Why did the population migrate from Shanxi in Ming Dynasty?

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan government used troops year after year to carry out ethnic oppression at home. Coupled with the continuous floods, droughts and famines in the Huanghuai Valley, it finally aroused the Red Scarf Army uprising that lasted for more than ten years. The Yuan government brutally suppressed, and desperate wars for territory and land occurred from time to time. Nine times out of ten people in Huaibei, Shandong, Hebei and Henan were killed. The wounds of the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty were not healed, and the "Battle of Jingnan" followed in the early Ming Dynasty. Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui and other places have suffered greatly, and almost all of them are uninhabited. During the war at the end of Yuan Dynasty, Shanxi, which was ruled by the Mongolian landlord Chahan timur and his son, was a different scene. It is relatively stable, good weather and good harvest every year. Compared with neighboring provinces, Shanxi has a prosperous economy and a rich population. And a large number of refugees from other provinces also flowed into Shanxi, making Shanxi a densely populated area. After the Ming Dynasty destroyed the Yuan Dynasty, in order to consolidate the new regime and develop the economy, eight large-scale immigration activities were organized during the fifty years from the early years of Hongwu to the fifteenth year of Yongle. Jinnan is a densely populated place in Shanxi, and Hongdong was the largest and most populous county in Jinnan at that time. According to records, there was a Guangji Temple on the west side of Jia Cun, two miles north of Hongdong in Ming Dynasty. This temple is magnificent, with many monks and pilgrims. There is a "tree surrounded by mu of shade" next to the temple, and the avenue of chariots and horses passes through the shade. The old harriers on Fenhe beach nest in the trees and are scattered all over the floor, which is very spectacular. The Ming government set up a bureau in Guangji Temple to concentrate immigrants, and the locust tree became a gathering place for immigrants. In late autumn, the locust tree leaves, and the old crow's nest is very eye-catching. When the immigrants left, they stared at the tall ancient locust tree, and the old harrier who lived among the branches kept moaning, which made the immigrants who had left their hometown burst into tears and could not bear to leave. Finally, they can only see the old crane nest on the big locust tree. To this end, the big locust tree and the old crane nest have become symbols for immigrants to bid farewell to their hometown. "Ask me where my ancestors came from, Shanxi Hong Tong Sophora japonica. What is the name of the hometown of ancestral home, the old man's nest under the big locust tree. " For hundreds of years, this folk song has been widely circulated in many areas of our country. According to the villagers in my hometown, it was at that time that our village moved out of the big locust tree to enrich the northern border defense, and the genealogy of the village was also remembered from that time. In the early Ming Dynasty, the immigrants from Hongdong and other places in Shanxi mainly distributed in Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Beijing, Anhui, Jiangsu and Hubei, and a few moved to Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia. Immigrants who moved from Shanxi to the above places later moved to Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Xinjiang and northeast provinces. It is rare to have organized large-scale migration for such a long time in the history of our country, and it is only a case that people on one side are scattered around. Although the Ming government carried out the policy of resettling wasteland to revitalize agriculture, its purpose was to consolidate the rule of feudal dynasty, but it objectively eased social contradictions, mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production, gradually restored agricultural production, consolidated border defense and maintained social stability. In the second year of the Republic of China, Jia Cun, who was on an official tour in Shandong, retired to his hometown in his later years to raise funds to build a pavilion and a teahouse. The pavilion was built under the old pagoda tree. Although the pavilion is not big, it is carved with beams and painted with buildings, cornices and arches, exquisite and exquisite. A blue stone tablet is erected in the pavilion, engraved with the five official words "Ancient Sophora japonica". On the back of the exhibition hall, there is an inscription that briefly describes the situation of immigrants. There are three tea rooms on the west side in front of the pavilion for root-seeking tourists to rest and have tea. The inscription on the lintel of the teahouse is "drinking water for the source". More than 20 meters south of the monument, there is a memorial archway, with "Yu Yan's Letter" engraved on the horizontal line and "Many Shadows" engraved on the other side. In the early 1980s, Hongtong county government rebuilt and expanded Dahuaishu Park. There are also some stories about migration. After the Revolution of 1911, Yuan Shikai ordered Zhang Xiluan, the governor of Shanxi Province, to lead soldiers from three towns in Lu Yongxiang