Information on the Middle East war (not too much, you can cut and copy!!)

I have copied the main information about the war in the Middle East for you:

The Middle East is the customary name used by Western countries for Eastern countries such as Egypt in West Asia and North Africa that are closer to Europe.

"Middle East War", this is the longest war after World War II. Arab countries refer to countries where the Arab ethnic group makes up the majority, mainly distributed in the Middle East in Asia and northern Africa. Israel is a country founded mainly by Jews.

The Arab world and Israel have a long history of disputes. Both Arabs and Jews are descendants of the ancient Semites. Historically, both the Arab and Jewish nations have established countries in Palestine (located between the Mediterranean Sea, the Dead Sea, and the Jordan River). For thousands of years, Palestine has been inhabited by Palestinian Arabs until now. During this period, they fought against the Crusaders and other invaders and made a lot of sacrifices. The earliest inhabitants of this place were not Canaanites, but Ph?nestines, who were earlier than the Canaanites. In the 30th century BC, the Canaanites who originally lived in the Arabian Peninsula moved to the coastal and plain areas of Palestine to settle. In the 13th century BC, the Hebrews, the ancestors of the Jews, conquered the Canaanites and established the Hebrew Kingdom in Palestine. Since then, Palestine has been conquered by foreign nations such as the Persian Empire, Greece, Rome and Turkey, and the Jews have been forced to live all over the world. After three major uprisings and three massacres, more than 1.5 million Jews died, and almost all survivors fled and were expelled from Palestine, thus ending the history of the existence of the Jewish nation in Palestine. Until the beginning of the 20th century, Jews had basically no political or economic ties with Palestine.

Historically, the Arabs and the Jews have many similarities: they are both good at navigation and business. Therefore, there is not much difference between the two nations in terms of physical fitness and intelligence. The Arabs are a martial nation, and their army has strong combat effectiveness. The Arabs have always been fighting in the north and south, and military talents like Nur al-Din and Saladin emerged in large numbers. In contrast, the combat effectiveness, combat experience, and combat quality of the Jewish nation, which has been wandering abroad, cannot be compared with that of the Arab armies. The reason why Israel was able to survive the siege of the powerful Arabs was that, in addition to the strong assistance from the United States and Western powers, its own sense of urgency also forced the Jews to work hard to develop defense technology and seek foreign aid. Because the Jews regard themselves as a special nation whose survival is always threatened, the Israel Defense Forces has now become an important armed force in the Middle East and has the ability to partially compete with Arab countries. In addition, Jews lived in cities and engaged in business, amassing a large amount of wealth. Jews have firm religious beliefs, and the more they wander, the more religious they become. Today, Jewish Orthodoxy is still one of the most conservative religions in the world. [8]?

In 1881, Russian Czar Alexander II was assassinated. The Russians were angry and massacred the Jews. At the end of the 19th century, a large number of Jews began to immigrate to Palestine. This was the first large-scale immigration of Jews to Palestine. In 1897, the First World Jewish Congress was held in Basel, Switzerland. Herzl, Theodor was elected as the chairman and began to engage in Zionism (also known as Zionism; Zionism) and prepare for the restoration of Zionism. The country was founded in Palestine, the homeland of the Jews. When the First World War broke out, British Foreign Minister James Balfour issued the "Balfour Declaration" in 1917: "The British government is happy to see the Jews establish a new state in Palestine and will do everything possible to We strive to help achieve this goal; we understand that this should not affect the civil rights and religious beliefs of non-Jews in Palestine, as well as the rights and political status of Jews in other countries." In supporting the restoration of the Jewish state, because there are millions of Jews in the United States. , US President Wilson expressed support for the "Belfor Declaration". After the war, Britain successfully took over the Ottoman Empire, and a large number of Jews, especially Jews from Eastern Europe, poured into Palestine. When the Nazis persecuted the Jews in the 1930s, immigration surged. The large flow of immigrants had a great impact on the living environment of the local Arabs, and bloody and violent conflicts began between Jews and Arabs. In 1939, Britain restricted the number of Jewish immigrants into Palestine, capping it at 75,000 per year. At this time, the Jews began to engage in terrorist activities, and the British began to want to get rid of this hot potato.

