What is the "great national integration" in the history of China?

The first Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period took place in the hinterland of China, forming the main body of the Chinese nation-the Han nationality. According to reports, Yanbei area belonged to Jizhou in ancient times, and lived in the north during the Spring and Autumn Period. Ethnic minorities living together are Hu Lin and Lou Fan. During the Warring States period, Zhao's influence extended here. King Wuling of Zhao once rode and shot in Hu fu, expanded his territory to the north, and built the Great Wall beside Yinshan Mountain, bordering Xiongnu and Loufan. At that time, there were some nomadic tribes living in Yanbei area. By the time Qin was unified, the Xiongnu, who had been in the north, became the strong enemy of Qin. Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall of Wan Li to guard against the Huns. At the end of Qin dynasty and the beginning of Han dynasty, under the rule of modu chanyu, Xiongnu reached an unprecedented strength in force. Destroy the East Lake, defeat Hungeng, levy Loulan, and have 300,000 cavalry. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, it invaded the border for years and plundered people and animals. "Small progress leads to small profits, while big progress leads to big profits", which has become a great disaster in the border area. In 200 BC, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang led 300,000 troops to attack Xiongnu in the north, and was surrounded by 400,000 magic cavalry in Pingcheng. Only Chen Ping's secret plan can be eliminated. After more than 60 years, the Western Han regime has always adopted a pro-Xiongnu policy, allowing it to wreak havoc in the border areas. At that time, the residents in Yanbei area were extremely limited. In addition to Pingcheng, there is only a small town in Mayi. By the time of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, due to the gradual prosperity of the economy, the military strength gradually increased, and the contrast between the military strength of Han and Xiongnu changed, so Xiongnu could only "steal the border". In BC 133, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began a long-term crusade against the Huns. Three hundred thousand Han soldiers ambushed in the valley near Mayi, and sent Nie Yongyoot Thongkongtoon, a Mayi, to lure the Xiongnu main force to prepare for a bloodbath. Unfortunately, the plan failed. Since then, the prelude to the crusade against Xiongnu has been opened. More than 20 years later, Wei Qing, Huo Qubing and other Han generals marched to the Xiongnu three times in a row and were defeated. After the internal division of Xiongnu, the southern Xiongnu surrendered to the Han Dynasty and the northern Xiongnu fled to the desert. Soon, the leader Khan was killed by Han. Since then, the Huns have been pro-Han, and the problem of the northern border has been basically solved. For the first time, the peaceful scene of "the border town is closed and the cattle and horses are wild" appeared in the plateau beyond the Great Wall. After the Huns surrendered to the Han Dynasty, the Han people were placed in the northern (Inner Mongolia) and Yunzhong (Yanbei) areas, which was called the vassal regime. Since then, the Sixteenth National Congress of the Western Jin Dynasty was in chaos, and the Yanmen area was occupied by a new minority-Xianbei Department. During the second Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was convection in ethnic migration, some Han people went to the periphery and the surrounding ethnic minorities came to the mainland. The Xianbei people in East Lake were originally ethnic minorities living in western Liaoning. When Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tan was a well-deserved founding hero. After Tan's death, many people were separated. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Yuwen, Murong and Tuoba of Xianbei rose one after another. These tribes took advantage of the Central Plains Rebellion and successively invaded and occupied the Central Plains, and established capitals, such as Murong Qianyan, Yuwen Beizhou and Tuoba Wei. At that time, Yanbei area was occupied by Xianbei Tuoba Department for a long time. Tuoba Department is in the transitional stage from primitive society to slave society. It is a nomadic tribe and lives in Bingzhou beyond the Great Wall. At this time, the Yellow River basin is suffering unprecedented damage, and the economy of the plateau beyond the Great Wall under the rule of these nomadic tribes cannot develop. At the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty (3 10), the Jin Dynasty established Louis, the leader of Xianbei, as the Daigong, and cut the land north