to attack the Shanxi Revolutionary Army, and plundered everywhere. After arriving in Hongdong, the soldiers came to the ancient pagoda tree, dismounted and bowed down, and told each other, "Go back to the hometown of pagoda tree." Not only do you not rob, but you also provide property under the big locust tree. Sophora japonica is known as "disaster prevention and resilience". Legend has it that when immigrating, officers and men cut each little toenail with a knife. Up to now, the little toenails of the descendants of Sophora japonica immigrants are all complicated (two petals). "Who is the ancient locust who moved here? Take off your little toe and check the shape of your nails. " If you are interested, you may wish to check it yourself. At that time, in order to prevent immigrants from escaping, officers and men tied them up behind their backs, then connected them with long ropes and escorted them to the road. People look back step by step, and the adults look at the big locust tree and tell the children, "This is our hometown, this is our hometown." Today, descendants of immigrants say that the ancient pagoda is their hometown, no matter where they live. Because the immigrant's arm was tied for a long time, his arm became numb and he soon got used to it. Later, most immigrants liked to walk with their hands behind their backs, and their descendants also followed this habit. On the way to escort, because of the long distance, people often have to pee, so they have to report to the officers and men: "Sir, please help yourself, I have to pee." The more times, the more simplified the verbal request. As long as you say "Sir, I want to relieve myself", everyone will understand that you have to pee. Since then, "jieshou" has become synonymous with peeing. The immigrants moved to a new place of residence, a wilderness, and they had to build houses and open up wasteland with their own hands. No matter what they do, they will think of the mountains and rivers in their hometown. In order to miss their hometown, most of them plant locust trees in the yard and at the gate of their new home to show their nostalgia for their hometown. Some immigrants named their villages after the places where they moved, such as Zhaochengying, Hong Tong, Zhou Pu and Changziying in the suburbs of Beijing, indicating that these residents migrated from Zhao Cheng and Hong Tong that year. There is a table of surnames of descendants of Guhuai in the ancestral home. There are 450 surnames on the table, which enshrines their memorial tablets, far exceeding the surnames of hundreds of families. They all immigrated to all parts of the country 600 years ago. In order to find their roots, they were collected and made public and hung on the walls. In recent years, mainlanders have been fighting for genealogy, and overseas compatriots have sought roots to worship their ancestors, asking about their blood relationship with Sophora japonica. More than 600 years have passed, and the ancient Sophora japonica in the Han Dynasty has ceased to exist and disappeared into the dust of history, while the third-generation Sophora japonica, which grew with the same root, is lush and full of vitality. Hu Aixiang's descendants are distributed in more than 20 provinces and 400 counties in China, and some are as far away as some countries and regions in South Asia. Think about how many sad tears our ancestors shed when they left their hometown to help the elderly and bring up the young. May the pagoda tree take root forever and be heart-to-heart with compatriots at home and abroad. Big locust tree couplets: fragrant; The ancient shady road, leaning against the sunset. Tea can be drunk, and milk is fragrant. The pavilion can be traced back to the building, and the green locust tree knows homesickness. When willows come to Huai, there should be a sense of leaving the country; The water source is woody, and it is still moving home today. Give a biography of Jiashu; Block the crowd. It is said that one year, there was a flood in Shandong, thousands of miles away in Wang Yang, only a pregnant nun took an urn as a boat and drifted in Fengyang, Anhui Province to avoid becoming a fish turtle. After the baby was born, this person was Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Taizu. Soon, his mother died, and Zhu Yuanzhang begged to come to Shandong to find his roots. Call someone to ask questions. Everyone is dead. Zhu Yuanzhang couldn't find an opportunity, so he had to bow his head and return to the ship. While waiting for Long Ting, he was jealous of the enemy of the Yi people in Shandong, so he sent his troops to kill Shandong. Shandong people were slaughtered, leaving only a hundred people, even causing desolation. This is the future of the great population migration in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province. The above statement is widely circulated among the people, almost to the point of confusion. "For example, in the prefaces of several surnames and genealogies in our county, they all cater to each other seriously:' Zhu Hongwu bloodbath Shandong' and' Zhu Hongwu washes people away'. The genealogy of Xu and Bao recorded the words almost word for word: "Since Daming Hongwu ascended the throne, General Chang Yuchun led his troops to Pingshan for the night, and those who rose repeatedly were furious. Whether the thieves are good or bad, they will