French or Russian?

French is easy to learn. Besides displacement, sex and number, there are also variants in Russian.

First, the characteristics of French.

French (also known as French) belongs to the Romance family of Indo-European languages, including Romance (French, Italian, Sardinian dialect, Catalan, etc.). ), western romance (Spanish, Portuguese, etc. ) and oriental romance (Romanian, etc. ). It is one of the Romanesque languages with the largest number of users after Spanish. At present, 87 million people in the world use it as their mother tongue, and the other 654.38+0.9 billion people use it (including those who use it as a second language). French is the official language of many regions or organizations, such as the United Nations and the European Union. French and Canadian French are two branches of French in the world, and there are great differences between them. Learning French, like learning any language, is divided into two stages, one is called phonetic stage and the other is called basic stage.

First, the phonetic stage.

French is a phonetic symbol, which consists of letters. The meaning of a word is mostly expressed by the combination of roots and affixes. Latin letters are used in French, and there are 26 French letters * * *, among which letters A, E, I, O and U are vowels, and the other 21 are consonants, among which letter Y is sometimes used as vowels. Just like English, different letters or letter combinations can make the same sound, and conversely, the same letter or letter combination can make different sounds. There are many words with the same pronunciation but different spellings in French, and many letters are silent. Therefore, to know the pronunciation of a word may not be spelled correctly, we need the help of international phonetic symbols. However, French spelling rules are much stronger than English. Generally speaking, you can know the pronunciation of a word when you see it, but there are many exceptions.

First, the pronunciation of consonants.

B b lips close to form a blockage, and then open to let air rush out of the mouth, and the vocal cords vibrate.

C c opens his mouth, the back of his tongue is raised, and he is close to the soft palate, and his muscles are tense, forming an obstruction, and the airflow rushes out of his mouth, making a clear consonant.

D d Press the tip of the tongue against the upper gum, and the muscles of the tip of the tongue should not be tense. When the airflow breaks through the barrier between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth, the vocal cords vibrate and produce voiced consonants.

F f F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F

G g opens his mouth, raises the base of his tongue backward, and faces the soft palate. Don't be nervous about the muscles, forming an obstruction, and the airflow rushes out of the mouth, making a voiced consonant.

The letter H h is not pronounced under any circumstances, but it is divided into mute and hiss at the beginning of the word, which plays the role of sound separation between vowels.

J j makes a fricative sound behind his tongue. The lips protrude into a circle, and the tip of the tongue is inclined upward, near the back of the upper gum. The airflow produces friction from the gap between the front of the tongue and the hard palate, and the vocal cords vibrate.

When K k opens his mouth, the base of his tongue is lifted to the soft palate, and the muscles are tense, forming an obstruction, and the airflow rushes out of his mouth, making a clear consonant.

The tip of the tongue is close to the upper gum, which forms an obstacle and the airflow passes from both sides of the tongue. At the same time, the tip of the tongue recovers and the vocal cords vibrate.

M m lips are closed, air flows out of the nasal cavity, and the vocal cords vibrate.

N n The tip of the tongue is pressed against the upper gum, the muscles of the tip of the tongue are tense, the air flows out of the nasal cavity, the vocal cords vibrate, and the tip of the tongue leaves the upper gum.

P, p, lips sonic boom. The muscles of the lips are tense, and when the airflow breaks through the blockage formed by the lips, a clear sonic boom will be issued.

Q q opens his mouth, the back of his tongue is raised, and he is close to the soft palate, and his muscles are tense, forming an obstruction, and the airflow rushes out of his mouth, making a clear consonant. Q is often followed by u, at which time u is silent.

R r The uvula rubs, the tip of the tongue is close to the lower teeth, and the back of the tongue is raised, close to the soft palate and uvula, forming a narrow gap. Air flows through this gap, causing friction and vocal cord vibration.

The tip of S s tongue is close to the lower teeth, and the upper and lower teeth are close. A narrow gap is formed between the front of the tongue and the hard palate, through which air flows.

T t opens, the tip of the tongue is close to the upper gum, forming a blockage, the muscles of the tip of the tongue are tense, and the airflow breaks through the blockage formed by the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth, giving off a sonic boom.

The upper teeth of V v are close to the lower lip, and the lower lip rolls slightly inward to form a blockage. When pronouncing, the air flows through the gap between the upper teeth and the lower lip, and the vocal cords vibrate due to friction.

W w's lips protrude into a circle, and the base of the tongue rises to the soft palate. Air flows through the mouth and comes out from the gap of the lips, and the vocal cords vibrate, resulting in friction.