of the collar (north of Gouzhu Mountain in Daixian County) to Louis. In 3 14, he was appointed king, with its capital in Lesheng (south of Hohhot). After that, Xianbei was in chaos and killed each other. Until 333, Shi Yigui succeeded to the throne, unified the ministries and became strong again, but he was quickly defeated by the former construction and fled Mobei. In 386, Sun Tuoba Gui succeeded to the throne and changed his country name to Wei. He invaded the east and plundered the west, and cut the Central Plains in the south. After the Shenbei massacre, the Yanjun occupied the north of the Yellow River, and in 398, Pingcheng (Datong) was established as its capital. The following year, he proclaimed himself emperor (Emperor Daowu of Wei Dynasty), which was the Northern Dynasty in China's history. After that, Xianbei settled in Yanbei. After the Northern Wei Dynasty made its capital Pingcheng, the second economic boom appeared in Yanbei area, and cities were built on both sides of Sanggan River. Tianxingzhong (398-404) is located in Hengzhou (Yanbei area), leading eight counties and fourteen counties. During this period, society was relatively stable, people of all ethnic groups lived in harmony and agricultural production was developed. According to Shu Wei's records, the postscript said: "If you take the barren land in the north as the base, you can live in the south of the water, so you can cultivate fertile fields, widely produce sweet food, and you can persuade each other" (Postscript of the Northern History Biography). When he arrived in Qin, he said to Fu Jian, Wei Yue said, "There are hundreds of thousands of people who control strings, but millions who see horses." Jane said, "In the cloud, the Sichuan runs from Dongchuan to Xihe for 200 miles, and from Beishan to Nanshan for more than 100 miles. Qiu Meng has a large collection of horses every year, which is a bit of Sichuan flavor and makes people endless. " The records of these fragments show that the production in Yanbei area, located in the hinterland of Kyrgyzstan, has developed greatly. During this period, Xianbei people gradually merged with Han Chinese, which lasted for about one hundred years. In 493 AD, Emperor Xiaowen of Wei moved the capital to Luoyang. With the decline of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Yanbei area once again changed from the capital to the frontier, and grew stronger in the northern part of Xianbei. Wei set up six towns in the Great Wall to prevent softness. Xiaochang middle-aged (526) is soft and trapped in Hengzhou. Wei had to send states, counties and counties in Yanbei from Sizhou (Xinzhou), and since then, our economy has been destroyed again. During the Northern Qi Dynasty, although the north was reunified again, the economy did not recover in time because of the short time (only more than 20 years). Hengzhou area was occupied by the soft and rising Turkic department. In 563 AD, the Turks married Zhou, leaving behind100000 cavalry. Because Hengzhou entered the customs in three ways, Zhou Bing attacked Qi Jinyang, and the Turks plundered along the road, leaving no people or animals. In the third Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties in the border areas, not only the ethnic minorities and the Han nationality merged, but also a large number of Han nationalities and ethnic minorities merged. The Central Plains ended more than 300 years of war since the Western Jin Dynasty. By the Sui Dynasty, the area around Yanbei was still occupied by Turks. Sui Wendi alienated the interior of the Turks and sent troops out of Shuozhou Road to break the Turkish sand bowl army. Shapiro has escaped. Turks are divided into east and west parts. Sui recaptured the Great Wall. At this time, there are only two counties in Yanbei, Mayi County and Dingxiang County, with 4674 households and Dingxiang County 1 county, with 374 households. (Sui Shu) has such a small population, which shows its economic situation. But this situation did not last long. At the end of Sui Dynasty, the Central Plains was in chaos, and the Turks once again became a powerful country in the north. The dissolute and shameless emperor Yang Di once visited the Northern Territory and was attacked by Khan cavalry from Turkey. He hurriedly fled back to Yanmen, surrounded by Turkish soldiers, and the soldiers and civilians in the city were waiting until reinforcements arrived to clear the way. The Turks looked north and retreated. Later, although Yanmen counties belonged to Sui Dynasty, they were actually occupied by Turks. At the end of Sui Dynasty, Ma Yi and Liu Wuzhou rose up against Sui Dynasty, relying on Turks to rise up. