Where do the Hakkas come from?

As a Hakka, do you know where you come from? The debate about the migration times of Hakkas mostly revolves around whether it is five or six times. More and more people think that Luo Xianglin, a master of Hakka studies in the 1930 s, is a representative of research scholars. Since the Jin Dynasty, Hakkas have experienced five large-scale migrations.

0 1. Sixteen countries in Wuhu and Du Nan, Guan Yi

The first large-scale migration took place in the first year of Yongkang in the Western Jin Dynasty, 300 AD 1700 years ago. Sima Zhong, the Emperor of Jinhui, had great trust and awe in the queen, while Jia Nanfeng, the queen, was ugly and jealous. After Jin Huidi succeeded to the throne, he even forged Sima Zhong's imperial edict and murdered the prince. Due to various reasons, the Eight Kings Rebellion broke out, which was one of the most serious royal civil strife in the history of China.

At that time, the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jiedi, Biandi and other ethnic minorities in the north took advantage of the situation and fought endlessly with each other, which led to the chaos and disorder in the Central Plains. Since then, the northern part of the Central Plains has entered the period of five lakes and sixteen countries. After the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains became the world of Hu people, and the Han people who could not bear the war and slavery chose to go south. Most of them were "well-dressed gentry". Most of these people are stranded in the Jianghuai area, and some of them arrive in Paiwan and other places in Jiangxi. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, overseas Chinese counties and counties were specially set up to resettle them and give them various preferential treatments. This migration tide lasted for 170 years, with a migration population of nearly 2 million. The civilization of the Central Plains moved to the south of China on a large scale, which was called "dressing in the south" in history, and was also called the incubation period of Hakkas.

02. From Anshi Rebellion to Huang Chao Uprising.

After the first great migration, they spent a hundred years of stability, and the emergence of the "An Shi Rebellion" in the Tang Dynasty broke all this. In the late kaiyuan period, the country had nothing to do, and Xuanzong gradually lost the spirit of seeking upward governance. "Zi Tongzhi Jianjuan Volume 2 17" records: "I am old now, and things are handed over to the prime minister, and things are handed over to the generals. Why worry about my husband!" The country's situation has turned from prosperity to decline, and there has been a separatist situation. Coupled with the famine in the Central Plains for years, the government only knows how to plunder people's wealth, national affairs and people's livelihood are corrupt, and many urban and rural fireworks are cut off and there is a depression.

Soon, the Huang Chao Uprising led by Wang Xianzhi and Huang Chao broke out. When the Rebels marched into the Central Plains, they used mobile warfare to avoid the real and attack the imaginary, and their footprints spread all over the vast areas of Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Shaanxi and other provinces, which shook the rule of the Tang Dynasty. These places are the areas where the Han people first moved south.

Only southeastern Jiangxi, southwestern Guangdong and northeastern Guangdong were affected by the war, so most of the Hakka ancestors in the above provinces traveled back to the Ganjiang River from Jiangzhou and settled in the triangle of southern Jiangxi, western Fujian and northeastern Guangdong today. According to the records of Hakka genealogy, most immigrants in this period took refuge in Shibi Village, Ninghua, Fujian. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, whenever Tomb-Sweeping Day and Chung Yeung Festival are held, the descendants of Hakkas who live in Chaomei have traveled mountains and rivers to find their roots and worship their ancestors, which is unprecedented.

This is the second large-scale migration in the history of Han nationality in Central Plains. This southward migration lasted for more than 90 years until the Five Dynasties. A few people migrated as far away as Hui, Jia, Shao and other places, and most people stayed in Tingzhou, Fujian and southeast Ganzhou.

03. From the Jingkang Rebellion to the Yuan Dynasty's Destruction of the Southern Song Dynasty

The third migration was from the Jingkang Rebellion to the Yuan Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. In A.D. 1 127, the Jin people broke through Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, and took away the Hui and Qin emperors. When the Northern Song Dynasty perished, the Jin Army plundered and made Zhang Bangchang emperor, with the title of "Da Chu". Song Gaozong chose Nandu, proclaimed himself emperor in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), and established the Southern Song Dynasty. /kloc-0.0 million residents moved south with Emperor Gaozong, while others didn't want to cross the south with Emperor Gaozong. They chose to come to Dayu Valley, go to Nanxiong and Shaozhou, or pass through Hongji and other States, and finally settled in Tingzhou, where they merged with the original Han people who moved south with the same cultural beliefs.

After that, Yuan people invaded the Central Plains, seized private land and promoted slavery. In order to avoid the war, the Han people in the Yellow River valley crossed the river south again.

At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Yuan soldiers marched south, and Wen Tianxiang rose up against Yuan. Hakka children joined the army one after another, followed Wen Tianxiang to Jiaying Prefecture (now Meizhou) in Guangdong, and fought the Yuan Army near Fujian and Jiangxi. "Men fight with women, and eight thousand children belong to the diligent king." Eight thousand children from Songkou Town, Jiaying Prefecture follow Wen Tianxiang's anti-Yuan campaign. It is said that there are more than 800 families named Zhuo who only let go, and the family followed Wen Tianxiang's anti-Yuan soldiers.

In order to find a peace, the Hakkas who moved here earlier also moved to Meizhou and Huizhou. At this time, the household registration was divided into subjects and guests, and the immigrants who moved in were all Hakkas. Since then, most immigrants here have called themselves "Hakkas". Since then, Hakkas have gradually formed a stable clan, and have continued to grow and develop since then.

04 Hakka's "Westward Movement"

There are two main reasons for the fourth migration of Hakka. First, in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, when the Qing army went south to Fujian and Guangdong, some respectable Hakkas came forward to call on the masses to express their righteousness to the Qing army, but they were forced to disperse everywhere after their failure. Some went to Taiwan Province Province with Zheng Chenggong; Moved to northern Guangdong, central Guangdong and western Guangdong; Some went to Guangxi, Hunan and Sichuan.

The second is the rapid population growth. After more than 200 years of development, the population of Hakka in the border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong has greatly increased, but living in mountainous areas and places with few fields can no longer meet their needs, and they urgently need to develop abroad. At that time, due to wars, plagues and natural disasters, the population of Sichuan decreased sharply. During the reign of Kangxi, the Qing government launched the immigration movement of "moving lakes and filling Sichuan". So the Han people who moved to the two lakes and Guangdong moved again and entered Sichuan in large numbers. A survey of Chengdu in the late Qing Dynasty once described that "Chengdu people today are all from other provinces".

This large-scale migration is called "Westward Movement" in the history of Hakka immigrants. The ancestors of Zhu De, Guo Moruo and Han were all Hakkas who moved to Sichuan from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian.

05 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement

During the period from the first year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty to the third year of Tongzhi (1851-kloc-0/864), the leading group composed of Hong Xiuquan, Yang, Xiao Chaogui and Feng Yunshan, with Hakka as the basic team, took the lead in launching the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement against feudal rule and foreign capitalist aggression in Qing Dynasty from Jintian Village, Guangxi.

After the fall of Tianjing, the insurgents were destroyed and the people fled. During this period, due to the rapid increase of population and the lack of resources in Guangdong, the struggle between locals and tourists lasted for 12 years in central Guangdong. In order to solve the disputes between the aborigines and the Hakkas, the Qing government specially designated Chixi area in Taishan to resettle the Hakkas. The unrest caused the Hakkas to start another great migration, moving to Hainan and Guangxi, and even crossing the ocean to make a living.

Now, Hakkas have been distributed in five continents and more than 80 countries and regions. There is a saying: "Where there are China people, there are Hakkas."

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