Zhongning immigrants new village

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (hereinafter referred to as Ningxia) on the map of China is half-embraced by the long and narrow Gansu Province, celebrating with Shaanxi, and visiting the vast Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Here, the mountains are continuous, extending a unique grand perspective.

Rivers rush and lakes surround each other, forming a different chapter. The Great Wall stretches, and the solitary smoke in the desert is just an ordinary sight. Populus euphratica stands tall, green and shining with moving scenery.

How can this narrow land embrace mountains, rivers, wetlands and deserts? Why did you write the legend of "half Jiangnan, half desert"? Become a place where agriculture and animal husbandry compete? Before explaining all this, we need to clarify another question.

1. How small is Ningxia?

If you don't know how small Ningxia is, you won't realize how incredible Ningxia is. It is half Jiangnan and half desert, including mountains, basins, plains, terraces, canyons, wetlands, loess hills, deserts and plateaus.

"If you drive, you can turn Ningxia all over in one day. -Dan Zhiqiang, Executive Editor of China National Geographic Magazine "Besides Hainan and Taiwan Province Province, there are two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macao. Among the 34 provincial administrative regions of Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai, Ningxia is the smallest.

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, which accounts for about three quarters of Chongqing municipality, is about 450 kilometers long from north to south and 250 kilometers long from east to west. The east-west direction does not span three longitudes and the north-south direction extends over four latitudes. No wonder Shan Zhiqiang used the word "pocket" to describe it.

Although Yinchuan, the capital of Ningxia, is small in area, it is located in the tentacles extending northward and surrounded by Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region on three sides. For the residents of Wuhai City, Alashan Zuo Qi and Otog Qianqi, compared with Hohhot, the capital of Inner Mongolia in the northeast, Yinchuan is the nearest provincial capital for them to choose "a higher level of work, medical care, study and consumption".

If you look down from the plane, it is no exaggeration to say that clusters of full of green near Yinchuan are gems dotted in the vast desert. For residents living in the surrounding dark land, the oasis Yinchuan obviously means more possibilities and makes them yearn for it.

Then why can the southern part of Saibei, represented by Yinchuan, appear in the vast desert?

2. Yellow River! Yellow River!

"The Yellow River is harmful and not beneficial." In the Yellow River Museum in Zhengzhou, except Ningxia, which has formed a historical water culture area and the earliest agricultural intensive cultivated land area, the remaining 5,400 kilometers of the Yellow River are full of disasters.

The Loess Plateau with Liupanshan as the barrier is located in the southwest of Ningxia, and the Ningxia Plain with Helan Mountain as its back is in the north. The turbulent mother river is between two mountains. After jumping out of Heishan Gorge, it changed the rapidity of the past, flowed gently in Zhongning Plain, and then entered Yinchuan Plain through Qingtongxia to irrigate the surrounding fertile land, creating a land of abundance with thousands of miles of fertile land.

Ningxia Plain, as the main agricultural area in the Yellow River Basin, is basically formed by loess erosion and redeposition in the southern part of the Loess Plateau. Monsoon swept across the vast plains and climbed over the gully-crisscrossed Loess Plateau. When we arrived in Ningxia, it was already very weak and brought little precipitation.

Although the climate is dry, the irrigation and nourishment of the Yellow River water has brought endless opportunities to Ningxia. The "Qinqu" excavated in the Qin Dynasty experienced continuous excavation from generation to generation, which created the Yellow River civilization in Ningxia Plain and formed and bred the famous "Jiangnan beyond the Great Wall".

Ningxia, which is suitable for agriculture and animal husbandry, has aroused the yearning of various ministries and commissions for fertile aquatic plants, but it has also brought war.

Blowing the horn, the horses neighing, the long river setting sun, the lonely desert smoke, while the war is staged, the high walls are tired and the Great Wall rises from the ground. Its quantity and significance even made Ningxia known as "China Great Wall Museum" in later generations.

The competition for water and soil between nomadic tribes and farming nations makes the ancient Great Wall of Ningxia almost coincide with the annual precipitation line.

In order to maintain farming civilization, Qin Changcheng was originally built on the annual precipitation line of 400 mm. With the prosperity of national strength, Qin has repeatedly gained the upper hand in the competition with nomadic people in the north, and the Great Wall has also moved to a place that almost coincides with the annual precipitation line of 200 mm. Before the competition between Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Xiongnu, the Great Wall crossed the Yellow River and reached the foot of Helan Mountain.

Since then, the history of the Great Wall from north to south has basically ended, and the Ming Great Wall even retreated to the east of the Yellow River.

The advance and retreat of the Great Wall is a very intuitive expression of the struggle between agriculture and animal husbandry on this fertile soil. In addition, the migration of Ningxia central city from south (Guyuan) to north (Yinchuan) also provides a powerful explanation for the fierce competition in agriculture and animal husbandry.

3. Agricultural civilization shines brilliantly.

In order to resist the Huns, Liu Che visited Anding County six times, which is now Guyuan.

