When was the unequal treaty signed by China in modern times abolished

The Sino-British Commercial Treaty of 1902 and the Sino-US Commercial Treaty of 1903 both stipulate that once the legal system of China is confirmed to be "perfect" through investigation, the two countries will give up their legal privileges in China and at least recognize the restrictions of consular jurisdiction in principle.

1926, ten western countries and Japan formed an "Investigation Jurisdiction Committee" and went to Zhili, Shanxi and Northeast provinces to investigate how the consular jurisdiction system at that time was different from the local legal system and judicial situation in China.

At that time, with the help of rising nationalism, the China government recovered the British concessions in Hankou, Jiujiang, Zhenjiang and Xiamen, the Belgian concession in Tianjin and the British concession in Ahava. Sign new tariff agreements with major western countries and Japan, recover tariff autonomy, and declare that consular jurisdiction will be abolished in principle. All these have created conditions for the comprehensive abolition of the contract.

1928, China signed a new covenant with Belgium, Italy, Denmark and Portugal, which stipulated in principle the abolition of consular jurisdiction, but it was not put into practice before. In addition, 1929, after the Mexican revolution, the left-wing party, the Revolutionary Institutional Party, sympathized with China's nationalist revolution and announced that it would give up its consular jurisdiction in China.

193 1 After the September 18th Incident, according to the official statement of the Kuomintang, "on the one hand, China resorted to justice and tried to negotiate with other countries, while at the same time burying its head in building and cultivating its national strength, so the movement to abolish the unequal treaties had to be suspended temporarily." However, after the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression on July 7th, China's courage and sacrifice in resisting aggression alone won the sympathy, admiration and respect of the international community.

194 1 year, American secretary of state hull exchanged letters with China's foreign minister Guo taiqi, saying that after China's peaceful recovery, it would negotiate with China to abolish the unequal treaties. In the same year, Britain also issued the same statement.

After the outbreak of the Soviet-German War, in August of 194 1, American President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill jointly issued the Atlantic Charter. Although it was mainly aimed at the expansion of fascism, it proposed to respect the territorial sovereignty of all countries, which provided more favorable international conditions for China's campaign to abolish the treaty. Britain and the United States consider taking the initiative to abolish the treaty in advance.

194 1 The Pacific War broke out in, and the battlefield in China officially became an important part of the international anti-fascist battlefield. China became the main ally of western democratic countries, and its international status was unprecedentedly improved. Unequal relations in the past simply can't reflect reality. In fact, the Anti-Japanese War also made many provisions of the unequal treaties empty words, such as the restrictions on the movement of China's army in its own territory.

From 1940, British and American leaders indicated that they would abolish the unequal treaty with China after the peaceful restoration. 1On New Year's Day in 942, 26 anti-fascist countries issued a joint declaration in Washington, agreeing unanimously on the principles of the Atlantic Charter.

Two days later, Chiang Kai-shek was appointed Commander-in-Chief of Allied China Theater (including Indian zhina). The unequal treaty signed by the great powers and China has lost its theoretical and practical basis. In this case, China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stepped up consultations with Britain and the United States on the issue of abolition.

Since the summer of 1942, the diplomatic departments of the United States and Britain have frequently exchanged views on the issue of giving up their privileges in China and reached an understanding of simultaneous negotiation and settlement as soon as possible.

1942, 10 At the beginning of this year, Chiang Kai-shek wanted to formally negotiate with the American government on the abolition of the treaty, and soon got a response from the United States, expressing his willingness to voluntarily give up the unequal treaty, sign a new treaty with China, and establish new state relations in law. At the same time, the British government also issued the same statement. The issue of abolishing unequal treaties has made a rapid breakthrough in just a few days.

On the morning of October 9th, 65438/KLOC-0, China's Ambassador to the United States Wei Daoming went to the State Council, USA. U.S. Deputy Secretary of State Wells read out the manuscript of canceling consular jurisdiction in China and handed it to Wei.

On the second day, at the Double Tenth Festival celebration held in Fuerqi Spiritual Fortress Square, China, Chiang Kai-shek officially announced that Britain and the United States voluntarily gave up the privileges gained in China through unequal treaties, warning "compatriots all over the country, especially self-reliance should be encouraged from today".

On the same day, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States delivered a congratulatory speech to the National Day of the Republic of China in Philadelphia Independence Hall, which has an important position in the history of American independence, and rang the famous Independence Bell 3 1 time to celebrate. Every newspaper in Chongqing has added a number for this. Chiang Kai-shek called Roosevelt and Churchill the next day to thank the two governments for voluntarily giving up their privileges in China.

Since then, the diplomatic departments of China, the United States and Britain have started negotiations on signing the New Testament, and signed the New Testament in Washington and Chongqing at the same time in1942+02+1,announcing the establishment of state relations on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.

At that time, in addition to the United States and Britain, Japan, Italy and other countries were at war with China, and the past national treaties automatically became invalid; China has maintained diplomatic relations with the French puppet Vichy government for quite some time. One of the main considerations is to take care of overseas Chinese in zhina under Vichy French rule.

Later, after the situation in Southeast Asia changed, China turned to establish diplomatic relations with Charles de Gaulle's government in exile, that is, to negotiate the abolition of unequal treaties, but the New Testament was formally signed in 1946.

Generally speaking, as long as the United States and Britain abolished the unequal treaties at that time, this historical problem would be solved. Other western countries, which had promised to give up their privileges in China, signed similar New Testaments with the China government after Britain, the United States and China signed the New Testament.

China's negotiations with Britain and the United States to abrogate treaties and sign new covenants were conducted under the direct guidance of the top leaders of China, Britain and the United States. Needless to say, China, Britain and the United States, Roosevelt and Churchill cooperated very well to push the negotiations to be completed quickly in a short time. During this period, the British seem to have taken more pains in the choice of ways and opportunities, which shows the proficiency and foresight of the old colonial countries in dealing with such problems.

Extended data:

The unequal treaties are the political symbol and legal basis of China's semi-colonization. They mainly refer to the unilateral privileges enjoyed by foreign political and military institutions and foreign citizens in China. Its essence is to extend the scope of its sovereignty to the territory of China, and the direct consequence is the overall damage to China's territorial sovereignty. The content of this privilege is very extensive, including almost all aspects of politics, economy, law and culture in Sino-foreign relations at that time.

Not counting the one-time compensation for land cession, there are countless long-term and effective privileges: consular jurisdiction, customs agreement, concession, land lease, sphere of influence, most-favored-nation treatment, the right to station foreign troops, the right to drive and park foreign warships, the right to customs and tax administration, the right to navigate inland rivers, the right to appoint foreign employees, the right to set up factories and manufacture, and the right to foreign pilots.

Some unequal treaties were concluded to solve disputes, conflicts and even wars between China and foreign countries, some were concluded on a specific bilateral relationship, and some were concluded when the two countries established diplomatic relations, which is equivalent to today's diplomatic relations and friendly treaties. Generally speaking, these unequal treaties with China stipulate in principle that the relationship between China and the international community is unequal.

Baidu Encyclopedia-the course of China's abolition of unequal treaties