In your paper on the history of population migration in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, you should write about the positive and negative impacts, as well as the impact on today and the Wei and Jin Dynastie

In your paper on the history of population migration in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, you should write about the positive and negative impacts, as well as the impact on today and the Wei and Jin Dynasties (500 words), do not copy it.

The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were another period of turmoil, war and division in Chinese history after more than 400 years of unification by the Qin and Han dynasties. During this period, the social population migrated in large numbers and frequently, and the main and basic form of migration was ethnic migration. Compared with ethnic migration in other periods of history, ethnic migration in this period has obvious characteristics and important impacts.

1

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the main feature of ethnic migration was that there were many motivations.

As far back as the beginning of civilization, there have been many ethnic groups in our country. In the long history, ethnic migration has continued continuously, and its most basic motivation is economic. Before the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Yellow River Basin and the Central Plains region had always been the sole focus of my country's economic, political, and cultural development. For a long time, the better natural living environment and advanced economic development level have continuously attracted surrounding ethnic groups to migrate to the Central Plains. The establishment and development of the unified feudal centralized state of Qin and Han Dynasty further promoted this migration. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, warlords in the Central Plains fought in a melee and separatist forces emerged. However, the inward migration of surrounding ethnic groups did not stop. For example, during the Jian'an period, the Southern Xiongnu moved from Bingzhou to central and southern Shanxi areas centered on Pingyang (now southwest of Linfen, Shanxi). From the Taishi to Taikang years of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-289), the Xiongnu outside the Great Wall also migrated to the inside of the Great Wall several times, settling in Yiyang, Yongzhou and other places in Hexi Province, with a total number of more than 200,000. At this time, the Xianbei people also continued to migrate from the northeast to the southwest, and were gradually distributed in the counties outside the Great Wall and northern counties starting from Liaodong in the east and ending in Qinghai in the west. The Jiehu people who established the Later Zhao regime during the Sixteen Kingdoms period were Hu people who "migrated back and forth to counties and counties in Hebei and lived in the mountains" during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. At this time, the barbarians from the south also gradually moved northward, so that "south of Yique, the valley was full." After the Northern Wei unified the north, many barbarian leaders led their troops to the north.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, wars continued year after year. Especially after the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, in addition to the Han people, many ethnic minorities established political power in the north. In order to expand territory, plunder wealth, and plunder labor force, wars between various political powers occurred frequently. These wars became another motivation for ethnic population migration. During the war, tens of thousands of people were taken captive and brought back to areas under their control by the victors. For example, Liu Songjia of the Southern Dynasty conquered the barbarians in Chongqing in the later period, and captured more than 200,000 people, most of whom were moved to Jiankang as camps. Tuoba Tao of the Northern Wei Dynasty attacked Rouran, "all the captives and livestock, carts and huts filled the mountains and forests, covering millions." In addition, a large number of people surrendered due to military strength. For example, in the twelfth year of Jian'an (207), Cao Cao personally conquered Wuhuan and "killed Tadun and the famous kings below. More than 200,000 of the Hu and Han people surrendered", and "the remaining tens of thousands were left alone, all living in China." In frequent wars, various regimes and power groups often take the opportunity to rob large numbers of people in order to weaken the enemy's strength, ensure and expand their own manpower, and increase their labor force. During the many years since its establishment, Wuhuan in the three counties had "succumbed to the chaos in the world, destroyed Youzhou, and had a small number of Han people with more than 100,000 households." In the third year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (328), Liu Yao of the former Zhao Dynasty sent troops to attack the Di people in Qiuchi, "Fu Ke, plundered more than 3,000 households and returned." As for the forced migration of the population of one's own ethnic group and other ethnic groups to concentrate in capital cities or military towns for political and military needs, it happens in large numbers and frequently. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Wei forcibly moved Di people to Tianshui, Fufeng, Jingzhao, Nan'an, Guangwei and other counties many times, with the population ranging from several thousand households to tens of thousands each time11. Later Zhao Shile moved 150,000 clan and Qiang people to Si and Ji. After Tuoba Gui of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Pingcheng, "more than 400,000 officials from six states in Shandong, as well as those from Tuhe, Korea, and thirty-six departments were moved to fill the capital." At the same time, rulers of various political regimes also "encouraged and recruited" people from the border areas to move into the interior. For example, Cao Cao once used Liang Xi, the governor of Bingzhou, to "ceremoniously summon his powerful right-wingers" from "Hu Di" and "envoy them to the shogunate." When all the powerful right-wingers were exhausted, he sent Ding Qiang to serve as righteous followers; and because the army went out to fight, Please give me some credit for your strength. After the officials and soldiers have left, I will move them to their homes and send them back and forth to Ye." Escape from war, famine, and taxes was the third motivation for ethnic migration during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Although the Han people (Chinese people) in the Yellow River Basin and the Central Plains were captured in wars, robbed and sold, and settled for farming and guarding borders, there were still fewer people migrating outside than those who moved in. The ethnic migration during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was different from the past. Not only did millions of people from surrounding ethnic groups migrate to the Central Plains, but also millions of Han people from the Central Plains moved to the Yellow River Basin, Jiangnan, South China, Liaodong, Hexi, and other areas outside the Central Plains. Longyou, Shu and other areas migrated. There are also considerable ethnic populations that migrate in other directions for specific reasons. For example, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, political regimes established by the Han, Xiongnu, Jie, Xianbei, Lushuihu, Shi, Qiang and other ethnic groups appeared in the north. Each regime plundered and forcibly relocated the foreign population on a large scale to the capital or important towns. However, due to frequent changes in political power, the center of rule continued to shift, and the forcibly relocated population also moved around. For example, the Xiongnu Liu Han regime captured Chiyang (now northwest of Jingyang, Shaanxi Province) and plundered more than 10,000 people and returned to Chang'an; )". Later, Shi Le attacked Pingyang. "Pingyang Dayin Zhouzhi led 6,000 miscellaneous households to surrender to Le, and Bashuai and other Qiang and Jie surrendered more than 100,000 people." Shi Le moved them to the counties of Sizhou under his control. After the establishment of Later Zhao Dynasty, Shi Le made his capital Xiangguo (now southwest of Xingtai, Hebei Province), and moved more than 30,000 households from Wuhuan Zhanguang, Liuduo and other tribes to Xiangguo in the plains. Shi Jilong also moved more than 100,000 households from Huarong in Yongzhou and Qinzhou. To the east of Tongguan, more than 30,000 households in Qinzhou moved to the counties of Qingzhou and Yanzhou. When the Hou Zhao regime collapsed, "millions of people from Qing, Yong, You, and Jingzhou, as well as Di, Qiang, Hu, and Man, each returned to their homeland." It is conceivable that the ethnic population migrated back and forth. Therefore, from the perspective of the direction of migration during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the surrounding ethnic minorities mainly migrated from the border to the inland; the Han people in the Yellow River Basin and the Central Plains region mainly migrated from the north to the south; there are also A large number of people from many ethnic groups, including the Han, migrate back and forth in the north, south, west and east directions, thus showing the remarkable feature of multi-directional population migration.