In 1947, the United Nations General Assembly passed the "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181" (33 votes in favor, 13 votes against, 10 abstentions), stipulating the establishment of two independent states, Arab and Israeli, in Palestine. The document stipulates that 57% of the total area of ??Palestine will be allocated to the Jews, who account for 32% of the population (originally only owning 7% of the land). This resolution is very unfair to the Arabs. The Arab countries' votes were only six per ***, and there was no way to save them. The Jews agreed to this resolution and established the State of Israel in 1948. The Arabs opposed the resolution and did not establish an Arab state. As a result, there were 5 Arab-Israeli wars.

However, in fact, the reason why the Jews occupied Palestine is that the Jewish ancestors lived in Palestine, but this is not the reason for the Jews to own Palestine, because they were not the main ethnic group in Palestine thousands of years ago, and the Arabs People have lived in Palestine for thousands of years. The King of Saudi Arabia once said: "We sympathize with the Jews, but when they founded the country, they had to cede territory on our land? Who persecuted the Jews in history? Muslims? Since the Germans killed the Jews, just set aside a piece of land for them in Germany. Why harm the interests of the Palestinian people who have nothing to do with the suffering of the Jews?"

[Edit this paragraph] The First Middle East War

(also known as the "Palestinian War", Israel (called "War of Independence")

The cause of the first Middle East war was that Arab countries were dissatisfied with the United Nations' unequal division of Palestine and the deprivation of the rights of the Palestinian people.

A clear map of the first Middle East war. In the early morning of May 16, 1948, the day after the founding of the state of Israel, the Arab League (seven member states) *** assembled more than 40,000 troops to attack Israel. An attack was launched, and the first Middle East war broke out.

At the beginning of the war, Israel had a total strength of 34,000 troops and 33 aircraft. The Arab countries were in a favorable position. The Israeli army was retreating steadily. The Israeli army resisted desperately south of Tel Aviv to prevent the war situation from worsening. . Due to the short time since the founding of the state of Israel, the functional institutions of the country are not fully functioning normally. In order to buy time, the Israeli Prime Minister urgently sent a message to Israel's representative to the United Nations, Eban, saying: "Israel urgently needs a few weeks to reorganize and equip its army." On May 17, the United States submitted a bill to the United Nations Security Council, manipulating the Security Council to order a ceasefire between the two sides within 36 hours. On June 11, the Arab and Israeli sides agreed to a four-week ceasefire. By this time, the Arab coalition had occupied more than half of Israel's territory.

Israel had just taken a breather and began to vigorously expand its armaments. At this time, Jews from all over the world immediately launched actions to support Israel. The Israeli government officially established a regular Israel Defense Forces (IDF), received new light and heavy weapons donated by Jews from all over the world, imported bombers from the United States and the United Kingdom, and France introduced tanks and obtained a large amount of small arms, field artillery, bombs and explosives from the Czech Republic. On July 9, the Arab coalition launched another attack, thinking that the war would be over within ten days. Unexpectedly, the coalition was passive as soon as the war began. Israel, which was no longer under Wu Xia Amon, seized about 1,000 square kilometers of land in one go. On July 15 , the United Nations Security Council once again ordered both sides to cease fire.

