Language transfer in the history of language transfer

Many researches on the second language are limited to a few people and cannot reflect the influence of demography and other social factors. With the help of many historical studies, we can understand the influence between languages. National conquest and immigration usually lead to large-scale language contact. The formation of Altaic language family may be due to large-scale language contact between different languages. For example, during the colonial period in Hong Kong, English-speaking groups rarely gave up English to speak Cantonese, which led to an increase in English-Cantonese bilinguals. However, the descendants of Hong Kong immigrants whose mother tongue is other dialects gradually give up their mother tongue and speak Cantonese, which has an impact on Cantonese consonants in Hong Kong. English has influenced the tone of Cantonese in Hong Kong.

The phonology of Chinese loanwords formed by Chinese transliteration in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties shows various details of the influence of Altai language. Because the Chinese characters seen in Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties provided the historical materials of northern Mandarin earlier than the phonology of Central Plains, Mandarin was formed in Song Dynasty and even in the middle Tang Dynasty. The Central Plains is the southern Mandarin, but in the northeast controlled by the Khitan and the Nuzhen nationality, a dialect of Mandarin (namely the northern Mandarin) is taking shape. The contact with the Khitan and Jurchen languages is probably an important factor in the development of this dialect. The transliteration of Chinese characters in the Khitan fine print clearly shows that the phonetic basis of northern Mandarin, represented by modern Beijing dialect, did appear on the territory of Liao Dynasty a thousand years ago. The voiced sound disappears, the entering tone disappears, the middle tone appears in the second category, the M-tail begins to disappear, and the doubtful mother disappears. The rudiment of modern Mandarin appeared in Youyan area, where the Qidan people and the Han people had the most frequent contact. At the same time, due to the differences in pronunciation, semantics and grammar between Mongolian and Chinese, Mongolian plays a negative transfer role in Mongolian Chinese learning.