Which four rivers did the four canals of water transport in the Northern Song Dynasty refer to? Brief introduction of the four major water transport canals in the Northern Song Dynasty

In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were four rivers in Kaifengfu, Tokyo: Bianhe River, Caihe River (Huimin), Jinshui River and Guangji River (Zhang Wu), which flowed through the urban area to communicate with local water transport, and were collectively called the four major water transport canals.

Bianhe is the Sui Tongji Canal, which was renamed Guangji Canal in the Tang Dynasty, commonly known as Bianhe. Xibiankou starts from Yin He County, Mengzhou (now northeast of Xingyang, Henan Province, so the site has collapsed into the river), leading the Yellow River to flow eastward, passing through Zhengzhou and Zhongmu, and is divided into two branches in the west of Tokyo, which are merged by Xuanze and Lize sluice, and then divided into two branches in the southeast by Jintong and Shangshan sluice. To the south, it also passes through Xiangyi (now Sui County, Henan Province), Ningling (now southeast of Ningling, Henan Province), Song Cheng (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), Xiayi (now Xiayi, Henan Province), Suzhou Yongcheng (now Su County, Anhui Province), Lingbi (now Si County, Anhui Province), Qingyang Town (now Sihong, Jiangsu Province), and southeast to Xuyi County, Sizhou (now in Hongze). The total length is about 600 kilometers. After the late Tang dynasty, the river was blocked and the water transportation was impassable. During Zhou Xiande's years after the Five Dynasties, he dredged and built dikes many times, and opened ships from the border to the Huaihe River. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the southeast had become the richest area in China, and the Bianhe River was the main traffic line to seize the wealth of Jianghuai in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Caihe River was formerly known as the Gorge in the Warring States Period and the Wolf Soup Canal in the Western Han Dynasty. Known as Caishui in Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was the main waterway between north and south, and was abandoned in the late Tang Dynasty. After the Five Dynasties, Zhou Xiande led Bianshui into Cai and dredged it, also known as Minhe River. In the first year of Stegosaurus in Song Taizu (960), a river was dug from Jingshi to Tongxu Town (now Tongxu County), and a bucket gate was set up to save water. The following year, a canal was dug from Xinzheng River (now Shuanghe River) to the northeast, flowing through Weishi West and Zhongmou East, and entered the city at Guangli Watergate in the south wall of Tokyo, which was called Minhe River in history. After entering the city, it connects Caihe River in the east, flows southward, leaves the city from Puji Watergate, flows southward through Tongxu, Fugou, Taikang, Wanqiu (now Huaiyang, Henan) and other places, and flows westward into Shui Ying to Xiangcheng (now Shenqiu, Henan). In the second year of Chunhua, Song Taizong (99 1), a 20-mile-long canal was dug in Changge County, connecting the upper reaches of Weihe River with its south water (now Shuihe) and serving as a part of the water source of Minjiang River. Prior to this, the lower reaches of Guaner and Ershui were diverted to Caihe River through Yanling and Fugou counties. As a result, the amount of water collected from the river increased greatly, and ships came in droves. When the merchants arrived, they all took advantage. The southwest of Kaifeng in the early Song Dynasty was called Minjiang River. In the sixth year of Kaibao (973), Minhe River was changed to Huimin River and Caihe River in the southeast. Later, because Huimin River and Caihe River are actually two sections of the same river, they are sometimes called Huimin River, including Caihe River.

Zhangwuhe River was dug on the basis of Nanji Ancient Road during the Xiande period in the late Five Dynasties. The river flows from the west of Kaifeng to the northeast of Bianshui, passes through Dongming (now northeast of Lankao, Henan Province) and Dingtao (now northwest of Dingtao, Shandong Province), reaches Jeju and Cai Zhen, 60 miles northwest of Juye, and flows out of Liangshanbo along the North Qinghe River (that is, Gujishui River) to connect the muddy water channel. In February of the second year of Song Dynasty, the dredging river from Kaifeng, the capital, reached Cao (now northwest of Heze, Shandong Province), Ji (now south of Juye, Shandong Province), Yun (now Dongping, Shandong Province) and other states, connecting the eastern water transport. In March of the same year, because Zhang Wu took the Bianhe River as the source, sediment was deposited, which was unfavorable for sailing. Therefore, a canal was dug from Xingyang County, and water was taken from Beijing and the Sol River, which flowed through zhongmou county in the east. Named Jinshui River, it is more than a hundred miles long, crossing the Bianhe River in the west of Kaifeng, and setting a Doumen to introduce a moat, which flows into Zhangwu River from Xianfeng Watergate in the west wall of the outer city. Zhang Wuhe entered the city from Yongshun Watergate in the north of Tokyo Outer City and left the city from Li Shan Watergate in the east. In the sixth year of Kaibao, Zhangwuhe was renamed Guangji River.