kill them. Although they exist, they are different, so the land is vast and the population is sparse ... ""Zhu Hongwu bloodbath in Shandong ""Is it consistent with the historical truth? What happened to the relocation of people in Hongdong, Shanxi? "History of the Ming Dynasty" records that in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties, "thousands of miles of fertile land in Shandong and Beiping have been turned into Noda, and there are few aborigines and bandits left". The dead are gone, and the living are in danger. This sad scene of "white bones exposed in the wild, thousands of miles without chickens crowing" is also reflected in the genealogy of some surnames in our county. For example, "Li's Genealogy" planted: "At that time, the army was in the suburbs, standing proudly for a hundred miles, respecting the wood owners, all in the room", and the people "Russia and the city, Russia and the countryside" drifted and suffered. Wang Jiapu: "After the war, the refugees were invincible. Xu's Genealogy: "There are many ways to deal with chaos, either because soldiers are scattered in foreign countries, or because of floods and droughts, or because of diseases and epidemics." Tan's Genealogy: "There were days when you were embarrassed and innocent. "Bi's Genealogy": "South bandits are in adversity, and smoke is everywhere." "Zhang's Genealogy": "Migration is hectic, there is no peace ... Look up and see who is near? "And so on, to name a few. The above-mentioned official history and folk records confirm each other, which is enough to tell the tragic scene of "desolate and uninhabited" in Shandong at that time and is in line with the historical truth. However, what is the reason for this tragic situation? Facts have proved that the main reason for this tragic situation is the four mutinies in Wen Jian during the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. After the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty brought ethnic minorities into the Central Plains, they divided the people into four classes according to their dignity in order to stop ethnic conflicts and consolidate their rule. Among them, Han people and southerners are classified as the lowest class, and cruel ethnic discrimination and oppression are carried out politically and economically. As a result, class contradictions and ethnic contradictions have intensified day by day, rebels are everywhere and wars are frequent. Chen Youliang, Zhang Shicheng, Fang Guozhen and Liu Futong. All planted flags to launch the war against Yuan. Among them, the Red Scarf Army Uprising led by Liu Futong, its forces "crossing Qilu in the east, calling Qin in the west, crossing Fujian and Guangxi in the south, and reaching Youyan in the north" (Korean History) ranged from Yimin to more than 10,000 people. He fought Yuan Jun for thirteen years. Among them, the insurgents led by Mao Gui have been fighting in Shandong since the 16th year of Yuan Dynasty (1356). The Eastern Road Northern Expeditionary Army crossed Shandong for the second time and hit Tongxian County near Dadu. Later, because of frustration, he was defeated in Shandong. This is the first mutiny. Secondly, there were constant internal disputes among the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty. Kings fought for cities and lands and killed each other, but in the end, the people of Shandong were spared from the war. It can be said that the struggle for the throne has always been accompanied by the Yuan Dynasty. For example, in just over 20 years from 1308 to l 333, there were eight emperors. Third, Zhu Yuanzhang tied the pack and rose from the situation. In the war that eventually overthrew the Yuan Dynasty and unified the whole country, his marching plan was: first take Shandong and remove its shield; Rotate the division to Henan and withdraw its wings; Guarding Tongguan so that the soldiers of Guanlong could not enter the customs; Then lead the troops north and go straight to Dadu. "Shandong was the first area to bear the brunt of this mutiny." The Change of Jingnan "(see the article" The Battle of Jingnan "in Ci Hai) made Shandong suffer the fourth mutiny. After Zhu Yuanzhang's death, Ming Huidi acceded to the throne, and his uncle Judy means Jingnan (Jing, Ping; Difficult, refers to the treacherous court official around the emperor in power, the emperor in trouble, in the name of Bing Ping-), arise and seize the throne, civil war for four years. Because Judy was resisted by Li Jinglong, Xu Huizu, Wei Gong and Tie Xuan, the minister of the Ministry of War, the two sides fought hundreds of thousands in Jinan, Jiyang, Jining, Yanzhou, Wenshang, Dongping, Dong 'e and Linqing, which made the people in this area suffer from war. According to the Ming History and some genealogies of our county, in addition to the above four mutinies, the coastal areas of China were often harassed by Japanese invaders in the early Ming Dynasty, which led to a large number of coastal residents in Shandong moving to the mainland and other provinces. This is also one of the reasons why Shandong is sparsely populated. As mentioned above, the reason why Shandong is "desolate" is recorded in history. The so-called "Zhu Hongwu washing Lu" is groundless. On the contrary, Zhu Yuanzhang "sympathized with the poor in the Central Plains" in the first year of Nanjing (see Ming Dynasty? This chapter ". The same below). He also wrote to his ministers and said, "The people of the Central Plains have suffered from heroes for a long time and are enemies of each other. Therefore, they were ordered to go to the north to save the people in from the mire. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the contributions of ancestors were made by people, and later generations were indifferent to people's seclusion, which was anathema to heaven. If you are guilty, how can the people recover? On the occasion of the previous revolution, I couldn't bear to slaughter and abuse the people against heaven. The general will seize the city, not burn or rob, kill the people in vain, and secure the world. Several times, I answered the heavenly heart, comforted people and looked down on people, with the intention of punishing the people together. Those who disobey orders will be punished unforgivably. " "New Kezhou county will not kill people indiscriminately", "avoid chaos and resume business, and listen to reclamation for three years", "those who are widowed and abandoned will be exempted". In the second year, I ordered it again; "Qilu people, not afraid of thousands of miles, to support the army with food. I have exempted the first year's land rent, and the drought-stricken people have not settled down, so I will give it another year. Three years later, "Hongwu" exempted Nanji, Henan, Shandong, Beiping, eastern Zhejiang, Guangxin, Jiangxi and Raozhou from land rent this year. "Hongwu four years" to help Shandong famine. The affected counties are free of land rent "and so on. While Zhu Hongwu is carrying out the above-mentioned preferential policies, there are of course cruel exploitation and oppression, which this article does not intend to discuss. It should be emphasized that as a feudal monarch, Zhu Hongwu was very familiar with the way of governing the country. For example, at the beginning of Dingding in Daming, he said to the county officials who came to Korea in the world: "The world is beginning to settle, and people and financial resources are in difficulty, so we should recuperate ("Ming History? Biography "). An important measure taken to bring peace and stability to the country is the method of emigration between wide townships and narrow townships, that is, people from densely populated areas migrate to sparsely populated areas. Press "Continue the General Examination of Literature"; "From Taizu to Chengzu, people from the mountains and Zhejiang moved to Henan and Shanxi many times." According to the Ming History, Zhu Hongwu issued a decree to move Shanxi people to Shandong from the fourth year of Hongwu: "After moving to the mountains (referring to the area between Shanxi and Hebei and the Great Wall at home and abroad), 35,000 people lived in the mainland." It should be pointed out that Zhu Hongwu did not initiate the migration. For example, Liu Bang, the emperor gaozu of Han Dynasty, practiced the method of moving people to enrich the people in Guanzhong, and also ordered soldiers to move people to Hedong to live in Shandong (Song history? This chapter "). However, Zhu Hongwu's contribution lies in connecting the past with the future, providing experience for the large-scale population relocation between Yongle and Yongle. Judy usurped the throne and changed to Yongle. After the country was pacified, he made great efforts to heal the wounds of war and took many important measures, which is very rich in Qiang Bing. One of its measures is to inherit and carry forward Father Zhu Hongwu's immigration policy. According to the Ming History, in the three consecutive years since the establishment of Yongle, only three people moved to Beijing from Shanxi Shipyard, and the number of people who moved to Shandong was quite large: "The ancestors built Taiyuan, Pingyang, Liao, Bi and Fenzhou, making it a home with more fields and fewer fields, and dividing their fields to consolidate Hebei and Shandong. "According to records, the immigration agency at that time was located in Guangji Temple, Hongtong County, where all immigrants received passport documents and Sichuan capital. But these immigrants are not all from Hongdong county, most of them are from Hongdong and its nearby areas, and some of them gather other people to move here. Because there is a big pagoda tree in the temple, and there is a magpie nest on the tree. Before immigrants leave, they should talk to each other about their feelings, or collect locust seeds for planting when setting up villages. Therefore, there are many ancestors from the Shandong genealogical monuments such as "Big Sophora Tree", "Big Sophora Tree Bottom", "Old Que Nest" and "Laozi" in Anhongdong County. This is also the historical background of the folk proverb "Ask where my ancestors came from, Sophora japonica in Hongdong, Shanxi". To sum up, at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Shandong was ravaged by war, forming a pattern of vast territory and sparsely populated. Shanxi, as the base of Chahan Timur and his son Kuokuo Timur at the end of Yuan Dynasty, was not affected by four mutinies. Relying on the natural barrier, they ruled severely, the social order was relatively stable and the production was developed. As a result, the number of teeth is increasing day by day, and the influx of refugees temporarily forms a densely populated area. Ming Taizu and Chengzu adopted immigration measures to balance