It is surrounded by mountains (Liupan Mountain) and water (Qingshui River), and the mountains are gloomy. The Qingshui River in the south of the city is connected with the water mirror, and the Qingshui River in the north is in harmony with the Yellow River. At that time, it was "the four strategic frontiers of the Han Dynasty-Xiaoguan". As the throat of Xiongnu going south to Guanzhong, it is the most important military barrier in the northwest frontier defense of Chang 'an, the capital of Han Dynasty. It's only 400 miles from Chang 'an, and you can reach the capital in one day by light ride.

Xiaoguan, surrounded by Liupan Mountain, Helan Mountain, Qingshui River and Yellow River, is also the best area for agriculture and animal husbandry. There are "thousands of horses, twice as many cows and ten thousand sheep" and "ten thousand valleys" in animal husbandry. This is not only a natural granary, but also a blessed place for raising military horses. This is a rich country, Qiang Bing; Lost, fertile Huns.

Although Xiao Guan was the main road and barrier to rule the north in Qin and Han Dynasties, it was not an absolute boundary before Qin Dynasty. Qin Changcheng in the Warring States Period, north of Guyuan, is not a boundary pillar between Qin and northern minorities.

From Xi 'an to Guyuan and then to Hexi, the Silk Road skillfully passes through mountains and deserts, and flows between the cracks of the Yellow River, making full use of all possibilities provided by nature. It is almost a straight line from the capital Chang 'an to the important town Wuwei, greatly shortening the travel time between business trips.

Business travel communication has brought about the intersection, integration and spread of multi-cultures, and Buddhism has also entered Ningnan along the Silk Road.

Xumishan Grottoes were built in the Taihe period of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (477-499 AD), and were built on a large scale in the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and were renovated in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. With the help of mysterious Buddhist culture, incense flourished for more than 1500 years and became the largest Buddhist temple in Guyuan.

Guyuan, which is controlled by Wuyuan in the left and Huilan in the right, is surrounded by the Yellow River in the north and separated by Kongtong in the south, is not only the birthplace of Yu Wentai, the ancestor of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, but also an economic and military base valued by successive dynasties.

The powerful national strength of the Tang Dynasty and the northward movement of national boundaries turned Guyuan from a border with frequent disturbances into a stable and peaceful hinterland, with the largest horse breeding center in the Tang Dynasty. At the peak, 330,000 dynasty horses were raised.

"In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, colorful feathers played, and Yu Yang encouraged them. -"chinese national geography" author Yang

The Anshi Rebellion broke the dream of a blissful feast in the Tang Dynasty. In order to resist An Lushan from the east, the nationalist army was prevented from being urgently transferred. Tubo took advantage of the situation, occupied southern Ningxia, destroyed Guyuan and abandoned the city.

Guo Ziyi, afraid of alien disturbance, suggested that Tang Daizong move the Tuoba Chaoguang Department of Gyeongju to the north of Yinzhou and the east of Zhou Xia (about the southeast of Ordos), which was the "summer" haunt of Hunhe Lianbo in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and was called Xia Ping.

Tangut Qiang, who had a "feud" with Tubo and later surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, began to step onto the stage of Ningxia and even China, and the climax of agricultural civilization and nomadic civilization competing for Ningxia was also brewing in secret.

4. Wonderful moments under nomadic rule

Dangxiang Qiang, led by Tuoba, lives in the northwest. During the chaos in the late Tang Dynasty, he helped "recover" Chang 'an and was given the imperial surname "Li". The Tangut Qiang armed forces also have the reputation of "difficult army". It was from this time that all the areas south of Ordos fell into the hands of Tuoba.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in the Central Plains, the regime changed rapidly. The Tuoba family sized up the situation and bowed to every emperor in the Central Plains in exchange for stable rule and a large number of "rewards" to appease him. After more than 200 years of operation, he has a natural granary and a large pasture. Trees attract the wind and are suitable for farming and animal husbandry. The stable and prosperous Xia Ping soon frightened the Song Dynasty.

Ningxia, which is suitable for farming and grazing, has once again become the frontier of agricultural civilization and nomadic tribes.

In 1982, the seventh year of Taiping's rejuvenation of the country, I originally planned to take Li's relatives to Beijing to eradicate this powerful force occupying the northwest. Only to let a young man named Li slip through the net. Through marriage, Li quickly made a comeback, occupied Yinzhou, broke through Huizhou, fell out with Song, surrendered to Liao, and was named "Xia Wang" by the Qidan people.

Since then, Xia Wang and his descendants have waged fierce confrontation with the Song Dynasty, and the Li family has emerged in large numbers. 1038, Li Yuanhao proclaimed himself emperor, with Xingqing House as its capital, which is now Yinchuan. Because it is located in the northwest, the Song people called it Xixia.

Although Dangxiang Qiang is a nomadic people, he attaches importance to agricultural development, makes good use of the Yellow River and builds irrigation canals. Ningxia was once "stingy with grain, especially rice and wheat".

