Comparing the internal and external policies of Qin Shihuang and Han Wudi, what did Han Wudi surpass on the basis of Qin Shihuang?

Anyone familiar with the history of China knows that the ancient history of China was ruled by a feudal dynasty. When evaluating the merits and demerits of these emperors, future generations all think that "merits and demerits are greater than many emperors". The so-called "Qin Huang Hanwu", Qin Huang refers to Qin Shihuang; Hanwu refers to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Both kings were emperors and princes who ruled for a period of time at that time and made indelible contributions to the history of China.

First, life experience

Qin Shihuang, who won the surname, was a famous minister. There are different opinions about Qin Shihuang's life experience, and the dispute is untenable. According to historical records, Qin Shihuang's biological father should be (let's just believe this statement), and for political purposes, he gave his pregnant promise to Qin Shihuang's father (then Qin Zhuang Wang Xiang). Whether this statement is true or not, it can be seen that Qin Shihuang's life experience is rather bumpy, and he became a political bargaining chip before he was born, and at that time there was a saying that one country sent people to another country as hostages. At that time, Qin was not the strongest, and Ying Zheng might come.

Liu Che, the name of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, was the tenth son of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and Liu Qi. His mother is a queen, and he belongs to the royal prince who loves his son and me. A beloved prince like Liu Che won't suffer too much. He lives as a royal aristocrat with clothes to reach out and food to eat.

From this point of view, Qin Shihuang's life experience was rather bumpy and he suffered a lot.

Second, the rule of the throne.

Qin Shihuang/Kloc-ascended the throne at the age of 0/3, and was crowned an adult at the age of 22, in charge of state affairs.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty/Kloc-ascended the throne at the age of 0/6, and the time when he was in charge of state affairs was unknown.

In this respect, the two emperors have similarities. Both of them acceded to the throne in their early years and entrusted others to help manage state affairs. After hard work and struggle, they regained power and personally managed state affairs. Relatively speaking, Qin Shihuang ascended the throne earlier, 13 years old, three years younger than Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Third, the social background at that time.

When Qin Shihuang ascended the throne, it was a period of constant wars in seven countries, extremely complicated political environment, social unrest, internal and external pressures and crises;

When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, it was decades after the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, just after the "rule of culture and scenery". The economy developed to a certain extent, with a certain financial capacity, the political environment was relatively stable, and various systems were relatively sound.

Comparatively speaking, Qin Shihuang faced more problems and more severe challenges after he ascended the throne.

Fourth, the political aspect.

Qin Shihuang destroyed six countries and unified China. At that time, Ying Zheng was only 39 years old. It took only 17 years for Ying Zheng to unify China from rule to the destruction of the six countries. He was the first emperor in the history of China to unify China. Therefore, Ying Zheng thinks that his merits and talents are better than the Three Emperors and Five Emperors, and he calls himself the first emperor. In addition, he specially formulated a series of ceremonies and special names to show the supreme authority of the country's supreme ruler. Implement centralized and strict laws: all ministers must unconditionally obey the emperor, abolish the system of "Shi Qing Shi Lu", and all officials from the central to local levels are appointed and removed by the emperor and have no right to inherit. On the basis of the original laws, a set of strict laws have been revised and promulgated throughout the country to strictly govern the country. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty founded the title of the year, which was the first emperor to use it in China history.

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he first promulgated the "Order of Granting favors", which subtly weakened the strength of vassal states and reduced the threat to the central government. Secondly, the establishment of China and North Korea weakened the relative strength, set up thirteen books of history, consolidated the imperial power and strengthened local control.

After the two emperors ascended the throne, they both took some measures to consolidate imperial power, strengthen centralization and strengthen local control. This is the similarity between them. But Qin Shihuang's feat of destroying the six countries was unprecedented.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) military aspect

Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, in addition to adopting certain strategies, strong military strength is the key to reunification. Qin Shihuang established a well-organized, disciplined and invincible military force. In addition, Qin Shihuang connected the old Great Wall of Beiyan, Zhao and Qin during the Warring States Period as a barrier to defend the Huns.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strengthened the concentration of military power, so that he could directly control the army, established a strong cavalry team, crossed the Great Wall and reached the hinterland of Xiongnu.