the population distribution, develop agricultural production, restore the economy of the Central Plains and enrich Qiang Bing. This is the main origin of Shanxi's great migration. Therefore, the statement that "Zhu Hongwu bloodbath Shandong" is inconsistent with the historical truth. The above briefly introduces the main reasons and general process of Shanxi immigration. But this does not mean that all the earliest people who moved to Shandong came from Shanxi. Judging from the textual research materials of place names in our county, those who moved from Zhili (now Hebei) to Zaoqiang are not as heard as Pushifangpu. "The villagers moved from jujube trees to ten and eighty-nine original buildings", but they also accounted for more than one third. Secondly, they moved from Henan and Sichuan, and also from Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang and Yunnan. Among them, some have not moved for a while, some have gradually moved from one place to another, some have moved to another place, and their descendants have also moved to other places. And moving people in different forms. As far as the situation of our county is concerned, it can be roughly divided into the following categories: (1) Relocation in different places. As mentioned above, Hongdong in Shanxi moved people. (2) Avoid man-made disasters and wars. For example, Zhang's Genealogy: "Yuan Zong advocated chaos, and Ming Hongwu took refuge for three years and became a naturalized citizen." Dou's genealogy: "Living in Yanshan Mountain, three brothers took refuge in Chiang Rai at the end of Yuan Dynasty." Epitaph of Zhao: "Since the Red Scarf Uprising in Hongwu, seven brothers of Kun Zhongdi moved to Linqu County, the capital of Qingzhou, Shandong Province." Liu Jiapu: "The rebellion of Yuan and Ming Dynasties is now in Linqu." He lived in this house because he escaped from Ding. For example, "Li's Genealogy": "At the end of Yuan Dynasty, he was assigned to Wu Liao, and his brothers were scattered, and his name was changed to analyze his residence." (4) naturalization with the army. This category is divided into several situations: one is that soldiers enter the country at the station. For example, in Sun Shi's genealogy, "Ming Taizu was born", and his ancestors "went south to join the army. In the second year of Hongwu, they ordered their son Zhongzu to drive the army to the home and were hired by Dehua Square in comity township, Linqu County". Liu's ancestor: "I camped in Foshan, southeast of Linqu County, and gave it to General Wu Jie. It turns out that Liu is from here. " The other is to abandon the armor and return to the place. For example, zhangjiapu: "Originally from Dameipo Village, Pingyang Prefecture, Shanxi Province", "Southern Song Dynasty moved to Linqu to avoid the gold chaos", "Dayuan came to the right, Liaodong changed, and was ordered to defend Liaodong. Hundreds of millions of soldiers fought against Chang Yuchun and returned in defeat". Feng's genealogy: "In the early years of Hongwu, it was written that three families and one disciple from Shandong lived in Liaodong", and their ancestors "went there enthusiastically, so they settled in Guangning" and later "returned to Linqu". The other is that with the change of dynasties, the army of the old dynasty remained anonymous on the spot and did as the Romans did. For example, Zhang's genealogy says, "Those who have a mother's head image are all dressed up on horseback, and the mink is warm." "When they came, they were all dressed in costumes, and several uncles and nephews were all dressed in Mongolian customs." According to the textual research data of Xie Jiaying Village in Xinzhai Town, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the generals of the Yuan Dynasty "abandoned the remnants here and unloaded their armor for agriculture. Because the village is nearly half buried, it is named semi-camp, and the villagers call it the unloading camp. " Later, because it was indecent, the homonym was changed to Xie. There is an inscription to prove it: "Timur, Banzhongying, Linqu County, doesn't take time to build a stone. The mother of Fuyun's parents' tomb, Darren Hacilun, has a dutiful son. This Moore didn't take the time to worship until April of the sixth year. "(5) naturalization due to official seals in different places. For example, the Hu family brigade in Shandong: "Life is a lucky symbol", "Bianjing is a famous family", "Linzi is an official", and its descendants "moved to Linqu". Guo's genealogy: His ancestors originally came from "Songshan was Qi's family and later moved to Huai 'an", "He was the magistrate of Pingyang Prefecture in Shanxi Province, and later he was promoted to Chief Secretary of Shandong Province to assist Dr. Zhong Xian", and his sons "were Confucian officials in the Ministry of Rites and lived in Huai 'an" and "later moved to Linqu." Ancestors of An: "Ancestors are the old clan of Zhongzhou", "The experience of Jinan prefect is because he came to Buju. "(6) Natural disasters such as insect escape, floods and droughts. It's not complicated. In a word, starting with the folklore of "Zhu Hongwu bloodbath in Shandong", this paper makes a preliminary discussion on the situation, historical background, scale and migration mode of Shanxi in the early Ming Dynasty. However, due to the limitation of information and level, mistakes are inevitable. Please let us know.