant kingdom". The forest is dark and humid, sparsely populated and suffering. There are many tributaries of the Amazon River, with gentle water flow and convenient shipping. The estuary is a trumpet-shaped bay with a width of more than 300 kilometers. During the flood season, there is another Wang Yang, the so-called "river and sea". Rapid economic development: Brazil is the strongest country in South America. Brazil has a relatively complete industrial system and a relatively high level of industrial development. Brazil is the largest coffee producer and exporter in the world, with a high degree of agricultural mechanization. Brazil has large iron ore reserves, most of which are rich in iron ore. Brazil is rich in hydropower resources, and the proportion of hydropower in domestic power supply is gradually increasing.

Population and City: Brazil is the most populous country in South America, with a total population of 65438+70 million in 2000. Sao Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil. The capital of Brazil is Brasilia.

3.7 Australia has a continent: Australia is the largest country in Oceania, bordering Asia in the northwest, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the west and the Antarctic continent in the south. It is the only country in the world that owns the whole continent. Australia's territory includes mainland Australia, Tasmania and other surrounding islands, covering an area of about 7.74 million square kilometers, ranking sixth in the world. The capital of Australia is Canberra. The common language is English.

Low terrain: The Australian mainland is low and flat, with an average elevation of nearly 300 meters, making it the most gentle continent in the world. The west is a vast and flat plateau; The Central Plains accounts for about 25% of the total area of the mainland; Cape York Peninsula is located in the northern part of the eastern mountainous area. Ancient animals:

Developed agriculture, animal husbandry, industry and mining: Australia is a developed capitalist country in the southern hemisphere.

Australia's natural conditions and the appropriate development of agriculture and animal husbandry. Known as "the country riding on the back of sheep". Australia is rich in mineral resources, many of which are the highest in the world. It has the reputation of "a country with harvesters".