Under the management of 10 emperors, Xixia confronted the Northern Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty successively, and confronted the Southern Song Dynasty and Jincheng for 189 years. The end of her fate is as devastating as its rise.

Meng Bing's fighters broke through the walls of Xixia. According to Genghis Khan's last words when he died in Liupanshan, Zhongxing House was "completely slaughtered", palaces and cemeteries were set on fire, "thousands of miles into the light" and "the city was empty". Today's Xixia Mausoleum, only bare fragments stand in the wilderness.

Frequent wars have also broken the prosperity of Ningxia in the farming-pastoral ecotone, but this does not affect her being valued and favored by the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty by virtue of her unique geographical advantages.

In A.D. 1268, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu issued an imperial edict: the refugees who fled Xixia returned to their original places, and set up Xixia Huimin Bureau to receive resettlement and organize reclamation. According to the Records of the History of the Yuan Dynasty, in September of the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1272), Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu "levied the Hui army in the west". Two years later, he ordered "exploring the Red Army, making people everywhere". According to the regulations, they "get ready to fight when they get on the horse, and gather to graze when they get off the horse." A considerable number of Mongolian troops stationed in Ningxia in Yuan Dynasty believed in Islam and became one of the ethnic sources of Hui people in Ningxia.

In the following hundreds of years, the Hui nationality gradually formed the distribution characteristics of "large dispersion and small concentration" throughout the country, of which about 1/5 lived in Ningxia. 1958101On October 25th, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was established and became one of the five major minority autonomous regions in China.

Ningxia can accommodate all the people in the world.

In the early years of the Ming Dynasty (1372), in order to avoid being harassed by the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming government moved all the residents of Ningxia to Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province, and then moved back to their original places, including a large number of Jiangnan people.

Feng Yi came to the fortress. Of course, this is not the first time that Ningxia has opened its arms to Jiangnan people. As early as the Northern Zhou Dynasty, 20,000 Jiangnan households moved here. Prior to this, most of the people who moved into Ningxia on a large scale were nomadic people in the north.

The invasion of the remnants of the Yuan army led to the construction of the Great Wall of Wan Li in the Ming Dynasty, starting from Liaodong Pass in the east and Jiayuguan in Gansu in the west. Ningxia, a battleground for agriculture and animal husbandry since ancient times, naturally became the main battlefield for the Ming Dynasty to resist the southward migration of Mongolian troops. Most of the officers stationed in the garrison are from Anhui, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and the junior officers speak Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu and Henan accents.

It was not until the Qing Dynasty established a stable alliance with Mongolian nobles that the history of large-scale military reclamation immigrants in Yinchuan Plain came to an end. However, in the early days of the founding of New China and before the establishment of the autonomous region, in order to develop Ningxia, the state mobilized the People's Liberation Army to be demobilized on the spot, and sent a large number of cadres and workers here in a planned and organized way.

Half south of the Yangtze River, half desert north, blooms in another form on the land of Ningxia. You have me and I have you. "Shanghai New Village" is located in the southwest corner of the old city of Yinchuan, which is a community of Shanghai immigrants. Cheongsam shop, hangzhou dishes, country folk bar, old people who speak Shanghainese suddenly make people think that they are in the old town of Zhabei, Shanghai.

The characteristics of north-south integration are also reflected in kinship terms. Not long ago, the debate about "grandma" and "grandma" on the Internet hardly caused people in Ningxia to sing. After all, "grandma", "grandma", "grandma" and "grandma" may all refer to "grandma" here.

In Yinchuan's broadcast, the local people have long been accustomed to the combination of Mandarin with Shanghai accent and Mandarin with Yinchuan flavor.

6. Jiangnan desert, * * * plastic Ningxia

Ningxia, which is "half Jiangnan and half desert", has never been divided. It is often an oasis in the desert, which is born in harmony with the south of the Saibei River.

Here, there are combinations of waste and green everywhere. The grass lattice of "people enter the sand and retreat" has built a refreshing oasis along the highway in Shapotou.

The primitive and desolate western cinema in the desert has created an immortal legend of screen film and television. Husha Lake, a "pearl on the plug", combines the beauty of the south of the Yangtze River with the grandeur of the Great Wall, and writes a different legend. Under the yellow-brown rocks of Helan Mountain, the generous and magnificent Yinchuan Han Meilin Art Museum stands tall.

All these, * * * wrote a legend belonging to Ningxia-although Jiazi was in the prime of life.

References:

1. The Color Hui History by Ding Kejia

2. Dan Zhiqiang's "Ningxia, Rushing out of the Great Wall, Rushing out of the Broad World"

3. Yimei Xixia, a dynasty with no official history.

4. Liu Zichao's "Yinchuan has a world"

5. Xue Zhengchang's Yellow River culture and Ningxia agricultural civilization.

6. Yang's "Ningxia Grottoes" and "War and Peace" are engraved on the mountain.