The Historical Evolution of Dominica

The island of Hispaniola is inhabited by Taino people. They call this island Kiskaya and Ayti. It means mother earth, land of mountains and rivers. When Columbus arrived, the island was divided into five Emirates: Marion, Mugua, Mugua, Galagua and Heigui.

Spanish rule (1492- 1795)

In February, Christopher Columbus made his first voyage to Hispaniola. Santo Domingo became the capital of the island on the second voyage of 1493.

Thousands of Tylenol people became slaves and engaged in gold mining. Due to a series of oppression, hunger and diseases, by 1535, there were only 60,000 Taino people left. 150 1 year, Spanish king, Ferdinand I and Isabella allowed Caribbean colonists to introduce slaves from Africa for the first time. They started to arrive at the island at 1503.

Spain is the main colony in the early New World. After the Spanish conquered the Aztec Empire and the Inca Empire, they began to look to the American continent and gradually ignored the island of Hispaniola.

1586, the British captain drake led a fleet to attack Santo Domingo, but was repelled by the resident Spanish army. From 1605 to 1606, the towns on the west coast of Hispaniola Island were often plundered by pirates, which caused most of the local population to migrate inland.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, pirates from France, the Netherlands and Britain were active in the western part of Hispaniola. France began to let farmers and businessmen gradually colonize the western part of Spain, which was blocked by the mountains on the island and did not attract the attention of the eastern Spaniards.

1677, about 4000 French people lived in the village of 1 1 in the west of the island. 1697, France and Spain ceded the western part of the island to France in accordance with the Lesvik Treaty of the Grand Alliance War, and officially recognized France's sovereignty over Haiti in the western part of the Spanish island, and the eastern part of the Spanish island was called East Santo Domingo. France continued to develop its agricultural economy in Hispaniola and introduced African slave agriculture, which made Haiti a French colony with abundant crops at the end of 18. At that time, the population of Haiti had reached more than 500 thousand, and at this time, blacks accounted for nine out of every ten Haitians and became the majority race. The population of Santo Domingo, a Spanish colony in the southeast, is 6.5438+0.5 million, and the population ratio between the two places is quite different.

1700, in Spain, the bourbon dynasty replaced the Habsburg dynasty. The new dynasty carried out some economic reforms. Trade in Santo Domingo began to flourish.

French rule (1795- 1809)

1795, France and Spain signed the Basel Peace Treaty in Switzerland, agreeing to cede the Santo Domingo area in the eastern part of the Spanish island to France, making the Spanish island a complete French colony. Six years later, Toussaint L'Ouverture, a Haitian black, led other slaves to resist French rule, and captured Santo Domingo, which had just been ruled by France, in 180 1, thus unifying the whole Spanish island.

180 1 year, Jean L 'Oré al arrived in Santo Domingo. He abolished slavery on behalf of the French government. 1802, Napoleon sent troops to conquer the whole island and ruled for several months. 1June 802,1June 0, mixed-race blacks rebelled against French rule and repelled the French army in1June 803. 1 804 65438+1October1,the rebels declared Santo Domingo independent and established the Republic of Haiti. But the defeated French army still occupied the Santo Domingo region in the east. At the same time that the French army invaded Spain in 1808, the rebels in Santo Domingo, in the east of the island, received assistance from Britain and Haiti, which were allied with Spain at that time, and finally repelled the French army and made Santo Domingo a Spanish colony again.

Haitian occupation period (182 1- 1844)

After Santo Domingo returned to Spanish rule, the local people gradually developed the knowledge of independent statehood. 182 1 year165438+1October 30, Jose Noel, former governor of Santo Domingo? Under the leadership of General ez de Cáceres, the country has been declared as Haiti and Spain, and it is expected to be merged under the Great Colombia led by President Bolivarian of South America.

However, nine weeks later, in February of 1822, Haitian President jean pierre Boye led troops to occupy western Haiti, and the whole island was reunited. After Boye occupied the eastern Spanish state of Haiti, he liberated all the local slaves. Boye ordered the confiscation of the land of white landlords and the complete nationalization of agricultural land in the country. At the same time, Boye closed all universities, incorporated all multinational men aged 65,438+08-25 into the army, and began to adopt a high-handed policy towards multinational men. Many upper-class whites left the island and fled to Cuba, Puerto Rico and other areas.

