What is the connotation of Hakka culture?

After several generations of joint efforts, we have basically clarified the basic issues of Hakka research such as the definition of Hakka, the origin of Hakka, and the Hakka spirit. Its landmark work is "Introduction to Hakka Studies" by Luo Xianglin ” and “A Study on the Origin of Hakkas”, as well as “Hakkas” by Chen Yundong. Especially since the implementation of reform and opening up in mainland China, with the continuous holding of Hakka seminars in various parts of the mainland, Hong Kong and Taiwan, a Hakka craze has gradually formed around the world. The craze is still in its infancy. Therefore, the conditions are ripe for deepening research on Hakka studies. However, judging from the works on Hakka research that I can read, it seems that these studies are still based on the research results of Master Luo Xianglin, with few breakthroughs and few innovations. So, how can Hakka studies develop in depth? Where is its breakthrough? I think the breakthrough should be in the study of Hakka culture. Why? Because the ethnic system refers to the homogeneity of people with the same language and psychological quality formed in the same environment and the same economic life. ***The same language and ***the same psychological quality, that is, culture. Therefore, the most important symbol that distinguishes ethnic groups is culture. The Hakka, Guangzhou, Chaozhou, etc. ethnic groups who are the Han people who migrated to the south are all descendants of the Yan and Huang Dynasties. There is no difference in blood. They can only be differentiated in terms of language, customs, and sense of identity. Therefore, the study of Hakka culture is the center and focus of Hakka studies. Materialist dialectics tells us: Among many contradictions, there must be one principal contradiction. If we grasp this principal contradiction that plays a decisive role, other contradictions can be easily solved. If the research on Hakka culture can be deepened, the research on other Hakka issues will be easily stimulated. 2. What level has the current research on Hakka culture reached? I randomly excerpted from several relevant treatises as follows: The virtues of being practical, hard-working and thrifty, and hard work; the spirit of perseverance, perseverance, perseverance, and resistance; the virtues of remembering the kindness of ancestors and being patriotic and loving the hometown; the spirit of unity and struggle. The spirit of advocating literature and martial arts, the custom of being charitable, the spirit of hardship, pioneering and enterprising, the courage to take risks, unity and forge ahead, and the spirit of independence and self-improvement. Pioneering, advocating literature, patriotism, hard work and pragmatism; self-reliance and hard work to start a business; respecting teachers and teaching, loving knowledge; hard work, pioneering and enterprising; attaching importance to family, mutual help between husband and wife, harmony among brothers; patriotism and hometown, and never forgetting ancestors. Perseverance, hard work, taking risks and difficulties, uniting and forging ahead; advocating loyalty, resisting oppression, being loyal to the Qin Dynasty, sharing the same hatred with the enemy, being patriotic and loving the hometown, paying attention to martial arts; respecting etiquette, ethics, good knowledge, respecting education, respecting kinship, and respecting ancestors. Master Long said. As can be seen from the above excerpts, there is a common problem in these treatises on the connotation of Hakka culture, that is, there are too many political explanations and too little personal explanation. Because these connotations are unique to other ethnic cultures that migrated to the south, with the Central Plains culture as the main body, like the Hakka culture, and are the unique characteristics of the Han nationalities who migrated to the south. The reason why all things in the world are so different is that they have different personalities. Personality is concrete and most colorful. The individuality of an ethnic culture is the most prominent feature of this ethnic culture. Studying the personality of this ethnic culture is not only a need to grasp the characteristics of this ethnic group, but also a need to carry forward the excellent culture of this ethnic group. Without being good at distinguishing the individuality of Hakka culture, research on Hakka culture can only remain at a general level. 3. There are many research results on ethnic culture or regional culture that can be used as reference for research on Hakka culture. The regional culture of Bashu, which is an important part of Han culture, is unique because of the unique and beautiful environment of Bashu mountains and rivers. "Huayang Guo Zhi·Shu Zhi" made a wonderful summary of the characteristics of Shu people: 1. Lots of colorful articles; 2. Taste; 3. Love spicy food; 4. Gentlemen are smart and smart, villains are cunning; 5. Lots of people. Brave. This is the characteristic of Bashu culture and the most prominent personality that distinguishes Bashu culture from other regional cultures or ethnic cultures. As for Yanzhao culture, the personality of Yanzhao culture can be summarized in the farewell song of Jing Ke: "The wind is rustling and the water is cold, and the strong man will never return once he is gone." "There are many generous and tragic people in Yan and Zhao". The Yan and Zhao style of people who are not afraid of violence and value faith and integrity is the most distinctive feature of Yan and Zhao culture. It is a vivid embodiment of the patriotism and heroism of the Chinese nation. Let’s talk about Chaozhou culture, which is adjacent to the Hakka. How do Chaozhou scholars summarize its connotation? They believe that the main body of Chaozhou culture is the Central Plains culture, but it is not the general Central Plains culture. It entered the Chaoshan area as an immigrant culture. Before the Han people took over, there was a Baiyue culture in the Chaoshan area. The Han people who settled in Chaoshan had to adopt the mentality of doing as the Romans do when faced with an unfamiliar environment. Since Baiyue culture has been in a state of autonomy and semi-autonomousness for a long time, it has a strong border consciousness of "the mountains are high and the emperor is far away". After being Sinicized, this frontier consciousness was transferred to the Chaozhou people and became a core of Chaozhou culture. Therefore, it gave the Chaozhou people a relatively free mentality and independent orientation towards the orthodox center. Those who pay attention to authenticity and take pride in following ancient legal systems have not become a common mentality among fashionable people. Hakka culture research has rarely seen such a distinctive summary of personality! 4. What is the reason why the research on the connotation of Hakka culture remains at generalization? I think it may be that researchers have not gotten over the lack of research on Hakka caused by Master Luo Xianglin due to historical limitations. At that time, Luo Xianglin and other masters worked hard to refute the slander against the Hakka ethnic group and achieved fruitful results. However, truth often takes one step forward and becomes falsehood.

