Miao and Tujia history

Miao, an ancient nation, is scattered all over the world, mainly in Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Qionglai and other provinces in China, as well as Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and other countries and regions in Southeast Asia.

According to historical documents and oral materials of Miao people, Miao ancestors first lived in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and their ancestors were Chiyou. They moved to Jianghan Plain in the "Three Miao" era, and then gradually moved south and west to the southwest mountainous area and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau due to war and other reasons.

After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, some Miao people migrated to Southeast Asian countries, and in modern times they migrated from these places to Europe and America.

Miao people have their own language, and Miao language belongs to the branch of Miao Yao language family of Sino-Tibetan language family, which is divided into three dialects: Xiangxi, Qiandong and Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan.

Due to the long-term contact between Miao and Han, some Miao people are fluent in and use Chinese.

Miao people's religious beliefs are mainly nature worship and ancestor worship.

In ancient times, Miao people were called "Jingchu", "Man Jing" and "Na Man", and that's it.

After Yu brutally cut down three seedlings, there were no records of three seedlings in the Central Plains literature.

Different appellations of Jingchu,, and Na Man all refer to the * * * status of Miao people. His predecessor was Sanmiao, and the descendants of Sanmiao reappeared in history under the abstract guise of "scenery", "Chu" and "Man".

These appellations confuse the appellations of Miao and other nationalities.

After the Song Dynasty, Miao was separated from some mixed names of "Man" and became a single national name.

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Tujia nationality is a nation with a long history in China, living in Wuling Mountain area adjacent to Hunan, Hubei, Chongqing and Guizhou.

Tujia people call themselves "Bizka".

"Tujia" is the Han nationality's name for "Bizka".

The northern branches of Tujia nationality (Xiangxi, Zhangjiajie, Hubei, Enshi, Wufeng, Changyang, southeastern Chongqing and northeastern Guizhou) call themselves "Bizka, Bigica and Mijika".

Tujia people planted in the south are only distributed in several villages in luxi county, Xiangxi, Hunan.

Claiming to be "Muntz", the southern branch of Tujia language cannot communicate with the northern Tujia language, and now it is only used by more than 900 people in Luxi.

Tujia language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, and some people think it belongs to the Burmese-Yi branch, a very old and unique language in the Tibeto-Burman language family.

Most people speak Chinese, and today only a few inhabited areas still retain Tujia language.

There is no national script, but the Latin script created by 1984 is currently used.

Common Chinese.

Worship ancestors and believe in many gods.

1956 10, the national ethnic affairs commission identified Tujia as a single ethnic group through ethnic identification.

Historically, Tujia ancestors were called "barbarians" or "barbarians".

Before the Song Dynasty, Tujia people living in Wuling area, together with other ethnic minorities, were called "Wu Lingren" or "Wuxi people".

After the Song Dynasty, Tujia people were called "Tu Ding", "Tu Ren", "Tu Min" or "Tu Man" separately.

After the reform, with the increase of Han immigrants, "Tu", "Ke" and "Miao" are often opposed in Wuling area to distinguish Tujia, Han and Miao.

As a clan name, "Tujia" appeared in a late period.

The records of Xianfeng County in the Republic of China stated that "the home of Tusi descendants is Tujia, and the local Han immigrants are Hakka".

The most common surnames of Tujia people are Tian, Xiang, Qin, Peng, Ran, Li, Yang, Liu, Wang, Chen, Zhao and Huang.