At this time, the Israeli army, which had gained all the military advantages, launched the Battle of Yove, the Battle of Hiram, and the Battle of Khorev in one fell swoop in response to the Egyptian army's weaknesses. On December 23, the main force of Alon's division began to attack from Beersheba in the direction of El-Arish. An Israeli commander and archaeologist discovered an old Roman-era passage leading from Beersheba to Oja. The Egyptian army never expected that Israel had secretly overhauled this old passage into a military road that could pass armored combat vehicles. , along this ancient road to outflank the rear of the Egyptian army. The Egyptian army was shocked, had no resistance, and was completely defeated. The Arab coalition was originally dominated by the Egyptian army. Once the Egyptian army was defeated, the coalition lost its fighting spirit, retreated steadily, and was completely driven out of Palestine.

Egypt signed an armistice agreement on the Greek island of Rhodes on February 24, 1949, in the face of military defeat. According to the agreement, Egypt recognizes that Israel occupies the entire Negev area except the Gaza Strip. The important border town of Oja was demilitarized, and Egypt was not allowed to establish positions within 14 to 17 miles of Oja.

Armistice negotiations between Transjordan and Israel also began in Rhode Island on March 2. On April 3, Israel and Transjordan formally signed an armistice agreement. With an average withdrawal of 2 miles, Israel recognized the annexation of Transjordan with Palestine west of the Jordan River. Through the agreement, Israel controlled the strategic highway across the Carmel Mountains to Esredran and the Galilee Valley, eliminating the Arab military threat to Tel Aviv and the coastal plain east of Hadhra. Iraq refuses to negotiate with Israel but says it abides by the Israel-Jordan agreement. After the Israeli-Jordanian armistice, Iraqi troops withdrew from Palestine.

The armistice agreement between Israel and Lebanon was signed on March 23, 1949. The agreement stipulated that the original border line between Palestine and Lebanon would be used as the dividing line, and both sides would establish a demilitarized zone and the Israeli troops would withdraw. Lebanese village.

Armistice negotiations between Israel and Syria were held at the border on April 12, 1949, and on July 20, the two sides signed an armistice agreement.

At the end of the first Middle East war, Israel narrowly won. 15,000 Arab troops died and about 6,000 Israeli troops died. Israel occupies 80% of the total area of ??Palestine. During this war, 960,000 Palestinians were driven out of their homes and became refugees. [1]

[Edit this paragraph] The Second Middle East War

(also known as the Suez Canal War)

In 1956, due to Egypt’s takeover of the Suez Canal Company Later, Israeli ships were banned from passing through the canal and the Strait of Tiran, and Israel launched a war with Egypt to compete for passage rights.

A clear map of the Second Middle East War In order to control the Strait of Tiran, the British and French troops, the original owners of the Israeli Union Canal, launched an attack on Egypt with the intention of regaining control of the canal. On October 29, an Israeli paratrooper battalion parachuted into the Mitra Pass in the Sinai Peninsula, and ground troops also crossed the border into Sinai to cooperate with the British and French attacks. At that time, Egypt's total military strength was about 150,000, with more than 500 tanks and more than 250 combat aircraft (only more than 100 were operational). Egyptian President Nasser ordered the 30,000 troops stationed in Sinai to withdraw to the canal zone in order to concentrate his forces to defend against the coalition's attack on the canal. The Israeli army dispatched 10 brigades, with armored units taking the lead in the assault, and occupied the Sinai and Gaza areas within 5 days.

On October 31, 1956, the British and French forces dispatched more than 100 ships of various types (including more than 10 aircraft carriers and cruisers). They first attacked the Egyptian sea and air force bases with more than 200 aircraft to gain control of the sea and air. . On November 5, parachutes and helicopter landings were carried out at key points near Port Said and Port Fuad; on November 6, 22,000 landing troops were dispatched to occupy the above-mentioned ports. Egyptian soldiers and civilians rose up to defend Port Said. After the first batch of British and French paratroopers landed, the Egyptian authorities quickly told residents where the enemy troops had landed through broadcasts at important locations. The Egyptian people immediately gathered to help the defenders eliminate the enemies. As a result, the British and French troops were never able to completely occupy Port Said, and the leading troops only entered Kaab, 27 kilometers south of Port Said. The actions of Britain and France were condemned by the international community. After accepting the United Nations ceasefire resolution, they announced a ceasefire on November 6. In December, all British and French troops withdrew from Egypt. In March of the following year, Israeli troops also withdrew from Egypt.

