Implementation of soil and water conservation project

The formation of karst rocky desertification is a phenomenon that the bedrock is gradually exposed after the sloping farmland or vegetation is stripped off in karst rocky mountainous areas, and the soil is transported and lost under the hydraulic action of the slope. Therefore, how to prevent rocky desertification and control its development is essentially a problem of soil and water conservation in karst mountainous areas.

1988 with the approval of the State Council, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River are listed as the national key prevention and control areas for soil and water conservation, and it is decided to list the lower reaches of Jinsha River and Bijie area, Longnan area, the middle and lower reaches of Jialing River and the Three Gorges reservoir area with the most serious soil erosion as the national recent ecological construction projects, and arrange special funds to support these areas to control soil erosion (referred to as "Changzhi Project") 18 Weining, Hezhang, Bijie and Dafang in Bijie area. At present, 8 counties (cities) in Bijie, 5 counties (cities) in Zunyi and 2 counties (districts *** 15 counties (cities, districts) in Liupanshui are all listed as "Changzhi" counties. In recent years, the state has supported more than 20 million yuan every year.

The implementation of "Changzhi" project has fully considered the rocky desertification caused by soil erosion in Guizhou karst mountainous areas, and adopted the technical route of comprehensive management, local conditions, risk prevention and reinforcement with small watershed as a unit. The theoretical basis is that small watersheds are natural rainwater catchments, and the whole process of soil erosion, namely displacement, transport and deposition, can be reflected in small watersheds. Therefore, according to the law of soil erosion and different landforms, plant measures, engineering measures and soil and water conservation tillage measures can be rationally allocated from sloping land to gully to form a comprehensive prevention and control system to control soil erosion. At the same time, small watershed is an economic unit to develop agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry. According to the natural characteristics of small watersheds, we should adjust the land use structure, rationally arrange the production of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, improve the land utilization rate and labor productivity, develop the economy of small watersheds, and improve the agricultural production conditions and ecological environment at the same time, so that the people in the governance area can get rid of poverty and become rich as soon as possible. 10 for many years, the "Changzhi" project has always adhered to the comprehensive management of small watersheds and achieved remarkable results. Among the 248 small watersheds that have been built, 12 small watersheds have been named as "national demonstration small watersheds for soil and water conservation and ecological environment construction" by the Ministry of Water Resources and the Ministry of Finance. The successful practice of "Changzhi" project has explored an effective way to control soil erosion and prevent rocky desertification in Guizhou karst area.

I. Overview of Project Implementation

By the end of 2000, the "Changzhi" project in the whole province had completed 75.764 square kilometers of soil erosion control, including 832,000 mu of sloping land, 2.806 million mu of soil and water conservation forest, 6.5438+299,000 mu of fruit trees, 693,000 mu of grass, 3.023 million mu of closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, and 27.65438+700,000 mu of soil erosion control to build grain workshops. The trench is 782.2km, with an investment of 2060 1.000 yuan, earth and stone excavation 1.6037 1.000 cubic meters, with a total investment of 1.607830 (photo 6-2, table 6

Table 6- 1 Statistics of Changzhi Project in Guizhou

sequential

Eight counties (cities) in Bijie City have completed the comprehensive control of soil erosion of 6437km2. Among them, 700,000 mu of slopes were changed into terraces, 2.34 million mu of soil and water conservation forests were built, 6.5438+0.98 million mu of fruit forests, 636,000 mu of grass planting, 2.535 million mu of closed management, 2.367 million mu of soil and water conservation farming, 0.507 valley workshops, 0.53 ponds and 0.53 sandbars were built. Through the rational allocation of these measures, not only the ecological environment of small watershed governance has been greatly improved, but also the economic development of small watershed and people's poverty alleviation have been promoted. In terms of effective prevention and control of karst rocky desertification, Guanyin River small watershed in Bijie, Gaoshan small watershed, Weining Zhonghai small watershed, Yulong River small watershed, Dafangmuge small watershed, Jinsha Laoyayan small watershed, Hezhang Zeangou small watershed, Qianxi attached small watershed and Tomei River small watershed are all very representative.

