Sino-Russian Relations (1) History of Heilongjiang Province

Heilongjiang Province, referred to as "Hei" for short, is a provincial administrative region of People's Republic of China (PRC), with Harbin as its capital. Heilongjiang Province is located in the northeast of China, facing Russia across the river in the north and east, and is the northernmost and easternmost provincial administrative region in China.

In the pre-Qin period, some ancestors of Su Shen, Donghu, Lu 'an, Han and other ethnic groups had settled in Heilongjiang.

In the early Tang Dynasty, it was under the jurisdiction of Anton Khufu. In the first year of the Tang Dynasty (698), Hou Ji leader Da Luorong established the Bohai Kingdom. In its heyday, it governed 62 states in 56438+05 prefecture, spanning the east and south of Heilongjiang Province.

The Liao Dynasty was under the jurisdiction of Tokyo Road.

In the Jin Dynasty, Akuta, Jin Taizu, made its capital Huining County (now Acheng) until the first year of Zhenyuan, the king of Hailing (1 153). Jinshi is under the jurisdiction of Shangjing Road.

Kaiyuan Road and Shuida Road were set up in Yuan Dynasty, which were subordinate to Liaoyang and other places.

In the Ming Dynasty, the Nuer disciples and the Indian army were established and stationed in Nuer Gancheng (now the right bank of the lower reaches of Heilongjiang).

In Nuergandus area, a tribe usually set up a nominal garrison, which is very different from the regular garrison as the pillar of the Ming military system (such as the garrison in Dushi area of Liaodong). This kind of rule still belongs to the traditional "captive rule", and the court is only satisfied with the obedience of the local people. The Nur Padawan who controlled the Heilongjiang River Basin and Sakhalin Island only lasted for 25 years.

It seems that Heilongjiang has been ruled by the Central Plains dynasty, but in fact no emperor will send troops to station it.

Due to the cold climate in Heilongjiang, a large area of virgin forest, swamp, frozen soil and frost period lasting more than half a year are almost forbidden areas for ancient people with low productivity. Before cotton was widely planted, there was a lack of cheap warm clothes and crops suitable for planting in cold areas. Therefore, the Han people, who are famous for their farming civilization, do not want to live in the world of ice and snow, but have been living among ethnic minorities. They mainly rely on fishing and hunting to make a living.

Even if the central plains dynasty occupied this area, it was necessary to transport grain from the central plains when sending troops. The final result of this long transportation line is that the Sanjiang Valley will become a bottomless pit of the Central Plains Dynasty, which will eventually bring down the financial resources of the Central Plains Dynasty.

Until the Qing dynasty, Manchu rose in the northeast and unified the tribes. After the Qing army defeated the Ming dynasty, most people in the northeast followed. At this time, the northeast is vast and sparsely populated.

The emperor shunzhi also realized that the land of Longxing in Northeast China was a bit too cold, so he encouraged people to make a living in Northeast China.

However, by the time of Kangxi, the northeast was gradually banned, because Emperor Kangxi was afraid of going to too many civilians, which affected this treasure land in the northeast.

Although it is explicitly prohibited, there are not a few civilians who have gone private. Especially when there was famine in North China, people fled to Northeast China to make a living.

By the end of the Qing dynasty, the Qing government realized the emptiness in the northeast and gave Russia an opportunity, so it actively planned the immigration reclamation plan.