Throughout the course of the war, the British and French bombings of Egypt lasted for 6 days, with more than 40 hours of ground fighting, 300-400 casualties, and the loss of more than 50 aircraft; Israeli casualties were about 1,000. On the Egyptian side, more than 1,000 people died, more than 20,000 were injured, 200 aircraft were lost, and five major cities were severely damaged. 12,000 houses were destroyed by the war.

Although Israel withdrew from Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula in March of the following year (UN troops were stationed in Gaza and the Gulf of Aqaba coast), it obtained navigation rights through the Strait of Tiran. [2]

[Edit this paragraph] The Third Middle East War

(Also known as the June 5th War) Clear Map of the Third Middle East War

Liberation of Palestine After the organization was established, it became a thorn in Israel's side. From May 28 to June 4, 1964, representatives from all walks of life in Palestine, with the support of the Arab League, held the first Palestinian National Congress in the East City of Jerusalem, confirming the formation of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization and establishing the Palestinian Armed Forces "Legal" Tah". Since then, Fatah has continuously attacked Israel in order to establish an independent Palestinian state. This force had begun to take shape before the Six-Day War and posed a threat to Israel.

Therefore, weakening the power of the Arab League, eliminating the Palestine Liberation Organization, and then occupying Palestine have become important reasons for Israel to launch the third Middle East War.

On May 16, 1967, the Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces requested that the United Nations withdraw all troops stationed at observation posts on the Egyptian-Israeli border. Immediately, Egyptian troops moved forward and occupied part of the United Nations observation post. On May 18, 1967, the Egyptian Minister of Foreign Affairs informed all United Nations troop-contributing countries that United Nations troops must leave Egypt and the Gaza Strip immediately. On May 22, 1967, Egypt announced that it would block the Tiran Strait in the Sinai Peninsula from the next day. On May 30, 1967, Jordan and Egypt signed a five-year mutual defense treaty. At this point, the Ethiopian coalition forces had the opportunity to divide Israel into two within half an hour.

The Israeli army attacked first. On June 5, 1967, after leaving 12 fighter planes for local air defense missions, all other Israeli Air Force fighter planes were mobilized to prepare for military strikes against Egypt, Jordan and Syria. Taking advantage of the Egyptian army's lax alertness during breakfast and before officers went to work, the Israeli army concentrated on using 200 aircraft to attack various Egyptian air force bases, destroying most of the Egyptian aircraft on the ground, and then destroyed a large number of Syrian and Jordanian aircraft; and dispatched 22 The brigade carried out multi-directional rapid assaults, occupying the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza within 4 days, then captured the East City of Jerusalem and the West Bank, and captured the Syrian Golan Heights on the 10th. Egypt underestimated the Israeli raid and suffered heavy losses. Jordan, Egypt, and Syria were forced to agree to ceasefires. As a result, Israel expanded its strategic depth by another 65,000 kilometers, and hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs were driven out of their homes by Israel and became refugees.

After the third Middle East War, the confrontation between Afghanistan and Israel continued to develop. In October 1967, an Egyptian naval vessel used a ship-to-ship missile to sink the Israeli destroyer Eilat, setting a record for the first missile to sink a warship. Starting from the second half of 1968, the Egyptian artillery troops carried out large-scale shelling on the Israeli troops on the east bank of the canal, and were moved into small groups to attack Israel. The Israeli army began to carry out retaliatory strategic air strikes on the west bank of the canal, including areas around Cairo, in the second half of 1969. A ceasefire occurred in August 1970. The two years of fighting between Arab and Israeli sides have been called a "war of attrition." Both sides received new weapons and equipment from the Soviet Union and the United States respectively to prepare for the next war. The intensified competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for the Middle East was an important international cause of the Fourth Middle East War.