In this respect, the two emperors were relatively consistent, both attached importance to army building, and both established powerful armies to defend their political power.

Economic aspects of intransitive verbs

Qin Shihuang unified currency, unified measurement, established private ownership of land, allowed private ownership of land and free trading, actively promoted internal reforms, and attached importance to agricultural production after unifying the whole country, so that people occupying land could declare the number of fields they occupied and pay taxes;

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty acceded to the throne, he actively reorganized his finances, issued decrees, levied a merchant asset tax, and cracked down on dajia, a wealthy businessman. Smelting iron and boiling salt belongs to the official camp; Counties and countries are prohibited from minting money and using the central currency in a unified way; Transportation and trade are managed by the government.

In this respect, the two emperors were surprisingly consistent and both realized the importance of the economy.

VII. Transportation and Water Conservancy

Qin Shihuang ordered the construction of Chidao centered on Xianyang, the capital, to strengthen regional exchanges and smooth government decrees; At the same time, pay attention to water conservancy construction, communicate waterways, build lingqu, and communicate Hunan and Lijiang;

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the construction of water conservancy, emigration to the northwest, cultivation of land, and the implementation of "land substitution law", which was beneficial to the development of agricultural production.

In this respect, Qin Shihuang's policy is more practical, and Emperor Wudi's northwest reclamation seems to pay more attention to military requirements.

Eight. Cultural aspect

Qin Shihuang unified the writing and spread it to all parts of the country; In order to control his thoughts, he put forward the idea of ruling the country according to law, that is, legalism, and launched "burning books to bury Confucianism";

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted the policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which made Confucianism the ruling ideology of China society and had a far-reaching influence on the politics, society and culture of China in later generations. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also attached great importance to the cultivation of talents. He established an evaluation system, which is the origin of China's talent selection system and has a great influence on later generations. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conducted the first population statistics in human history.

In this respect, the influence of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty on later generations surpassed that of Qin Shihuang.

Nine. External aspect

After Qin Shihuang annexed six countries to unify the world, he joined the Great Wall in the north. And sent troops to the north to conquer the Huns, pacify the Baiyue area in the south and stabilize the territory of China;

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used both soft and hard means to relieve the threat of Xiongnu, expand the territory of the Western Regions, put Xiongnu in a passive position, ensured the economic and cultural development in the north, and wiped out the Yelang and Nanyue regimes in the south. He sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, opened up the famous Silk Road, further strengthened his rule over the Western Regions, and developed economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West.

In this respect, they have made great contributions to the history of China.

Overbearing

In order to maintain the huge military expenditure and project construction and satisfy the extravagant life, Qin Shihuang did not hesitate to levy heavy taxes on the people. The taxes were too heavy and the people were miserable. Qin Shihuang was eager for quick success and instant benefit, and showed no sympathy for the people's feelings. He built many buildings and fought everywhere year after year. For his own luxury, he built Epang Palace and Lishan Tomb, which cost more than 700,000 civilian workers. The implementation of severe punishment and severe laws has aroused public resentment; Restrain thoughts, burn books to bury Confucianism, control thoughts and imprison freedom of thought;

In the later period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, due to the constant use of troops against Xiongnu and the Western Regions, as well as the profligacy of meditation and worship of gods and immortals, the corvee was aggravated and taxes were increased, which led to the bankruptcy and exile of a large number of farmers.

At this point, the practices of the two emperors are somewhat similar.

XI。 Successor training

In this regard, it can only be said that both of them have failed. After Qin Shihuang's death, Qin Ershi also died, which was Qin Shihuang's regret.

It is a great irony that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty entrusted a huge Western Han Kingdom to a child at the last moment of his life.

In a word, the two emperors made great contributions in politics, military affairs and culture, but their cruel personality and love for the essence of war made the people miserable.