Is there a large population in Yanqi Hui Autonomous County in Bayinguoleng, Xinjiang?

Population density: 49 persons/km2.

Yanqi Hui Autonomous County is located in the center of Yanqi Basin at the southern foot of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang. The county covers a total area of 2,570.88 square kilometers, and has jurisdiction over 3 state-owned farms, 46 administrative villages, 16 neighborhood committees, 4 townships and 4 towns and 246 villagers' groups. In addition, there are 17 units stationed in Yan, such as Corps Enterprise, Farming and Pastoral Farm, Nanjiang Railway and Tarim Henan Petroleum Exploration Company. The total population of the county is10.3 million, and there are 29 ethnic groups living in it, including Hui, Han, Uygur and Mongolia, among which 43.8% are Han, 22.8% are Hui and 33.4% are other ethnic minorities. It is one of the six ethnic autonomous counties in Xinjiang.

Four townships and four towns include: Yanqi Town, Qixing Town, yongningzhen Town, Shilizi Town, Beidaqu Township, No.5 Canal Township, Chahan Caikai Township and Baoerhai Township. There are also: Wangjiazhuang Ranch, Suhai Seed Farm, and 27th Tuanchang.

In ancient times, it was a Yanqi country in the western regions. In the 24th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1898), Yanqi Building was established. In the second year (19 13), Yanqi county was established. 1954 established Yanqi Hui Autonomous Region, and 1955 changed its name to Autonomous County. It belongs to Bayinguoleng Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture.

The terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, most of which are surrounded by mountains. Kaidu River flows from the east, Peacock River flows from the south, and there is a small swamp in the middle. It belongs to temperate continental arid climate. Crops include wheat, corn, rice, broad beans, rape, hops and so on. Animal husbandry is dominated by horses, sheep and cattle, and "Yanqi Horse" is famous all over the country. Industries include cement, electricity, sugar production, etc. The South Xinjiang Railway runs through the county and is the transportation hub of North and South Xinjiang. There are also main roads and branch roads leading to various places. Historical sites include the ruins of Xutouzhou City in Tang Dynasty, Silibao Ancient City, Sikeqin Site, Qixinglou, etc.

administrative division

Yanqi Hui Autonomous County governs 4 towns and 4 townships: Yanqi Town, Qixing Town, yongningzhen, Shilichengzi Town, Beidaqu Township, Wu Qu Township, Chahancaikai Township and Baoerhai Township. There are: Wangjiazhuang Ranch, Suhai Seed Farm and Twenty-seven Tuanchang. The county people's government is located in Yanqi town.

Yanqi Town Code: 652826 100 governs 10 communities and 1 village committees: Xinhua Road Community, Binhe Road Community, Jiefang Road Community, Heping Road Community, Xinqiao Road Community, Xincheng Road Community, Wen Yuan Road Community, Yingbin Road Community, Shangcheng Road Community, Youhao Road Community and Shangqu Community.

Qixing Town Code: 652826 10 1 jurisdiction 1 community and 9 village committees: Xingfu Road Community, Qixing Village, Sambaba Gezi Village, Xiarekai Village, Laocheng Village, Hallmo Dun Village, Huerdun Village, Naiming Modun Village, Hula Village and Mangela Village.

Yongningzhen code: 652826 102 governs 2 communities and 8 village committees: Yongxing Road Community, Nanhe Road Community, Xiachahe Village, Xinhu Village, Jiuhaoqu Village, Heige Village, Xinjiuhu Village, Xidaqu Village, Shangchahe Village and Ma Lian Beach Village.

Code of Shilizi Town: 652826 103/community and 5 village committees: Xincheng Road Community, Dianzi Village, Xinqu Village, Akdun Village, Mazha Village and Bakelai Village.

Code of Beidaqu Township: 652826200 governs 6 village committees: Beidaqu Village, Liuhu Village, Bajiahu Village, No.10 Village, Beiqu Village and Taipingqu Village.

No.5 Quxiang code: 65282620 1 jurisdiction 1 community and 8 village committees: Cheng Jiao Community, 1 Qucun, Shangwuqu Village, Zhongwuqu Village, Xiawuqu Village,-Qucun, Xiasanqu Village, Alunqu Village and Chaganqu Village.

Baoerhai Township Code: 652826204 governs five village committees: Kailaiti Village, Baoerhai Village, Dell Village, Xiare Dale Village and Chahanbuhu Village.