[3]

[Edit this paragraph] The Fourth Middle East War

(also known as the October War) Clear Map of the Fourth Middle East War

Third After the First World War in the Middle East, Israel occupied the land of Egypt and Syria, drove millions of Palestinian people out of their homes, and occupied large areas of Arab countries. The Arab countries launched this war in order to regain their lost land.

In October 1973, Egypt and Syria went to war against Israel in order to get rid of the "no war, no peace" situation caused by the United States and the Soviet Union. Iraq, Jordan, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Kuwait, Tunisia and the Palestine Liberation Organization all sent troops or aircraft to participate in the combat. Egypt (President Sadat) attempted to regain part of the lost land on the east bank of the canal, creating conditions for subsequent negotiations to regain the Sinai Peninsula. Syria (President Assad) attempts to regain the entire Golan Heights. In order to achieve a sudden attack, Egypt and Syria adopted various deceptive measures such as repeated mobilization, demobilization, and military exercises. They also chose the time to start the war during the Islamic month of Ramadan (Muslims fast during the day) and the Jewish Day of Atonement (believers fast on that day and stop general official duties). activities), concealing attack intentions and attack timing. After Israel acquired part of Egypt and Syria in 1967, it expanded its defense depth and built the Bar-Lev Defense Line on the east bank of the canal and the Golan Heights, switching to a defensive strategy. The Israeli military relies on its powerful air force, tank troops and reconnaissance intelligence system, but is too paralyzed and neglects to be alert. Until a few hours before the war started, the Israeli high command (Prime Minister G. Meir, Defense Minister M. Dayan, etc.) still believed that Egypt and Syria did not dare to launch an attack. They only stationed 4 brigades in the Sinai Peninsula and only 3 brigades in the Golan Heights. A trip.

At 14:00 on October 6, Egypt and Syria used their superior forces, under the cover of artillery, aviation firepower and air defense fire nets, to launch simultaneous and sudden attacks on the Sinai Peninsula (western front) and the Golan Heights (northern front) respectively. Attack. On the northern front, three Syrian infantry divisions broke through the Israeli defense line that day. On the 7th, two more armored divisions were deployed to reach an area several kilometers away from the Israeli mainland. On the western front, the Egyptian army forced its way across the canal in coordination with the navy and air force. Three infantry divisions of the 2nd Army quickly broke through the Barlev Defense Line north of the Great Bitter Lake, and two infantry divisions of the 3rd Army quickly broke through the Barlev Defense Line south of the Great Bitter Lake. The infantry carried Anti-tank missiles and rocket launchers took the lead in passing through the gaps between the Israeli army's support points, destroying a large number of Israeli tanks. The Israeli army's ace armored brigade was even annihilated by the Egyptian infantry waiting for work; the engineering troops quickly breached the embankment and opened 60 passages in 9 hours. Twelve pontoon bridges were erected to ensure that follow-up troops such as 2 armored divisions and 2 mechanized divisions could cross the river. The navy engaged in naval battles with Israeli warships and used naval guns to support ground force attacks. The Egyptian army won the first battle. [7]

On October 10, the Egyptian army initially achieved its operational goals and stopped its large-scale offensive as planned. It also changed its plan and wanted to completely eradicate Israel with the Arab League countries. Israel, on the other hand, suffered heavy losses and was extremely passive. It quickly mobilized its reserve troops, increasing its total strength to nearly 400,000. It focused on the northern front first to contain the Syrian offensive and implement local counterattacks, and concentrated on using its main air force to attack the Syrian ground. Troops and anti-aircraft missile sites launched attacks and airstrikes on large cities in the rear of Syria.