Boye began to widely plant cash crops on the island, implemented the tax reform policy and opened up foreign trade. Although these policies have greatly increased the production of sugar cane and coffee in Dominica, they have not been widely accepted by farmers. Boyer thought that the liberation of many countries was a boon he brought to many people, so he often didn't pay any salary to Dominican soldiers in the army, and many soldiers began to rob local residents everywhere. This vicious circle eventually led to economic stagnation and heavier fiscal revenue, which led people in many countries, even liberated slaves, to unite against Boye's rule and overthrew Boye's regime at 1843.

First independence (1844- 186 1 year)

1838, 16 In July, juan pablo duarte and his colleagues set up a secret social organization, La Trinitaria, in order to get rid of Haiti's rule and gain independence. Soon after, Matthias Ramon Melia and Francisco del Rosario Sanchez joined the Trinity. These three men were later called the founding fathers of Dominica. 1844 On February 27th, the people of the Dominican Republic launched a war of independence against Haiti and declared the Dominican Republic independent. The draft constitution of Dominica follows the Charter of the United States and was published on June 6th 1844+065438+. In the decades after the success of independence, Dominica's domestic economy and politics fluctuated greatly, from 1844 to 1856, it was constantly invaded by neighboring Haiti. During this period, it can be said that internal and external troubles are constant. At the same time, Pedro Santana (commander-in-chief of the army in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and later became the first, fourth and eighth presidents) and Buenaventura Baez participated in the War of Independence and were elected presidents of many countries five times. They were both headstrong when they came to power. Santana firmly believes that Dominica must be under the umbrella of the Spanish Empire to avoid the invasion of Haiti. After expecting the failure of France's plan to defend Dominica, Bates turned to hope that Dominica could be merged.

The Third Colonization of Spain (186 1- 1865)

Pedro Santana inherited a government that was on the verge of collapse. He began negotiations with Queen Isabella II of Spain and the Governor of Cuba to turn Dominica into a dependency of Spain. 186 1 In March, Santana officially returned Dominica to Spain. However, the voice of the opponents kept rising, and in 1863, the Zionist war was launched, with general Rodriguez, Mensio and Gregorio Luperon as the leading figures. At that time, the western Haitian regime was worried that Spain would threaten Haiti after returning to Dominica, so it actively supported the rebels. The United States, which was in a state of civil war, also strongly protested Spain's colonial policy of returning Dominica. The Zionist War lasted less than three years, and the Spanish army completely withdrew from the island in 1865.

Second independence (1865- 19 16)

Since the Spanish left, several major cities have been in a state of massive ruins, and the island has been divided into several separatist regimes. Jose maria Cabral controlled most of Barahona and was supported by Bates, a mahogany exporter in the southwest, while Guillermo, a rancher, formed an alliance with some former generals in the southeast. Gregorio Luperon controls the northern coast. From Spain's departure to 1879, the government changed 2 times1and there were at least 50 uprisings.

In the process of these conflicts, two major political parties began to form. The red side represents the interests of southern ranchers, and the blue side represents the interests of tobacco farmers and businessmen. The Red Party mainly seeks integration with big countries, while the Blue Party mainly seeks freedom and is a nationalist.

1869, Bates, then the president of many countries, sought the consent of President hiram ulysses grant of the United States, hoping that Dominica could be merged into the United States, and the United States could repay the foreign debts of many countries at that time 1.5 million dollars. President Grant believes that this will give the blacks who lifted slavery in the south a free place to live and will no longer be threatened by the whites in the south. However, it was ultimately voted against by the US Senate and failed to pass.

The Bates regime was overthrown in 1874, but was elected president two years later and finally stepped down in 1878. 1882 After General ulysses Horu came to power, the political situation that had disturbed Dominica for many years gradually stabilized. During President Eru's administration, the political situation was stable, which gave the economies of many countries a breathing space. With the continuous progress of sugar industry technology, many European and American immigrants entered many countries to look for jobs. But in private, Elu used state funds to set up his own royal guard out of selfish desires, which gradually increased the country's foreign debt. These aroused people's dissatisfaction with his behavior. Aria was murdered on 1899 after the high-handed policy failed. After 1902, Dominica returned to the era of independent regime, and the grasshoppers all over the country were dominant, completely emptying the treasury of many countries at that time. Creditors such as France and Europe began to pay attention to Dominica.