Chahan Caikai Township Code: 652826203 governs 4 village committees: Habre Village, Chahan Caikai Village, Aarmo Dun Village and Moczar Sumu Village.

Wangjiazhuang Ranch Code: 652826400

Suhai Seed Farm Code: 65282640 1

Code of the 27th Corps: 652826402

Textual research on county name

In the Dictionary of Chinese Loanwords compiled by Mr. Liu Zhengyan, the Chinese transliteration of the word "Yan Zhi" scattered in numerous ancient books is recorded as 10: Yan Zhi, Yan Zhi, cigarette, rouge, Yan Zhi and Yan Zhi. The name of Yanqi is recorded in China ancient books. There are basically three ways in the Han and Tang Dynasties: Hanshu, Houhanshu, Jin Shu, Shu Wei, Zhou Shu, Sui Shu, New Tang Dynasty Book, Old Tang Dynasty Book, Biography of High Monks and Biography of Continuing High Monks. Later, scholars of various schools had different opinions and were at loggerheads. According to Japanese Shounan Matsuda, Aryanni is an elegant name used by ancient Yanqi monks, and the word Yanqi was changed to Sanskrit. In Sanskrit, Ayani means Vulcan. Some scholars in China have suggested that Wuyi and Aini are homophones of Yanqi.

2. The semantic meaning of the word "Yanqi" lists 10 ways. Interpreters in past dynasties have different opinions, which can be summarized into four kinds: (65,438+0) refers to the name of the mountain-Yanqi Mountain (this mountain is located between Shandan County and Yongchang County in Hexi Corridor of Gansu Province, now called Dahuangshan).

The word "Yan Zhi" first appeared in Historical Records. The Biography of Xiongnu records that "Huo Qubing, an ancient general in the Han Dynasty, rode ten thousand miles out of Longxi and crossed Yanqi Mountain for more than a thousand miles to attack Xiongnu." (2) refers to a plant called red and blue, and northerners rub the brightest part of its flowers into rouge. ③ refers to dyes made of red and blue.

Historically, a plant called red and blue was produced at the foot of Yanqi Mountain. Xiongnu women used fresh red and blue flowers to make face cream, so that after being captured by Huo Qubing, Xiongnu sang "I died in Qilian Mountain, which made my six animals lose interest;" If I lose the mountain, my daughter will be eclipsed. " Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, also reflected in his poems that "women have no color when they enter the Han family." From the above records, we can be sure that the word "Yan Zhi" explained in Chinese is undoubtedly the word "color" in the local minority languages.

3. The etymology of the word "Yanqi", which national language is the word "Yanqi"? Indicate "the origin of Xiongnu" under the item of "cigarettes" in the Chinese loanwords Dictionary. However, scholars believe that before Huo Qubing attacked Hexi region, Hexi region was occupied by Xiongnu, and before Xiongnu, it was occupied by Ren Yue (east of Zhangye) and Wusun (west of Zhangye). Yanqi Mountain is named after Ren Yue, who lived there before the Huns entered the area. Dayue was called Serbian in the history of China and Sakya in ancient Persian literature. Scholars who study the history of Hungarian slaves have recorded that Xiongnu and Da Yue (a Serb) fought for hegemony for a long time, and it was not until the 2nd century BC that Dayue was forced to move westward by Xiongnu. The Serbian language is now considered as East Iranian (also known as East Ilan). The conclusion is that the word "Yan Zhi" in China's history books is transliterated from East Yilan, January and Persian, and it is a loan word in Xiongnu language.

social development

Yanqi county now governs two state-owned pastures in three towns and five townships. The units stationed in the county include Henan Oilfield, industrial and commercial enterprises of the Second Agricultural Division of the Corps, agricultural reclamation farms, and backbone enterprises directly under Bazhou. Since the reform and opening up, the economy of Yanqi area has developed rapidly and its economic strength has increased year by year. People live and work in peace and contentment, and their living standards are constantly improving.

Yanqi is one of the important material distribution centers in northern and southern Xinjiang, and it is the business center of adjacent counties such as Hejing, Heshuo and Bohu and the Eighth Regiment of the Second Agricultural Division of the Corps. The traffic here is convenient and the communication is developed. National highways 3 14 and 2 18 crisscross the southern Xinjiang railway, 60 kilometers away from Korla airport, and air transportation is also very convenient. Posts and telecommunications have realized modern means such as digital microwave and optical cable transmission, and program-controlled telephones and wireless mobile phones have made Yanqi closely connected with the world.