On October 11, three Israeli divisions went on the offensive and counterattacked to the 1967 ceasefire line, threatening the Syrian capital Damascus. They also attacked the Iraqi and Jordanian aid troops and captured the North. Initiative on the frontline battlefield. Subsequently, the Israeli army turned its focus to the western front. Seeing the large Israeli forces breaking into Syria, the Egyptian army believed that the time had come and launched a general attack on Israel with 1,000 tanks on the 14th. The Israeli army invested 800 tanks, infantry, tanks, and artillery in coordinated operations, and used armed helicopters and other aircraft. It fired "Maverick" and "Moxa" air-to-surface missiles, and "White Star Eye" TV-guided bombs, destroying 250 Egyptian tanks and forcing the Egyptian army to withdraw to the offensive starting position that day.

On the evening of October 15, the Israeli A. Sharon Division launched an assault on the junction of the 2nd and 3rd Egyptian Group Armies in the Great Bitter Lake area. On the morning of the 16th, the leading troops were near Dwiswa on the Hubei side. Crossed the river and destroyed several Egyptian anti-aircraft missile positions to create favorable conditions for air force activities; after setting up pontoon bridges, two more divisions crossed the river and circled south to develop offensive; on the 23rd, they arrived in the Gulf of Suez, occupied the Port of Adebiya, and launched an attack on the city of Suez. Formed an encirclement with the Egyptian 3rd Army, seized the initiative on the western front battlefield, and used the Egyptian 3rd Army as a bargaining chip in exchange for the relaxation of the northern front.

On October 24, Egypt decided to cease the war under the mediation of the United Nations Security Council. Egypt and Syria signed the first phase of military disengagement agreements with Israel in January and May of the following year respectively. At this point, Egypt controlled a narrow strip of about 10 kilometers in depth on the east bank of the canal, basically achieving its strategic purpose (in April 1982, according to the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty of March 1979, Israel completely withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula). Israeli troops on the northern front withdrew to the west of the 1967 ceasefire line.

In this war, Egypt and Syria made careful preparations to carry out surprise attacks and double-front attacks on Israel, posing a great threat to Israel. The Israeli army mobilized quickly, first to the north and then to the west, focusing on using troops to turn passivity into initiative. In particular, the large-scale and deep assault on the west bank of the canal played a role in reversing the passive situation. Both sides invested a large number of tanks, artillery, aircraft, missiles, etc. Egypt and Israel launched a massive battle involving 1,800 tanks in one day on the 14th, which is rare in the history of war.

Afghanistan and Israel respectively used the advanced weapons and equipment of the Soviet Union and the United States at the time, received timely supplements from Soviet and American strategic airlifts, and used intelligence provided by Soviet and American reconnaissance satellites. The Egyptian air defense system, which mainly consists of Sam-2, Sam-3, Sam-6, and Sam-7 missiles, controlled the air superiority on the battlefield in the early days of the war, preventing Israeli aircraft from entering the canal airspace for several days. The Israeli army used "Sidewinder", "Dragonfly" and other air-to-air missiles and "Gabriel" ship-to-ship missiles to deal with the Afghan aircraft and ships. The development of large-scale electronic countermeasures has made the battlefield situation more complex and increased combat losses. About 60% of the aircraft losses on both sides, more than 80% of the ship losses, and most of the destroyed tanks were destroyed by various missiles. In strategic guidance and operations, the extensive use of electronic technology and the use of various tactical missiles was an important factor in this war. outstanding features. After the war, hardliners in Israel once again rose up, and their wariness against Arab countries was greatly strengthened. [4]

[Edit this paragraph] The Fifth Middle East War

(also known as the Israeli invasion of Lebanon)

In order to establish a country of their own, the Palestinians , established the Palestine Liberation Organization in May 1964 and launched a war with Israel. The PLO guerrillas have bases in surrounding Arab countries, mainly in countries such as Syria and Lebanon. In 1970, the PLO headquarters and the main force of the guerrillas led by it entered Lebanon from Jordan. Later, they directly intervened in the domestic struggle in Lebanon, supported and armed Islamic forces, attacked pro-Israel Christian forces, and gradually controlled southern Lebanon and the capital Beirut, becoming "A state within a state." They also built military facilities and launched attacks and artillery attacks on northern Israel from time to time. Especially during the Fourth Middle East War, the PLO guerrillas assisted Egyptian and Syrian forces in launching guerrilla warfare, attacking Beirut Massacre, Israeli military bases, warehouses and radars. stations and other military facilities. Become a thorn in Israel's side.