X x usually sounds like ks.

The front of Y y tongue is raised to the hard palate, the lips are stretched to both sides into a flat shape, and the vocal cords vibrate.

Z z the tip of the tongue is close to the lower teeth, and the upper and lower teeth are close together. A narrow gap is formed between the front of the tongue and the hard palate, from which air flows out and the vocal cords vibrate.

Second, the pronunciation of vowels.

A a's mouth is wide open, her tongue is slightly forward, and the tip of her tongue is facing her lower teeth.

E e The tip of the tongue is close to the lower teeth, the front of the tip of the tongue is slightly raised, and the opening is smaller than A. ..

I i the tip of the tongue is close to the lower teeth, the oral muscles are tense, the opening is extremely small, and the lip shape is flat.

O o The tip of the tongue leaves the lower teeth, the tongue retracts slightly, the lips are round and protruding, and the opening is large.

The tongue position and opening of U u are the same as I, but the lips are round and protruding, similar to the vowel changes in German.

Third, the pronunciation of vowel combinations.

The tip of the moxa stick is pressed on the lower teeth, and the front of the tongue is slightly raised, and the opening is smaller than A. ..

Au tongue retracts slightly, the tip of the tongue leaves the lower teeth, the opening is small, and the lips protrude forward into a circle.

Eau's tongue is slightly backward, the tip of the tongue leaves the lower teeth, the opening is very small, and the lips protrude forward in a circle.

The tip of the tongue of ei is close to the lower teeth, slightly raised in front of the tongue, and the opening is smaller than A.

The tongue position of eu is the same as the opening and E, but the lips should be round and the muscles should contract inward.

The front of il tongue is raised to the hard palate, the lips are stretched to both sides into a flat shape, and the vocal cords vibrate.

The front of the diseased tongue is raised to the hard palate, the lips extend to both sides into a flat shape, and the vocal cords vibrate.

The tongue position of oeu is the same as the opening and E, but the lips should be round and the muscles should contract inward.

Oi is pronounced wa.

Ou's mouth is small and round, his tongue retreats, his back is lifted, and his tongue is up and down.

Fourth, the pronunciation of complex consonants.

Ch's lips are round and protruding, and the tip of the tongue is upturned, close to the back of the upper gum, forming a narrow gap, which is obvious when the airflow passes.

The front of the tongue is raised, touching the hard palate, the soft palate droops, and the airflow rushes out of the nasal cavity.

At ph, the upper teeth are close to the lower lip, and the lower lip rolls slightly inward, which forms an obstacle. The air flow passes through the gap between the upper teeth and the lower lip, and the vocal cords do not vibrate.

Pronunciation of nasal vowels of verbs (abbreviation for verb).

There are four nasal vowels in French, which are expressed by vowels plus m or n, and there are no other vowels or m and n after m and n, otherwise no nasal vowels are pronounced, and oral vowels are pronounced.

The pronunciation of an/am is similar to that of a, with a large mouth and a backward tongue, allowing airflow to pass through the mouth and nose at the same time. When pronouncing, don't end the oral sound ahead of time to avoid the phenomenon of single nasal sound.

The pronunciation of en/em is similar to that of a, with a large mouth and a backward tongue, allowing airflow to pass through the mouth and nose at the same time. When pronouncing, don't end the oral sound ahead of time to avoid the phenomenon of single nasal sound.

In/im sounds like e, and air flows through the nose and mouth at the same time.

On/om sounds similar to au, with the tip of the tongue leaving the lower teeth, the tongue contracting slightly backwards, the lips protruding forward in a round shape, and the airflow passing through the oral cavity and nasal cavity at the same time.

The pronunciation of un/um is similar to that of eu, and the airflow passes through the nasal cavity and oral cavity at the same time. It can also be sent by im/in.

The consonant at the end of a word is usually silent unless it is followed by a vowel or the same consonant, such as "t" and "s" at the end of "paquet", "pas" and "las". However, these consonants may be pronounced in disyllables or disyllables.

In addition, when a French word ending in a silent consonant is followed by a word beginning with a vowel, and they are in the same rhythm group, couplets will appear. Similarly, if the previous word ends with a consonant, there will be couplets.

The consonant "h" is not pronounced at any time, but the time zone at the beginning of the word is divided into "mute" and "hiss", and the word hiss in the dictionary is usually preceded by "*". The pronunciation and writing changes of words with mute and hissing are the same as those with vowels, and the changes of words with hissing are the same as those with consonants, that is, they cannot be linked or omitted.