2

The ethnic migration during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was the product of ethnic relations under the feudal social conditions at that time, and it was related to ethnic oppression and ethnic discrimination. The migrations of many of these ethnic groups were forced by foreigners, and were accompanied by wars, plunders and conquests. Therefore, the ethnic migration at this time inevitably had some negative factors, but from the perspective of the historical development process, its positive historical role and influence were the main ones.

The ethnic migration during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties changed my country’s original ethnic population distribution pattern, promoting and accelerating the integration and exchanges between ethnic groups. Before that, my country's ethnic population distribution was basically a pattern of ethnic groups, that is, the Han people (Huaxia people) were concentrated in the Central Plains area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and other ethnic minorities were concentrated in various surrounding areas. The long-term stability of settlement in a specific area has resulted in the national and local characteristics of the ethnic groups living in that area in terms of social organization, economic life, customs, language and culture. This long-term stable settlement is an important factor in protecting ethnic one-sidedness and Limiting barriers. After the ethnic migration during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Han people gradually distributed in the three major river basins of the Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Pearl River, as well as the Songliao Plain and Hexi area, with a wider distribution range. Except for some of the ethnic minorities who have moved in and merged with the Han people, they still live together. However, their distribution areas are very scattered, and the various ethnic groups often form a state of interlocking. Several different ethnic minorities often live in the same area, and the same ethnic minority lives in several different areas. These areas are also home to a considerable number of Han people, thus breaking through ethnic boundaries and breaking the state of ethnic isolation. , the distribution pattern of my country's ethnic population has begun to change from the original ethnic groups living together to various ethnic groups living together in large groups and small groups. By living together in various places, the economic and cultural ties between various ethnic groups have become closer. They are interdependent and attracted to each other, and they have converged together in the long river of history to form a powerful cohesive trend. This cohesive force eventually combines into a pluralistic and integrated whole like the Chinese nation.