The above four water transport canals were dredged and excavated in the early Song Dynasty, forming a water transport network centered on Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo. According to the Records of Rivers and Channels in the History of Song Dynasty, there are four canals, namely Huimin Canal, Jinshui Canal, Zhang Wu Canal and Bianshui Canal, which are divided into veins, salty canals and abundant canals, which support the public and the private. However, the main function of Jinshui River is to supply the water source of Guangji River, and also to transport the timber from the west of Beijing into the capital, and there is no formal benefit of water transportation. The other three canals are the lifeblood of Tokyo's economy. Together with the Yellow River, which transports materials from Shaanxi provinces, they are also called the four major rivers of water transport in history.

Bianhe is the most important of the three canals. China Southeast Sixth Road (Huainan Road, Jiangnan East-West Road, Jinghu South Road, Jinghu North Road, Liangzhu Road) The most prosperous department stores in Cao Liang are all transported to the capital through this canal. It is said that Cao Liang attracts rivers and lakes and benefits from the South China Sea. It is the department store of Yamazawa. Hundreds of thousands of troops and tens of millions of families inside and outside Kaifeng are supported in this canal. Therefore, the Song Dynasty poet Zhang said: Bian River is the foundation of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and it can never be used to control water in the ditch.

Caohe River mainly transports grain provided by Chen (now Huaiyang, Henan Province), Ying (now Fuyang, Anhui Province), Xu (now Xuchang, Henan Province), Cai (now Runan, Henan Province), Guang (now Huangchuan, Henan Province) and Shou (now Fengtai, Anhui Province), but it is not limited to this area. From Kaifeng, it enters Ying along the south of Caihe River, from Ying into Huaihe River, and reaches the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. From Kaifeng to the southwest, it can be connected with Dengzhou (now Dengxian County, Henan Province) and Xiangyang House (now Xiangfan, Hubei Province) through Ying and Sha, which is another north-south waterway after Bianhe River.

Guangji River mainly transports grain and other materials provided by JD.COM Road. In the first year of Gande (963), the Heshui River east of Dingtao was diverted (roughly equivalent to the direction of Wanfu River today) and flowed eastward into Surabaya (also known as Nanqinghe River), leading to Tongjiang and Hucao Road. Dingtao's economic position along the line is becoming more and more important. From the first year of Gande (963) to the first year of Kaibao, it was promoted to the transshipment department, which made the country peaceful and prosperous.

In the second year (977), Guangji was also promoted to the army, indicating that Guangji River has become a water transportation hub between Kaifengfu and JD.COM Road in Tokyo.

During the treasure opening period in the early Song Dynasty, the rice transported from Huaihe River and Caihe River to Tokyo, the capital, was only a few hundred thousand stones a year. At the beginning of Taiping and rejuvenating the country, Zhejiang and Zhejiang joined, and the grain transportation increased to 4 million stones. In six years, the Bianhe River transported three million mangokus and one million mangokus in the Jianghuai area. Yellow River millet is 500,000 mangoku, which is 300,000 mangoku; Huimin River has a drop of four hundred thousand stones and a stone of two hundred thousand stones; Guangji river millet120000 stone. Every 5.5 million stones. In the early days of Taoism, the rice transported by Bianhe increased to 5.8 million stones. When Dazhong is lucky, it is as high as seven million mangokus. In Jingdezhen for four years (1007), six million stones were supplied to Bianhe River, six hundred thousand stones to Guangji River and six hundred thousand stones to Huimin River every year. The120000 stone transported by Guangji River is a variegated bean, which can only be used as horse feed. The 250,000 stones transported by Huimin River will be sent to grain depots in Taikang, Xianping (now Tongxu) and Weishi counties. Monochrome japonica rice and wheat transported by Bianhe River are the main sources of grain storage in Taicang.