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, it annexed the separatist regime, defeated Liu Wuzhou, who claimed to be the emperor according to the soldiers, and Liang, the leader of the northern rebel army, and defeated the Turkish soldiers. In 630, the Turks were destroyed by the Tang Dynasty, and the geese were once again owned by the Central Plains. In the next 300 years, although the Great Wall was still an important frontier emperor, the production developed to a certain extent, and the economic casserole entered the third prosperous period. Since the beginning of Tianbao, silent sip has risen, and people and animals are often plundered in the mainland. Tang Shuofang let Wang Zhongsi break the silence and sip food, once again consolidating the border defense. It is said that the old town of Jincheng County in the Tang Dynasty was built by Wang Zhongsi. This shows that after the mid-Tang Dynasty, the economy of Yanbei gradually prospered. However, from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the Tianfu period of the Five Dynasties, the Yanbei area changed hands and the economy flourished again. This is closely related to the fact that Keyong Li and his son have been operating here for many years. The stability in the early Five Dynasties did not last long. After Li Siyuan's death, Shi Jingtang (son-in-law of Li Siyuan), the high-impedance of the late Jin Dynasty, established on behalf of the Tang Dynasty, worshipped Beiqidan as his father and sold his land for the title of emperor. In 936, Shi Jingtang proclaimed himself emperor. Taking Mulberry as an envoy, the sixteen states of You, Ji, Ying, Zhuo, Tan, Mo, Shun, Xin, Gui, Confucianism, Wu, Yun, Ying, Huan, Shuo and Wei were given to Qidan. After more than 300 years, Yanbei area has been separated from the Central Plains for a long time. After the Song and Liao Dynasties, the Liao Lord sent assistant ministers to punish Fuzhou citizens. After years of management by the rulers of the Liao Dynasty, the economy gradually recovered and developed, which was also the heyday of the Liao Dynasty, and the border was peaceful. This can be seen from Yingxian Wooden Pagoda built in the second year of Qing Dynasty in Liao Dynasty and Huayan Temple in Datong built in the eighth year of Qing Dynasty. Liao owners dared to build large-scale buildings in the border areas, indicating that the production in Yanbei area developed and the economy tended to prosper during this period. After more than 60 years, Jurchen Jin rose and the Liao Dynasty declined. In the year of 1 124, the gold destroyed Liao. Since then, following the Khitan, the Jurchen nationality has become the master of Yanbei. At the end of the Jin Dynasty, Genghis Khan's Mongolian tribe rose. From 127 1, a large-scale war of aggression was launched year after year. Every time I passed by, I plundered it, and Yanbei, which is located in the border, suffered from war again. The war lasted for nearly twenty years. Until July 1230, the Mongolian army captured Tianchengbao, passed through Xijing (Datong) to Yingzhou, fought fiercely with the nomads from Yanmenguan, broke Daizhou and occupied Shanxi. Since then, Yanbei has returned to Mongolia. Mongolians and Han people live together, and the people are in dire straits because of the high-handed policies of the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty. From the folklore of the overnight demise of the Yuan Dynasty, we can see the fierce class contradictions and ethnic contradictions at that time. However, despite this, the people of all ethnic groups have gradually merged in the long-term struggle life. Due to the cruel economic exploitation and political oppression of the people by the ruling class since the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, coupled with the drought and water shortage that occurred year after year at that time, the economy of Yanbei was also greatly damaged. The population fled in large numbers. In the early Ming Dynasty, in order to develop the frontier economy, Ming Chengzu immigrated from the hinterland of Shaanxi and enriched the Great Wall. The post-nomads from the late Ming Dynasty also entered Lingqiu and Yingxian in Yanbei. In the Qing Dynasty, Yanbei did not go through a major war, but the economy developed, and some Manchu people gradually moved here. Make the great national harmony for thousands of years develop more smoothly. Barbarian conquerors are always conquered by their conquered country, Gao Wenming. The ethnic minorities with backward production relations were quickly conquered by the high civilization of the Han nationality in their constant exchanges with the Han nationality. In the process of getting along with the Han people, we developed economy, exchanged culture, and gradually merged with the Han people, forming today's populous Chinese nation.