In order to prevent Europe from interfering in American affairs and protect the Panama Canal under construction at that time, President Roosevelt opposed Europe's persistent colonial claims in Latin America with Monroe Doctrine, and put forward his own Roosevelt inference in 1904, confirming that the United States has the right to interfere in Latin American affairs. 1905, the United States and Dominica agreed that the United States would manage Dominican customs foreign affairs, and signed contracts with many countries the following year to maintain this obligation for 50 years, which stipulated that the United States was obliged to use part of customs tax revenue to repay Dominica's increasing foreign debt.

After six years in power, the then Dominican President Ramon Caceres was assassinated in 19 1 1, which led to political instability in Dominica and civil war lasted for many years. After repeated unsuccessful mediation by the US government, US President Wilson finally assisted Dominica to hold presidential elections in 19 14, and elected juan jimenez, who had served as the president of many countries. In order to gain the support of relevant politicians at that time, President Jimenez chose the then opposition party as a member of the cabinet. Later, the plan didn't go smoothly, and Desiderio Arias, the Secretary of Defense, manipulated politics, which led to the resignation of President Jimé nez himself in May 19 16.

American occupation period (19 16- 1924)

1965438+In May 2006, President Jimenez resigned, which caused great dissatisfaction with President Wilson of the United States. 1916 in may 15, the us marines landed in Dominica. 1 in June, the marine corps occupied the ports of Monkristi and Plata. At the beginning of July, the US military completely occupied Dominica. At that time, the military government led by American Major General Napp strictly controlled the freedom of the Dominican people at that time, which caused great dissatisfaction among the local upper-middle class. In addition, farmers in the eastern part of many countries formed resistance forces and continued to fight against the US military. Although there is a general sense of resistance among the people, the military government has also calmed the unstable political situation in Dominica for many years. The economies of many countries have begun to grow and foreign debts have gradually decreased. In the early days of Dominica's founding, the military government built modern roads to connect towns around the country and established the national army.

From 65438 to 0920, the construction and policies of the US military in Dominica also led to the military rise of Chuxiluo, who was in charge of Dominica for 30 years. 1920, American presidential candidate Warren Harding criticized the occupation of Dominica and promised to withdraw his troops eventually. 1922 in may, Francisco peinado, a Dominican lawyer, went to Washington to consult with the United States. Finally, a new interim government replaced the military government and elections will be held.

Trujillo era (1930- 196 1 year)

1924 held a presidential election in March, and pro-American Horacio Vasquez (who was president of 1902-1903) finally won, and he ascended the throne in July of that year. In September of the same year, the US military completely withdrew from Dominica. During his six years in office, President Horacio Vasquez brought rare peace to Dominica and made the whole country prosperous in politics, human rights and economy.

1930 In February, when President Horacio Vasquez wanted to run for re-election, President Vá zquez voluntarily resigned and was elected as General Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina, who claimed to be neutral at that time. Because other candidates were threatened by violence, trujillo was elected as President of Dominica in May. 1930 has no competitors. Although Dominica's economy continued to develop during trujillo's dictatorship, most of its wealth was collected and plundered by trujillo and his associates. However, during this period, Dominica has also made great progress in medical care, education, transportation and port construction. In addition, trujillo has built a wide range of national houses and established a national retirement pension policy. 1935 reached a demarcation agreement with Haiti, 194 1 ended the tariff contract with the United States, and 1947 paid off Dominica's foreign debt, which is still talked about by many people.

On the other hand, Trujillo used all kinds of extreme means such as murder, abuse and intimidation to suppress the voices against the government. To show his arrogance, trujillo named himself Marshal, renamed Santo Domingo, the capital, as trujillo City, and changed Duarte, the highest peak in the Caribbean, to trujillo. Moreover, many towns and cities in China are named after themselves and their relatives. Trujillo himself is a quarter of Haitian descent, but in order to drive away Haitians living in Dominica, he ordered the army to kill Haitians living in Dominica on 1937, which is known as the "Parsley Massacre" or the Holocaust. In order to cover up the military action for the troops, trujillo ordered all soldiers to use mountain knives instead of rifles. From the night of 19371October 2 to1October 8, the multinational forces stopped all the dark-skinned people they saw in Dominica, and showed that French-speaking Haitians could not pronounce the name of Spanish parsley correctly (many people called perejil, Haitians called pèsi), as long as they were found to have been murdered on the spot. A few years later, Dominica agreed to pay Haiti $750,000 for this incident, but the actual compensation amount was $525,000. It was originally planned that the families of the victims should pay 30 dollars each, but due to the serious corruption of the Haitian government, the actual amount received by the families of the victims was only 0.02 dollars.

