What are the outstanding characteristics of handicraft industry in Song Dynasty?

Has a long history, continuous development and progress;

In ancient times, the production of pottery, textiles and jade articles has shown a fairly high technical level, such as Banpo face net basin and jade articles in Longshan culture. In the later period of primitive society, handicraft industry was separated from agriculture and became an independent production department. The bronze casting technology in Shang and Zhou Dynasties was quite mature. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, cast iron became an important production department. The development of ironmaking, cast iron steelmaking, silk weaving and paper making in Han Dynasty was one of the main signs of economic prosperity at that time. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the steel casting method appeared, which became the most advanced steelmaking method in ancient times. White porcelain successfully produced by burning paper is a major breakthrough in porcelain making technology. During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, the art of silk reeling appeared, and the porcelain industry became an independent production department. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in the Song Dynasty, and Huang Daopo invented a three-spindle spinning wheel in the Yuan Dynasty to burn blue and white and red under the glaze. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the cotton textile industry became a new handicraft sector, firing bucket colors, multicolored porcelain, pastel colors and enamel colors.

A variety of modes of operation have coexisted for a long time, among which government-run handicrafts have long dominated:

During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, handicrafts were run by the government. Industrial and commercial food officer? . During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the establishment of private ownership of land and the formation of small-scale peasant economy, professional private handicrafts and cottage industries began to appear. Since then, government-run handicraft industry, professional private handicraft industry and family handicraft industry have become the three main business forms of China ancient handicraft industry, showing a long-term coexistence pattern. The government-run handicraft industry has abundant funds, large scale of operation, meticulous division of labor, strict organizational form, high requirements for product quality and strict management, which promotes the improvement of handicraft technology and represents the highest level of production technology in ancient China. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty, government-run handicrafts always occupied a dominant position.

The development of ancient handicraft industry is closely related to agricultural economy, and it has always been in a subordinate position of agricultural economy;

Except that the mining industry is greatly restricted by resources and transportation, the developed handicraft areas in history are all distributed in intensive cultivation areas. Such as the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in the early stage and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the later stage. Intensive farming areas can provide a lot of raw materials for traditional handicrafts in China, which are closely related to agriculture, such as textiles, sugar, tea and wine. In addition, the development of handicraft industry is also beneficial to the development of agricultural economy, such as the development of metal smelting, especially the development of iron smelting and steel making, which greatly promotes the improvement of agricultural production tools and the development of agricultural economy. Although the handicraft industry in ancient China was very developed, due to the rulers' policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, the handicraft industry served agriculture, and it was always in a subordinate position in the agricultural economy when it was combined with agriculture.

The regional division of labor and specialization level of handicraft industry are influenced by commodity economic activities;

The development and layout of early handicraft industry were greatly influenced by the distribution of natural resources. With the improvement of traffic conditions, the development of commerce, and the formation of a unified regional and national market, the development of handicraft industry has broken through the limitation of raw material production areas, and products have gone to the whole country, providing conditions for the emergence of specialized production centers for handicraft industry. For example, Wenzhou in Song Dynasty? The ground is not suitable for mulberry weaving or painting. (Yongle ceremony). During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Wu Kai in the Heavenly Palace recorded that whenever Dongyi produced Japanese satin, Zhang Quan Beach followed suit. Silk comes from Sichuan and Sichuan and is sold by Wanli, a businessman, to facilitate the return of peppers. ? Is Jingdezhen porcelain industry the same? Artisans come from all directions, and they become the world? . It can be seen that without an active commodity economy and a unified domestic market, the division of labor and the development of professional handicrafts in various regions are unimaginable.

The development of handicraft industry and the change of social life influence each other;

On the basis of the great development of the paper industry in the Song Dynasty, woodblock printing was popularized, the folk book printing industry flourished, and many private book engraving centers appeared in the south. Rare? As a commodity, books are very popular all over the world and easy to buy. The popularity of literacy textbooks such as Hundred Family Names and Thousand-character scripts has greatly popularized folk education, improved literacy rate and promoted the prosperity and development of folk culture and art. With the development of culture, in order to save printing costs and improve printing efficiency, the society urgently demands to improve block printing technology, which has promoted the birth of movable type printing.

The distribution area of handicraft centers changes with the shift of economic center of gravity to the south;

About the Southern Song Dynasty, the economic center of ancient China completed the shift from north to south. With the shift of economic center of gravity to the south, many handicraft departments and the main producing areas of handicrafts have also shifted from the north to the south. Take the silk industry as an example. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the silk industry center of China was in the north, with Chang 'an as the center. In the Southern Song Dynasty, brocade academies (official silk weaving institutions) were established in Suzhou, Hangzhou, Chengdu and other places, each with hundreds of looms and thousands of craftsmen. There are many private workshops that produce a large number of exquisite silk products, such as silk yarn and goose fat cotton from Wu Kang and Anji, all of which are top grade. The silk paintings woven by Mijia in Tang Wei, Jiashan are very famous. These indicate that the center of silk industry has shifted from the north to the south.