It was the unprecedented great migration of ethnic groups that made the Chinese nation during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties "you come and I go, I come and you go, you are in me, I am in you, and each has its own personality." important stage of development.

The ethnic migration during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties transformed the ethnic minorities who entered the Central Plains from nomadic production into an economy based on agriculture, thus promoting social progress. Before the Xiongnu, Wuhuan, Xianbei, Tuoba Xianbei and other ethnic groups entered the interior of the Central Plains, their social structure was dominated by tribal organizations, and their social economy was dominated by nomadic herding. After entering the Central Plains, they settled down from nomadism under the influence of the Han economy and culture, and most of them were engaged in farming. When Wei general Guo Huai was in Longyou, he asked the Qiang people to "come out of the valley with their envoys to quell their transport transfers." The prefect of Yanmen took action and offered to restore the lease transfers of more than 500 Wuhuan families. If these ethnic minorities are asked to pay rent, they will naturally enter the farming stage. During the Sixteenth Kingdom, Shi Le, a native of Jie, was in his hometown of Wuxiang. He competed with his neighbor Li Yang for the hemp pool because of retting hemp. Often beat each other. In order to repay the support of Guo Jing and Ning Qi, he also "worked hard for them", which shows that the Jie people have combined agriculture and handicraft production. The rulers of various ethnic minority regimes also promoted this transformation through the power of their political power. For example, Fu Jian vigorously encouraged mulberry farming in the former Qin Dynasty. He personally cultivated the fields, while his wife Gou "brought silkworms to the suburbs" to show his emphasis on agriculture and handicraft production. After the founding of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tuoba Gui ordered people to stop farming, and ordered Dongping Gongyi to start farming from Wuyuan to Chuyang outside the Great Wall, and set up eight commanders around Daijing to encourage farming. After Tuoba Si defeated the Yueqinbei tribe, he moved more than 20,000 people to Daning Prefecture, distributed agricultural tools to them, and planned to teach them farmland, so that other ethnic minorities in the territory quickly switched to agricultural production. After Emperor Xiaowen of Wei and Yuan Hong moved their capital to Luoyang, the Tuoba tribe had become a nation with a mainly agricultural economy. Therefore, in the 18th year of Taihe (494), an edict was issued to "prefer the three-year-old household rent for those who moved to another generation." After the ethnic minorities who entered the Central Plains transitioned to an agricultural economy, the social structure changed dramatically, and feudal relations became dominant. As the economic base changed, the political organization as the superstructure also adjusted accordingly. Most of the ethnic minority regimes adopted the official system of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, etc., which promoted the social form of each ethnic group to make a leap forward, thus promoting the development of northern society.