On June 4, 1982, Israel launched air strikes on Beirut and PLO guerrilla bases in southern Lebanon.

At 11:00 on June 6, the Israeli army dispatched 4 brigades of about 20,000 people. After five hours of artillery and aviation firepower preparations, they received fire support from armed helicopters and navy, air force and artillery. Next, on a front with a width of 53 kilometers, a sudden attack was launched against the PLO guerrillas in three directions: west, center and east. and attacked Syrian forces in the Bekaa Valley.

On June 27, 1982, the Seventh Emergency Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution requiring Israel to immediately cease fire and withdraw its troops from Lebanon unconditionally. At this time, in order to preserve its strength, the PLO agreed to withdraw from Beirut's western district. On the 28th, the PLO proposed three conditions to Israel for its withdrawal from Lebanon: (1) the Israeli army withdraws 5 kilometers south of Beirut; (2) retaining a symbolic Palestinian military unit in the Lebanese army; (3) Preserve the political structure of the PLO in Beirut. Israel rejected these three conditions and demanded that relevant PLO groups surrender their weapons to the Lebanese army and that all PLO members withdraw from Beirut and Lebanon. On July 6, the PLO refused to be escorted by the US military to evacuate and requested the deployment of multinational peace forces in Beirut to escort the PLO forces to safely evacuate. On August 1, the Israeli army captured the international airport. On the 4th, it entered the museum area in the West District of Beirut. On the 5th, it surrounded the PLO headquarters building. On the 6th, it air raided the PLO headquarters building. During this period, the Israeli army also air raided the Bekaa Valley. .

In this war, the PLO suffered more than 3,000 casualties, destroyed more than 100 tanks, 500 artillery pieces, and occupied more than 400 secret warehouses. The Syrian army suffered more than 1,000 casualties, lost more than 400 tanks and 58 aircraft. [5]

Beirut Massacre

The Beirut Massacre occurred during the Fifth Middle East War when Lebanese Christian militiamen, with the support of Israel, murdered thousands of Palestinian refugees.

In June 1982, Israel launched a large-scale armed invasion of Lebanon, occupying one-third of Lebanon's land and besieging Beirut with heavy troops. More than 1,000 Palestinian refugees here were brutally massacred by the Israeli invading army and Lebanese Christian militias on September 15. This atrocity sparked public outrage around the world.

On the afternoon of September 15, Lebanese right-wing extremists began military transportation, and trucks drove from East Beirut to the international airport at the southern end of West Beirut. Around the same time, soldiers from Major Haddad, another splinter faction of the Christian Phalangists and allied with Israel, also moved toward the airport along Israeli-controlled roads. A command post called the "Operations Room" was set up at the airport, and an Israeli liaison officer served as the deputy of the "Operations Room". Throughout the afternoon, Israeli forces outside the camp bombarded the camp with intensive artillery fire. The southern end of the Shatila refugee camp was destroyed, which was the entrance where the executioners were scheduled to enter the camp. At 5 p.m., a team of about 1,200 people gathered at a golf course near Beirut International Airport. The team followed pre-painted road signs spaced every 50 yards. Signs lead to the new meeting point in front of the refugee camp: the crossroads where the Kuwaiti embassy is located. At this time, Israel deployed most of its forces to the west of the Shatila refugee camp. They placed at least 12 tanks and armored personnel carriers along Chamont Avenue.

