If Wang Mang does not reform, will the regime he established be overthrown in a short time?

If Wang Mang does not reform, will the regime he established be overthrown in a short time?

In 9 AD, Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty to establish a new dynasty. At the beginning of taking office, he made bold reforms and tried to reverse all kinds of embarrassing situations left over from the Western Han Dynasty. Wang Mang's reform can also be regarded as a self-help activity of the landlord class under the serious social crisis, in an attempt to ease the intensified class contradictions and consolidate its political power. The reform of follwed involves a wide range, which can be summarized as follows:

First, the implementation of "Wang Tian", land owned by the state, slaves renamed "private", prohibiting transactions; Second, realize the system of "five average and six management" and "credit loan"; Salt, iron, wine and other items are managed by the government. Third, reform the monetary system; Realize price management and levy shangshan tax. Fourth, change the official name and place name; Conquer the "West Sea", expand the territory, and change the title of minority leader. There seems to be nothing wrong with these reforms, and they seem a little ahead of time, so that they are praised by modern historians: "He is the most courageous and wise politician in history, and he left a great legacy in the history of China." In that case, why did Wang Mang's reform fail so quickly and ruin the country?

Wang Mang believes in Confucianism, and believes that the world must practice the ceremony of etiquette and law, so that the society can return to the Confucius era and the country can achieve political harmony and long-term stability. According to this idea, he carried out a retro reform.

Wang Mang thinks that the land annexation and the sale of population were serious at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, and the people were displaced and their lives became increasingly difficult. He hoped that land would be nationalized and distributed according to population, so as to alleviate social contradictions. He first carried out the "Wang Tian" system, but actually restored the "Jing Tian" system. In this way, the land did not really return to the people, and at the same time it harmed the interests of landlords and local tyrants. He did something that was "not pleasing to both sides", and this reform was generally opposed by society.

Although Wang Mang prohibited the sale of handmaiden, he did not abolish the handmaiden system, but renamed it "private ownership". In fact, handmaiden still exists, which does not solve the substantive problem. Social contradictions are still very acute, and soon these two reforms were ordered by Wang Mang to stop and restore to the original state.

Wang Mang's "five equals and six officials" system and currency reform, that is, prices are controlled by the government; Levy business and Yamazawa income tax; Implement material monopoly; Resources are owned by the state and developed by the government; The government monopolizes the right to issue money; Stop private usury and the government will issue interest-free loans. The purpose of these reforms is to implement a planned economy that is beneficial to the people.

However, the new government does not have enough goods and funds, and there is no powerful market management tool. This policy can only be implemented by big landlords and wealthy businessmen, which leads to monopoly and corruption between officials and businessmen. In the end, the country not only failed to gain, but also made the people's burden heavier and their lives miserable.

Wang Mang's monetary reform by "entrusting orphans to reform the system" is actually "excessive money". He blindly promoted new coins, besides "five baht", there are also big money, deed money, knife money, cloth money and so on It is very inconvenient for such a wide variety of currencies to circulate, causing confusion in the market. Moreover, every time the money is changed, the people will be exploited and suffer greatly, causing dissatisfaction among the broad masses of the people.

In order to conform to the "ancient meaning" after the reform, Wang Mang reformed the names of cities, buildings and official positions and changed them repeatedly. He also arbitrarily adjusted the functions and powers of administrative regions and government functional departments, and all letters and official documents he sent should be written in the old format to restore the old name. For the sake of "retro", such frequent renaming is not only hard to remember, but also brings a lot of inconvenience to work and life, and also destroys the cultural order. China people are very disgusted with this and have risen up against it.

After carrying out these various reforms in China, Wang Mang thought that his achievements were outstanding and great, and he should be "cosmopolitan". He used force to coerce Qiang people to donate the land around Qinghai Lake to set up the "West Sea", and at the same time forced immigrants to create "criminals" to move here, which was called "Xinjiang Reform". This practice has aroused strong dissatisfaction and even rebellion among the people.

While carrying out reforms, Wang Mang used troops against a few regimes that surrendered to the new dynasty, and provoked wars for no reason, which made the border people suffer from war. Wang Mang also reduced the leaders of neighboring countries from "Wang" to "Hou" and changed the "seal" to "Zhang". This is undoubtedly a shame for ethnic minorities, who no longer submit to the new dynasty, often invade the border and have constant conflicts.

Because of Wang Mang's manic and willful personality, he constantly changed his policy and reneged. His reform did not benefit the people, nor did it make the country strong. On the contrary, it further depleted the national treasury and made the people miserable, so the reform was resisted and opposed by the Chinese people. In order to enforce the reform, he killed many innocent officials and people with severe punishment, aroused people's resentment, suffered from natural disasters and famine, and led to the great uprising of "outlaw hero" and "Red Eyebrow Army". The uprising quickly swept across the country, and the world was in chaos. In the chaos, Wang Mang was killed by Du Wu, a businessman, and the Xin Mang regime he ruled for nearly fifteen years completely collapsed.