When learning French pronunciation, we should distinguish between vowels and vowels, and also distinguish between consonants and consonants. The difference between French and English is that there is no diphthongs in French, and every vowel is not slippery when pronounced. It is particularly important to note that when nasal vowels are pronounced, there can be no continuous movements like Chinese vowels.

There are several kinds of extra notes in French, which are used with letters, such as long notes, partials, sharp notes, blunt notes, soft notes and so on.

Long note: usually used for words with one letter omitted, usually on the letter "e". In this case, the letter must be pronounced as e, vowel when used on a, and au when used on o.

Diaphragm: It can be linked with multiple vowels, indicating that this vowel does not form a letter combination with the previous vowel, but is pronounced separately, similar to diphthongs.

Sharp sound: only used above the letter "e", indicating that this letter is pronounced as a closed sound e, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the lower teeth, the corners of the mouth are pulled to both sides, and the opening is smaller than e.

Dull notes: used on the letter "e" to indicate that this letter is pronounced with an e, and used on other letters to distinguish different meanings.

Soft notes: only used under the letter "C", because in French, as in English, "C" sounds like a K before "A, O, U" and an S before "E, I". If you want it to sound like the S before "A, O, U", you need to add soft notes.

French vowels are mostly round lips, so French people always seem to have round lips when they speak.

Second, the basic stage.

Learn pronunciation, and then start learning vocabulary and grammar.

French is a inflectional language, but there are relatively few inflectional forms.

1. Nouns, articles and adjectives can be divided into yin and yang and singular and plural. For example:

United Nations literature

Two mountain ranges

A new big city

New two plates

Second, verbs change according to person, tense and voice. , also known as displacement. French infinitives have four endings: -er, -ir, -oir and -re, which are divided into three groups according to the shift rule.

The first group: regular verbs ending in -er, but aller, avoyer, convoyer, dégravoyer, dévoyer, envoyer, fourvoyer, louvoyer, renvoyer and Vouwoyer belong to the third group.

The second category: regular verbs ending in -ir, but not all verbs ending in -ir belong to the second category.

The third group: irregular verbs with infinitives ending in -er, -ir, -oir and -re. For example:

Verbs ending in -er: aller, avoyer, convoyer, dégravoyer, dévoyer, envoyer, fourvoyer, louvoyer, renvoyer, Vouwoyer.

Verb ending in -ir: Courir Cueiril Dormir Fuir Souffrir Acké rir Tenir Venir Attr Ai ir Vê tirmentir Servir Gé sir

Verb ending in -oir: avoir asseoir devoir mouvoir pouvoir receivoir savoir vouroir voir falloir pleuvoir

Verb ending in -re: boire croire conclure cuire conna? How long are your tears? Three days ago, he came back because he was dead.

Second, the characteristics of Russian.

Russian (Russian: русскийязык) is one of the official languages of the United Nations and the Russian Federation, and it is also one of the official languages of ethnic minorities recognized by the people of China. Russian belongs to the Eastern Slavic branch of Slavic language family. Mainly used in Russia and other former Soviet Union member countries. In North America, there is a considerable Russian-speaking community, especially in urban areas of the United States and Canada, such as new york, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto, Miami, Chicago and Richmond Heights in the suburb of Cleveland. The Russian population in new york and Los Angeles alone is estimated to be 500,000. They publish their own newspapers and live in self-sufficient areas (especially immigrants who started in the 1960s).

Russian alphabet is a variant of Cyrillic alphabet, with 33 letters * * *, including 10 vowels, 2 1 consonants and 2 silent letters, which are different from printed and handwritten letters. Consonants are divided into unvoiced consonants (vocal cords do not vibrate) and voiced consonants (vocal cords vibrate). In addition, Russian consonants can also be divided into soft consonants and hard consonants, and their pronunciation actions are basically the same. The main difference is that when making soft consonants, the middle of the tongue needs to be raised to the upper jaw. In Russian, the initials and finals of a syllable can contain up to four consonants, so the syllable structure will be very complicated.

аа The mouth is wide, and the tongue is naturally flat, and the tip of the tongue touches the back of the lower tooth.

ббббббббббббббббббббббббббббб 107

вв The upper teeth lightly stick to the lower lip, forming a gap, and air flows through the gap to form sound, and the vocal cords vibrate.

The back of the гг tongue is raised close to the upper jaw, forming an obstacle, and the airflow breaks through the obstacle to form sound, and the vocal cords vibrate.

ддддддддддддддддддддддддддддд107

ее pronounce й after the prefix and vowel.

ёё pronounce ко after the prefix and vowel.