Due to the excessive pursuit of rectification and the attempt to prove that the Hakka people are a pure Han nation and the Hakka culture is a pure Central Plains culture, they consciously or unconsciously ignore that during the migration process of the Hakka ancestors, their concepts and habits had to be challenged by the new environment, so they could not There are not many variations and modifications. In particular, the Hakka ancestors have stayed in the Yangtze River Basin for hundreds of years. It is impossible for Chu culture and Jianghuai culture not to affect the Hakka people's concepts and habits. Therefore, the Hakka ancestors before they took over the Fujian-Guangdong-Jiangxi triangle area were no longer the Han people native to Zhongzhou, and the Hakka ancestor culture, with the Central Plains culture as the main body, was no longer the native culture of Zhongzhou. Due to excessive pursuit of authenticity and trying to prove that the Hakka people are a pure Han nation and the Hakka culture is a pure Central Plains culture, they consciously or unconsciously ignore that when the Hakka ancestors entered the Fujian-Guangdong-Jiangxi triangle area, they interacted with the hundreds of people who already existed in this area. The fusion of Vietnamese culture. The integrated Hakka people are very different from the Han people in the Central Plains, and the integrated Hakka culture is very different from the native culture in Zhongzhou. The shortcomings caused by this kind of neglect influenced many Hakka researchers later, causing them to consciously or unconsciously engage in "direct targeting" when studying Hakka culture, directly corresponding to Hakka culture and Central Plains culture, and demonstrating that Hakka culture is the Central Plains culture. Culture is the starting point and destination of research, and even the Hakka culture and the Central Plains culture are completely equated. The Central Plains culture is the mother culture of the ethnic groups that migrated south, and the characteristics of the Central Plains culture naturally become the unique attributes of the cultures of all ethnic groups. Independence exists in personality. Without personality, there is no independence. Therefore, we must be good at grasping personality from the grasp of personality, and we must also be good at grasping personality from grasping personality. How to grasp the personality of Hakka culture? In my opinion, one is to study from the source, that is, from the Central Plains culture, which is the mother body of Hakka culture, to see which Hakka culture still retains the Central Plains cultural genes, and which are the mutations and developments of these genes. The Central Plains culture that has survived the test of history and still remains in Hakka culture is the personality of Hakka culture. The second is to study from the flow up, that is, from the local culture during the Hakka migration process, to see which parts of the Hakka culture were absorbed from the foreign culture, and which ones were derived from mixing with the foreign culture. These absorptions are related to Mixed things are often the personality of Hakka culture. The third is to compare with the fraternal ethnic lineage. Only through comparison can there be identification. It is easy to find differences in comparison, and these differences are the characteristics of Hakka culture. 5. What is the personality of Hakka culture? This is an urgent question that needs to be answered in order to deepen the research on Hakka culture. I am a layman in Hakka studies. It is only because I have served as the executive vice chairman of the Hakka Culture Research Center of the Chinese Yanhuang Culture Research Association in the past few years that I have the opportunity to come into contact with some issues in Hakka culture research. Here I will share the issues I feel Putting it forward is nothing more than an introduction, hoping to arouse further research and thinking among relevant scholars. I remember that when I was living in Nanyang, I often heard this proverb: "Hakka people opened the port, Guangzhou people prospered the port, and Chaozhou people occupied the port." This proverb is not necessarily scientific, but it somewhat distinguishes the personalities of these three ethnic cultures. The analysis and summary of personality cannot be achieved overnight and requires hard work. I hope that all Hakka researchers will write personalized articles and push the research on Hakka culture and Hakka studies to a new stage.