The comprehensive control area of soil and water loss in five counties of Changzhi, Zunyi City is 96 1.9 km2. Among them, the typical demonstration functions of karst rocky desertification control are Tongzi Xiqin River Basin, Zunyi Lianqian Basin, Renhuai Longbao Basin, Luban Basin and Xishui Liangcun Basin. Comprehensive control of soil erosion has been completed in Liupanshui * * * counties, with an area of170.2km2.. Typical examples of karst rocky desertification control are Shuicheng Shuangga small watershed and Liuzhi Yanjiao small watershed.

Second, the project implementation benefit analysis

Since the implementation of the "Changzhi" project in Guizhou Province, Party committees, governments and the masses at all levels in the governance area have seized this opportunity, carried forward the entrepreneurial spirit of hard struggle, and seriously organized and implemented the "Changzhi" project as a poverty alleviation project, as a grand project to improve agricultural production conditions and transform living environment, and widely mobilized the masses to participate in this ecological construction movement to control poor land, which set off a construction upsurge of revitalizing water and getting rid of poverty. Through the efforts of 10 years, the face of the governance area has changed significantly, and obvious social, economic and ecological benefits have been achieved (Table 6-2).

1. ecological benefits: serious soil erosion has been effectively controlled, the ability to resist disasters and reduce disasters has been greatly enhanced, and the agricultural ecological environment has been significantly improved.

Since Guizhou 10, 248 small watersheds have been implemented in the "Changzhi" project. By the end of 2000, the total area of comprehensive control of soil erosion in China was 7576.4km2, and various control measures stopped sand15.23 million tons and runoff11700,000 m3 every year. After the treatment, "the soil does not go down the mountain and the water does not flow randomly" (photo 6-3), which alleviated the harm of flood disaster. 15 key control counties (cities) increased the vegetation coverage by 15 percentage points on average. Therefore, the ability of water storage and soil conservation is greatly enhanced, the siltation of ponds, reservoirs and rivers by sediment is reduced, the service life of water conservancy projects is prolonged, and the phenomenon that fertile land in the dam area is blocked by water is effectively avoided, and the benefits of flood control and disaster reduction are very obvious.

Table 6-2 Questionnaire on Benefits of Soil Erosion Control in Guizhou Province

Heguantun Town, Guanyin River Basin, Bijie City, suffered from serious soil erosion in the past, accounting for 8 1.62% of the total land area, with a large population and little land, unbalanced ecology and frequent disasters. 1April, 982, a rainstorm with rainfall of 67.4mm before treatment caused three deaths, hundreds of houses were destroyed, and thousands of acres of fertile land were buried by sand, resulting in extremely high losses. From 65438 to 0989, comprehensive management of soil and water conservation was carried out in this basin, and a comprehensive prevention and control system of soil and water loss was established. From 65438 to September, 1993, a rainstorm occurred with the rainfall of 1 13mm, but there was no obvious disaster loss, which was in sharp contrast with that before treatment.

Hezhang County was hit by heavy rain on1May 23, 1996, and the rainfall reached 19 1 mm. Compared with the adjacent untreated Xingfagou small watershed, the confluence of Caishen River, which has been included in the "Changzhi" key control, was delayed for half an hour, and the flood lasted for three hours, and the peak flow was reduced by 60%. No one was injured, but Xingfagou formed. Through the implementation of the "Changzhi" project, the barren hills and barren hills in the control area have become lush, which has enhanced the ability to resist natural disasters and greatly improved the agricultural ecological environment in poor mountainous areas.

2. Economic benefits: agricultural production conditions have been improved, grain production has increased, farmers' income has increased, and the pace of poverty alleviation in rural areas has accelerated.

The "Changzhi" project in Guizhou Province takes the rescue and transformation of sloping farmland as a breakthrough, vigorously develops the construction of basic farmland, and at the same time builds drainage, water diversion and irrigation systems. After changing the slope into a ladder, the active soil layer of the soil generally reaches more than 0.5m, which not only ensures soil erosion, but also enhances the ability of water and moisture conservation of cultivated land. Through the construction of basic farmland, the gentle slope land will be turned into a horizontal terrace, the steep slope land will be turned into a terrace, and the farming surface will become flat. In addition, roads and water systems have greatly improved production conditions, enhanced drought resistance, and greatly improved land utilization and output benefits. At the same time, the improvement of natural environment and production conditions has provided basic guarantee and conditions for the popularization and application of agricultural science and technology, realized the increase of grain production and farmers' income, enhanced the agricultural stamina and promoted the sustainable development of local social economy. Implement the "Changzhi" plan

In recent years, 674,000 mu of basic farmland has been built, and 0.48 mu has been added to each household in the governance area, effectively increasing the production and income of the people in the governance area.