They also set up a command post on the roof of a seven-story building at the bombed UN agency, where soldiers with binoculars were stationed. An additional observation post was set up on a nearby high-rise building. From these two places, you can overlook the entire refugee camp.

On the afternoon of September 16, before the operation began, Israeli commanders could be seen consulting with right-wing extremists. Plans are in place to bloodbath the refugee camps. At around 6 o'clock, the Israeli army, in accordance with the order issued by Defense Minister Sharon in advance, put the right-wing Phalangist militia teams that had been assembled on standby into the Shatila and Sabra refugee camps. Under the instruction and cooperation of the police, the gangsters broke into the refugee camp and started the massacre in a planned manner. They first walked along the streets and then into alleys, searching house to house. When they saw men, they tied them up indiscriminately, escorted them to a nearby stadium, and then shot them to death indiscriminately. At this time, Israel began artillery support. As night fell, Israel began firing flares again, and Israeli aircraft circled overhead, releasing more flares to illuminate the scene of the massacre. Around 6:30, the sound of gunfire replaced the sound of artillery, indicating that innocent Palestinian civilians were being killed one by one. Around 7 o'clock, a group of Palestinians rushed to the Gaza hospital located between two refugee camps to seek shelter. Scores of screaming Palestinian women ran out of the camp, calling for help for their children and husbands, but Israeli soldiers ignored them. The massacre lasted all night. The two refugee camps turned into massacres. Thousands of bodies of men, women, and children were scattered everywhere. Some fell on the streets, and some were killed at home. Some men were tied up, tied together, held in trucks and dragged away. Some young men had their genitals cut off, some had their throats cut, some had their nipples cut off, some had their heads chopped off, and some women had their heads cut off. The baby died holding on to himself.

A few days later, when International Red Cross personnel were cleaning up the massacre site, people saw corpses being lifted out of the rubble one after another. The victims showed faces of extreme pain as they suddenly faced death. , shocking and outrageous. Groups of Palestinians cried loudly around the piles of corpses, and screams were heard from time to time. People were in great pain at the brutal killing of their relatives. Some survivors later recalled: "It was a hell here on the night of the 16th. The sky never got dark, the gunfire never stopped, and people kept screaming." On the morning of September 17, news of the massacre was everywhere Word spread that the camp was filled with terror, and groups of refugees left the Gaza hospital and fled north, with about 40 patients fleeing with them.

At this time, the massacre seemed to have temporarily eased, but the murderers' attention shifted to another hospital, Aka Hospital. Four doctors in this hospital left the hospital with white flags, but a grenade was thrown in the face, and three doctors were killed on the spot. After a while, a team of executioners came to the hospital. They gang-raped a 19-year-old Palestinian female nurse and then killed her. Two other Palestinian doctors were taken out of the hospital and disappeared. Judging from the marks left on the ground in the refugee camp, some soldiers were leaning against the wall, eating snacks, smoking cigarettes, and killing people for fun. Some food boxes were left on the ground. On the afternoon of the 17th, the murderers began to cover up their crimes. At about 3 o'clock, a bulldozer appeared on the street in Shatila, with corpses piled on the bulldozer's shovel. At the entrance to the Shatila refugee camp, 90 corpses were piled up in a hurry, with rubble and broken bricks mixed in between the corpses. Some Palestinian civilians were killed when bulldozers razed their houses. At the same time, several bulldozers rumbled out of the Sabra refugee camp. A large grave pit had been dug outside the western wall of the refugee camp, and batches of corpses were buried in the pit. It is only about 100 meters away from the Israeli command post. On the morning of September 18, while covering up the crime, the massacre continued until about 10:30, when a group of Israeli soldiers had just entered the refugee camp. At this time, there were no more people to massacre.

The death toll caused by the massacre that lasted for a full 40 hours cannot yet be accurately counted. Some say 1,000 people, some say 1,500 people, and some say the number of victims reached 3,000. Others say: 30,000 people.