The ethnic migration during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties brought fresh blood to the Han people, which added vitality and continued to grow and develop. It also allowed the Han people to absorb the cultural essence of other ethnic groups, greatly enriching their own material culture. and spiritual culture. During this period, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di, Qiang, Lushuihu and other ethnic groups who migrated to the Central Plains established more than a dozen political regimes. Although they rose and fell one after another and existed for a short period of time, these ethnic groups did not migrate. They returned to their original place, but gradually merged with the Han people after living mixedly with them. After the fall of the Zhao and Qian Dynasties, the Xiongnu and Jie tribes merged with the Han in large numbers. After the demise of the Zhuyans, the Xianbei Murong tribe also merged with the Han and Tuoba Xianbei in a scattered form. After the fall of the former Qin Dynasty, the Di ethnic group, which was quite close to the development level of the Han nationality, was greatly weakened. The Qiang, Lushuihu, Hexi Xianbei, Guanlong Xiongnu, etc. who then established political power were also in the process of disintegration. By the late Northern Wei Dynasty, By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, most of the northern ethnic groups that had migrated in the early period disappeared in the Central Plains and merged with the Han people. Some of the Rouran people who moved south, Chile and Tuyuhun people who moved west gradually merged with the Han people. Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, barbarians from the south have gradually migrated from the valleys to the areas between Jiang, Huai, Ru, and Ying, and Shanyue, Li, and Liao have migrated to the plains. In the process of mixing with the Han people, the level of social development of these ethnic groups gradually approached that of the Han people, and the differences in economy, culture and living customs gradually disappeared. As "Sui Shu Geography" said, the Jingyongzhou barbarians "lived together with the Xia people" If so, it is no different from other flowers." We can see from historical records that the number of households was 2.45 million in the Taikang period of the Western Jin Dynasty, 5 million before Zhengguang in the Northern Wei Dynasty, 3.59 million in the Elephant period of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and by the fifth year of Daye in the Sui Dynasty, the number of households had reached 8.9 million. In addition to factors such as the expansion of jurisdiction, household registration and natural growth, this is also closely related to the integration of a large number of ethnic minorities into the Han nationality through household registration. This kind of ethnic integration that started with ethnic migration not only injected a lot of fresh blood into the Han people, making them more vibrant and creative, but also enriched their own material and spiritual culture.

One of its manifestations is the introduction of animal husbandry production varieties, technologies and even some agricultural products from ethnic minorities to the Central Plains. Jia Sixie, an outstanding agricultural scientist in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, recorded the raising and working of cattle, horses, mules, sheep and other livestock in "Qi Min Yao Shu" Methods, as well as veterinary techniques, horsemanship and livestock product processing techniques, such as felt making, cheese making, pastry making, etc. Many of these methods and techniques come from ethnic minorities. Hugu, wheat, etc. were also introduced in agriculture. The second manifestation is that the Han nationality has absorbed the essence of the ethnic minorities in language, literature, art, etc. The popularity of Hu Ge, Hu music, Hu dance, Hu opera, etc. has added fresh color to the Central Plains culture with the Han nationality as the main body.

The great ethnic migration during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties caused my country's economic area to expand. While the border areas were developed, the northern economy was revitalized and the southern economy developed significantly. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Han people in the Central Plains have moved to border areas such as Liaodong and Hexi in large numbers to avoid the scourge of war, which has greatly increased the number of local laborers and even displaced people "more than ten times more than in the old lands." The Han workers who migrated to the border areas also spread advanced production tools and farming techniques to the border areas. Under their hard work with people of all ethnic groups, the northeast and northwest remote areas were developed, which was important for the economic development and development of the border areas. The changing social landscape played an important role. Frequent wars severely damaged the economy of the north. During the Sixteenth Kingdom, although Shi Le explicitly ordered the use of coins, "money never worked." When various ethnic minorities transitioned to agricultural production, the northern economy began to boom. In order to adapt to the new trend of economic development, in the middle of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowen began to mint currency, which invigorated the commodity economy and restored vitality to the ancient economic base of the Central Plains. During this period, a large number of Han people migrated southward, which added a lot of labor force and brought more advanced production technology to the Jiangnan area, which was originally relatively economically backward. This will undoubtedly accelerate the development of Jiangnan. At the same time, the society in the Jiangnan area was relatively stable, and dynasties such as the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Liu Song Dynasty also took some measures that were conducive to the development of production. Therefore, it was possible for the Han people who migrated south to join the Jiangnan indigenous people and ethnic minorities such as Shanyue, Man, Li, Liao, and Cuan. Utilize the unique natural resources to promote the socio-economic and cultural development of the South. Not only agricultural production has improved, but also textile, mining and metallurgy, papermaking, shipbuilding, salt making, porcelain making, tea making, lacquerware and other handicraft industries have developed significantly. Commercial trade is also very active. In particular, Jiankang, the capital of the Southern Dynasties, and the southeastern coastal areas have become national cultural centers and developed areas. With the development of the southern economy, the Han culture of the Central Plains and the original culture of the south were combined, gradually forming the "Six Dynasties Culture" with the characteristics of the times. All these laid a solid material and cultural foundation for the prosperity of the Sui and Tang Dynasties in the future.