According to statistics, the total grain output of 15 counties (cities) and districts under key control 1997 reached 3.43 million tons, an increase of10/0.7% compared with 2.42 million tons in 1989, with an average annual increase of 6/kloc-0. For example, the Muge small watershed in Dafang County is originally characterized by serious soil erosion, high degree of karst rocky desertification and extremely poor people's lives. 1990 The per capita grain output was only 142 Jin, and the net income was 1 10 yuan. Through the comprehensive management of landscape farmland and forest road with slope as a breakthrough, the occurrence and development of soil erosion have been effectively curbed, the ecological environment has been improved, and the benefits are extremely obvious. According to the investigation of 1996, by changing the slope into a ladder, the yield of cultivated land has been greatly improved, and the per capita grain output in the basin has reached 207 kg, with a per capita net income of 864 yuan, effectively solving the problem of food and clothing for farmers. At the same time, biological measures have also achieved initial results. Timber forest and fruit forest grow well and have a promising prospect (photo 6-4).

During the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, five key counties in Zunyi City took changing slopes into ladders as a breakthrough, and the basic farmland area increased from 846,000 mu before treatment to 965,200 mu, with an average annual increase of grain/kloc-0.2 million tons. In the past 10 years, eight counties in Bijie area have implemented the basic farmland construction with the slope as the main body through the "Changzhi" project. The grain output of the whole region increased from 1.988/.038 million tons to 23 1.760 tons in 2000. In 2000, all six poverty-stricken counties got rid of poverty and crossed the line of food and clothing.

With the rational utilization of water and soil resources and the rapid development of small watershed economy, people in mountainous areas began to embark on the road of hope of getting rid of poverty and becoming rich. Through small watershed management, the overall land use structure has been reasonably adjusted. First, make full use of land, improve land utilization rate and output efficiency, and increase grain output. Second, by vigorously developing economic forest and fruit bases, the economic development of small watersheds will be promoted, so that the people in the governance area not only solve the problem of food and clothing, but also greatly increase their economic income. In many places, continuous planting and standardized scale of economic forest fruits have developed into local fist products and pillar industries, and become a reliable way for local people to get rid of poverty and become rich.

For example, since the implementation of the "Changzhi" project in Weining County, 200,000 mu of large-scale fruit forest bases for apples and pears have been built in the county, and the output of dried fruits and fruits in the county has reached more than 30 million kilograms from 65,438 to 0997. Therefore, the county party committee and government made the decision of "relying on soil and water conservation projects to build high-quality fruit tree bases and develop county-level pillar industries", and explicitly proposed to build 300,000 fruit trees in 2000. In this way, the per capita income of the county within 300 yuan is increased, and the people in the jurisdiction are increased by 1 10,000 yuan. This plan has been submitted to the county people's congress for discussion and approval, and has been formally incorporated into the ninth five-year plan and 2065,438+00 plan of Weining County. At present, the main fruit of the county, Red Fuji Apple, has been appraised by experts organized by Guizhou Provincial Department of Agriculture and won the title of "Famous Fruit in Guizhou Province".

3. Social benefits: It has improved the rural economic and social benefits and promoted the construction of two civilizations in rural areas.

The implementation of the "Changzhi" project reflects the great concern of the party and the government for the people in poor mountainous areas. The enthusiasm and consciousness of the people of all ethnic groups in the control area have been greatly improved, and the awareness of managing mountains and water conservancy according to law has been greatly strengthened. The pattern of transforming sloping farmland, vigorously developing fruit trees, diversified management and combining long and short has basically taken shape, laying the foundation for solving the problem of food and clothing in the near future and becoming rich and well-off in the medium term. It is praised by the masses as "the project of virtue and politics" (Figure 6-5). During the implementation of the "Changzhi" project, the broad masses of the people have learned technology, culture and management, increased their opportunities to accept modern scientific and cultural knowledge, broadened the channels for ideological and emotional exchanges with advanced regions, greatly changed their ideas, and enhanced farmers' awareness of commodities and market economy.