How did sixteen countries move towards reunification?

The ancient history of China was dominated by the Han nationality for a long time, and the Yuan and Qing Dynasties were founded by ethnic minorities. Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420)

The north is also divided into "sixteen countries" (sixteen countries are mostly ethnic minority regimes). During this period, ethnic minorities took turns to take power, which is very interesting.

First, the "Five Lakes" moved inward and the sixteen-country regime.

During the Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains suffered from frost and drought year after year, the northern nationalities were hungry and cold, and a large number of refugees moved southward. For nomadic people living in the north, they are also caught in the dilemma of lack of pasture and livestock. To plunder materials in the south has become an inevitable choice for northern nomads to solve their survival dilemma.

When Liu Yuan, a Hun, led his people south, he found that the population in the Central Plains was so sparse and the materials were so scarce. What surprised him even more was that the Central Plains regime was so accommodating that it gave up a big city.

In the first year of Yong 'an in the Western Jin Dynasty (304), Liu Yuan successfully established Zhao Qian in Zuoguocheng (now lishi district, Lvliang City, Shanxi Province). In the same year, Li Xiong, who surrendered to the Western Jin Dynasty, became king in Chengdu and established the Han Dynasty.

Sixteen countries, which moved its big millstone.

Second, the Sixteenth National Congress and the unification of the North.

In the fourth year of the Western Jin Dynasty (3 16), Di Chin and Chen surrendered in Chang 'an, and the Western Jin Dynasty officially perished. The old clan in the Western Jin Dynasty quickly went south to rebuild the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Large areas of land in the north were directly incorporated into the pockets of Han and former Zhao. However, once Zhao and Cheng Han soon became passers-by.

After Liu Yuan, the former Zhao only experienced Liu Cong's generation. In the first year of Taixing in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (3 18), Liu Cong died of illness, and the former Zhao was divided into two. The western half is still the former Zhao, and Liu Yuan's second son Liu Yao succeeded to the throne. The eastern half was established by Jie people in the post-Zhao period.

In the fourth year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (329), Schleswig conquered the former Zhao. The following year, the "king" was changed to "emperor". After Schleswig's death, nephew Shi Hu quickly usurped the throne. After more than ten years of turmoil, Shi Hu lit the fire of the demise of the post-Zhao Dynasty. After the fierce slaughter of your heirs, Shi Hu's adopted grandson Ran Min finally won and changed his country name to "Wei", namely. Shi Hu's own son, Zuo Shi, set up his own home elsewhere, ready to fight Ran Min. In the seventh year of Yonghe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (35 1), Shishou was killed by his subordinates, and the post-Zhao officially perished. As for Wei Ran, he was wiped out by Yan Qian, which rose in the northeast in the second year.

In the eighth year of Yonghe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (352), Yan Qian was established by Murong Miao, a Xianbei man. After defeating Ran Min, the eastern part of post-Zhao basically became Yan Qian's sphere of influence. The western part of the post-Zhao Dynasty became the sphere of influence of Di people who got rid of the post-Zhao regime, that is, the ruling area of the former Qin Dynasty.

Fates are surprisingly similar. A conflict broke out between the former Qin of Zhao after the partition and the former Yan destroyed by the former Qin in the fifth year of Taihe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (370).

In the first year of Yonghe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (345), Zhang Jun, a Han Chinese, became king in Liangzhou and formally established Liang Qian. Although Liang Qian had a great political and artistic influence on the later Northern Zhou and Northern Wei Dynasties, it was destroyed by the former Qin Dynasty in the first year of Taiyuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (376). In the same year, a generation of countries was established by Xianbei people.

With the collapse of these two regimes, North Korea ushered in reunification for the first time after 50 years of turmoil.

In the eighth year of Taiyuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (383), the former Qin army even sent troops south to unify China. The Battle of Feishui, in which the former Qin Dynasty was defeated by the Eastern Jin Dynasty, became a turning point for other ethnic minorities in the north. In the same year, Xianbei people established the Northern Wei Dynasty on the basis of replacing the country. The following year, Xianbei people established Houyan and Qiang people established Houqin. Another year passed, Xianbei people established Xiyan and Xiqin, and Jane people established Hou Liang ... In the eighteenth year of Taiyuan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (394), the former Qin was completely defeated by the later Qin, and Xiyan was annexed by the later Yan.

After a short period of reunification, separatist regime and attack and cutting once again became the basic state of the north. In the first year of Long 'an in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (397), Houyan was divided into two by the Northern Wei Dynasty. Part of it was occupied by the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the other part later became the sphere of influence of Southern Yan established by Murong De, a Xianbei people. In the same year, Hou Liang split into North Beam and then South Beam.

Although there were many new regimes, Southern Yan was conquered by the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Yixi for six years (465,438+00), by the later Qin Dynasty in Yuanxing for two years (403), by the Northern Wei Dynasty in Taiyan for five years (439) and by the Western Qin Dynasty in Yixi for ten years (465,438+04).

In the third year of Yixi (407), Helian Bobo, a Hun, split from the Qin Dynasty and established the Xia regime. Although it not only destroyed Nanliang, but also captured Western Qin in the fourth year of Northern Wei Dynasty (43 1), it was overthrown by Northern Wei Dynasty in the same year.

After more than 60 years of fighting, with the Xia regime and the Beiliang regime falling into the hands of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the North was reunited. It's just that the winner this time is no longer Miao, but Xianbei.

Third, the ambition of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the "curse" of history.

It took 53 years for the Northern Wei Dynasty to unify the North. At that time, the Northern Wei Dynasty also had the ambition to unify the whole country. We are familiar with the sinicization reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty, which has a lot to do with this. But with the development of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was replaced by the newly born Southern Song Dynasty.