After trujillo came to power, his government has always been supported by the Vatican and most Dominican upper classes, although cruel measures to suppress the people have continued. The U.S. government is well aware of the extremely cruel behavior of trujillo dictatorship, but because of the cold war and the rise of Cuba's production regime, the United States needs trujillo's support, and the United States has not interfered in trujillo's administration. However, after trujillo tried to send someone to murder the then Venezuelan President romulo Betancourt in 1960, the US government began to break with the trujillo regime, and trujillo himself was murdered in the capital Santo Domingo on May 30, 196 1 under the planning of the CIA.

Balaguer Times (1966- 1996)

Juan Bosch, a Dominican leftist politician, was elected president in February 1963 after democratic elections, but was overthrown in September of the same year. For the next seven months, Dominica was ruled by military and political authorities. 1965 In April, people who supported Juan Bosch broke out in the capital Santo Domingo. At that time, US President Zhan Sen was worried that Cuba's Castro Party would interfere with the Dominican regime, making many countries become the second Cuban Party countries. President Zhan Sen sent 42,000 marines to Dominica to stabilize the politics of many countries, and then the Organization of American States sent troops to Dominica under the pressure of the United States. The foreign troops stationed in Dominica did not completely retreat until Joaquin balaguer was elected president in 1966, but the influence of the US government in Dominica was deepening. Balaguer himself is a puppet president controlled by dictator trujillo.

During President balaguer's administration from 65438 to 2002, under the pretext of preventing the Castro Party from infiltrating into the whole country, he adopted a high-handed policy against people of many countries and restricted their personal freedom. The improper economic policies he implemented at that time widened the gap between the rich and the poor. During President balaguer's reign, he also completed a number of people's livelihood and cultural construction. Many national houses, aqueducts, town roads, gymnasiums, museums, art galleries and the famous Columbus Lighthouse in the suburbs of the capital were all completed during the administration of President balaguer.

1978 Antonio guzman Fernandez (Dominican Revolutionary Party PRD) defeated balaguer and was re-elected as his successor. Salvador jorge blanco of the same political party successfully ran for the presidency with 1982. During the eight years since the Dominican Revolutionary Party came to power, the politics of many countries have gradually stabilized, and the government's restrictions on the people have gradually relaxed. Balaguer successfully ran for president again in 1986, and served as president for three consecutive terms in 1990 and 1994. Because balaguer was widely criticized in the presidential election from 65438 to 0994, he finally agreed to re-hold the presidential election from 65438 to 0996 under international pressure and domestic military and political differences.

Democratic period (after 1996)

Leonel Fernández Reyna, a 42-year-old practicing lawyer who grew up in New York State, defeated his opponent guzman Fenandez (Dominican Revolutionary Party PRD) with 1996 in the presidential election. In the first month after the Fenandez administration took office, it forced 12 military generals to retire, then asked the Minister of National Defense to carry out military and political reform, and soon replaced the Minister of National Defense. This is all, which caused people's panic at that time. During his first term, President Fenandez improved Dominica's economic expansion, education development, unemployment rate and environmental sanitation.

The presidential election in 2000 was a contest between hipolito mejia (Dominican Revolutionary Party PRD), Congressman Medina (Dominican Liberal Party PLD) and balaguer who came back to run for public office. In the end, Meguia, who started as a tobacco grower, won the election. After taking office, President Meguia began to cut the government budget and increase the price of private gasoline by 30%, hoping that the extra funds could be used for the national welfare policy. However, in 200 1 year, the 9 1 1 incident in the United States led to a sharp decline in export trade and tourism in many countries without warning. In addition, in 2002, the second largest bank in many countries closed down due to $3.8 billion in bad debts, and President Meguia did not take any rescue measures. As a result, the people's livelihood economy entered a recession, and Bezo in many countries depreciated to 52 pesos, which made the voters who voted for President Meguia stunned. Later, Leonel Fernández Reyna easily defeated his opponent in the 2004 presidential election, and the latest Dominican Freedom Party (PLD) became the largest political party in many countries. In 2008, Reina was re-elected as president.

20 12 in may, the liberator Medina won the general election for a term of 20 16 years.