The tip of the tongue is lifted close to the upper gum, forming a gap, the back of the tongue is lifted to the upper jaw, the middle part of the tongue is naturally sunken, the whole tongue is spoon-shaped, the lips are slightly open, air flows out through the gap, and the vocal cords vibrate.

ззззззззззззззззззззззззззззз107

иииииииииииииииииииииииииииии 108

The middle part of the tongue is lifted upward, forming a gap with the upper jaw, and the airflow rubs out through the gap, and the vocal cords vibrate.

ккккккккккккккккккккккккккккк108

лл The front part of the tongue clings to the upper gum, the back part of the tongue rises to the upper jaw, the middle part of the tongue naturally sinks, the whole tongue is spoon-shaped, air flows out from both sides of the tongue, and the vocal cords vibrate.

ммммммммммммммммммммммммммммм 108

The front of my tongue bulges and clings to the upper gum, forming obstruction, air flows out through the nasal cavity and the vocal cords vibrate.

оо lips protrude forward in a round shape, and the back of the tongue is lifted upward.

ппппппппппппппппппппппппппппп 108

ррррр The tip of the tongue slightly rolls up to the gum, and the air stream impacts the tip of the tongue when it passes, and the tip of the tongue vibrates and the vocal cords vibrate.

The front of my tongue sticks up to my gums, forming a gap. Air flows through the gap to form sound, but the vocal cords don't vibrate.

ттттттттттттттттттттттттттттт109

уууууууууууууууууууууууууууу
у

Ф Ф upper teeth are gently attached to the lower lip, forming a gap, through which air flows to form sound, but the vocal cords do not vibrate.

хх The back of the tongue is raised and close to the upper jaw to form a gap. The air flow rubs through the gap to form sound, and the vocal cords do not vibrate.

цц The tip of the tongue clings to the upper gum to form an obstruction. When the airflow passes by, the obstacle becomes a gap, and the airflow rubs the gap to form a sound, and the vocal cords do not vibrate.

чч The lips are slightly rounded, and the front of the tongue is close to the upper gum, forming a gap. Air flows through the gap and breaks into sound, and the vocal cords do not vibrate.

шш The tip of the tongue is lifted up and clings to the upper gum, forming a gap, the back of the tongue is lifted to the upper jaw, the middle part of the tongue is naturally sunken, the whole tongue is spoon-shaped, the lips are slightly open, air flows out through the gap, and the vocal cords do not vibrate.

щщщщщщщщщщщщщщщщщщщщщщщщщщщщщ109

ъ hard tone symbol, which is not pronounced by itself, is used in front of vowels е, I, ?, ?, and is divided into sound insulation.

The middle of the tongue is slightly retracted, the back of the tongue is raised, and the lips are extended to both sides.

ь The light tone symbol means that the preceding consonant is made into a light tone, which plays the role of sound separation, which means that the preceding consonant letter and the following vowel letter should be pronounced separately.

ээ The front of the tongue is raised to the upper jaw, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the mouth is half open, and the lips extend to both sides.

юю pronounce ку after the prefix and vowel.

яя pronounce ка after the prefix and vowel.

Like English, Russian has a large vocabulary, and the oldest vocabulary is inherited from the original Indo-European language. Characters produced in the primitive Slavic language period and the Eastern Slavic language period; /kloc-the characters produced since the independent development of Russian in the 0/4th century. In addition, Russian has borrowed many foreign words in various historical periods. Most of the foreign words in Russian science and technology field were borrowed from German in the early 8th century, from French in the early 9th century, and from English after the middle of 20th century, mainly American English. Since the 1950s, the international use of Russian has obviously expanded.

The characteristic of Russian grammatical structure is that it is a highly inflected language, and the grammatical relationship between words and the grammatical function of words in sentences are mainly expressed through morphological changes. Russian is one of the languages in Indo-European language family that has preserved many ancient glyph changes. Countable nouns mostly have 12 forms, and singular and plural nouns each have 6 cases, namely the first case, the second case, the third case, the fourth case, the fifth case and the sixth case (uncountable nouns only have 6 forms); There are more than 20 or even more than 30 forms of adjectives, including singular masculine, neutral, feminine, plural, short tail, comparative and superlative. Verb forms can be one or two hundred, including aspect (imperfect tense and perfect tense), tense (present tense, past tense and future tense), state (active voice and passive voice), form (statement, imperative and condition), infinitive, adverbial verbs and so on. Content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, pronouns and adverbs) can generally be divided into two parts: stem and suffix. Stem indicates the lexical meaning of words; Suffixes represent grammatical meanings, and usually a suffix contains several grammatical meanings.