Yanqi is rich in natural resources and rich in soil and water. Since ancient times, the famous Yanqi horse has been abundant here; The high-quality wild licorice named "Yanqi Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch" by the authoritative department of the autonomous region is spread all over the country and sold well at home and abroad. The Kaidu River, which originated in the southern foot of Tianshan Mountain, flows through the county from west to east, and contains huge hydropower and water resources. The Oyamaguchi Hydropower Station, built in the upper reaches of Kaidu River, has provided sufficient power guarantee for the economic development of Yanqi area. Yanqi basin has considerable oil reserves and has made breakthrough in oil exploration. It has been officially named as "Baolang Oilfield" by the state, and the development prospect of petroleum industry is promising. There are dozens of proven mineral resources such as oil, natural gas, coal, crystal, mica, copper, andalusite, beryl, rare earth, etc., which are rich in reserves and of high quality; There are many kinds of wild medicinal plants 100, such as licorice, Lithospermum and Codonopsis pilosula.

The development of history

During the reign of Kanggan in the Qing Dynasty, the imperial court sent troops to Balkun, Hami and Turpan, and sent troops to crusade against Junggar many times. At that time, in addition to some soldiers of the Shaanxi-Gansu Hui people, there were officers of the Shaanxi-Gansu Hui people who drove vehicles to transport equipment, food and socks, and small traders of the Hui people who were doing business with the army. In the twenty-third year of Qianlong (1758), after the Qing court put down the Junggar rebellion, the Qing government, while stationing troops to guard the frontier, implemented the general plan of "emigrating to the frontier". During the 60 years from Jiaqing to Xianfeng, many people moved from Shaanxi and Gansu to northern Xinjiang, and some of them later drifted to Yanqi. Because the Kaidu River is rich in water, the land on both sides of the river is fertile, there are pastures everywhere, and cattle and sheep flock together. This is a good place to live, so people have settled down. According to Ma Jun, an 80-year-old Hui man, his hometown is in Shaanxi, and the eighth generation has moved to Yanqi. When his grandfather was alive, he told later generations about his family moving to Yanqi: first, he lived in northern Xinjiang, and later he heard that Yanqi was rich and there was a big river flowing on the flat land. There is endless firewood around the city, and cattle and sheep can be placed beside the crops. This is a good place to live, so his family came here. At that time, eighteen families moved here every year. Later, the Qing government moved from Lintan and Guyuan to be carpenters and boatmen, and built temples here, and the population of Hui people gradually increased. In the 23rd year of Daoguang (1843), Minister Karashar asked the Qing court to withdraw 302 soldiers from Dingkou, and recruited nearly 100 Hui merchants from Xining, Linxia, Guyuan and Pingliang to cultivate garrison fields. In the future, many ex-servicemen will stay here and engage in agriculture, animal husbandry, commerce and management in order to survive and develop. From generation to generation, they gradually became local aborigines and claimed to be outsiders.

In the third year of Guangxu (1877), Bai Yanhu, one of the leaders of the Hui uprising in Weinan, Shaanxi, fought against the Qing army for 15 years and finally failed. Under the pursuit of the Qing army, they retreated westward through Yanqi. The Qing army placed the rest of the Hui people, Mongols and Bai Yanhu from Urumqi, Hami and Turpan in Yan Ying, and they were threatened by the huge invader Akuta. Zuo asked the Qing court to set up a bureau to help these people settle here, presided over Fei Daozhou, and recruited hundreds of Hui families from the customs to help them settle down, such as cattle, farm tools, seeds and daily necessities. Only these two projects * * * have resettled more than 2,200 Hui men and 1600 women. This is the largest group of Shaanxi Muslims who moved to Yanyun. These people first came to Yanqi to run agriculture, animal husbandry and commerce.

In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), Qinghai Hui leaders Ma Lin, Han Wenxiu, Kei Ma, Liu Tongchun (also known as Si Liu and Liu Sifu) and Ma Zhu led tens of thousands of people to revolt in Hehuang, opposing the national oppression and exorbitant taxes imposed by the Qing government. After being chased and intercepted by the Qing army, they moved to Xunhua, Hezhou, Didao, Xining and Houshuixia. These people were first placed in the area of Yulipuchang and then transferred to Tieganrik. Because the desert is everywhere, the population is sparse, the harvest fails every year, and the people's lives are hard. A few years later, someone escaped. In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), Liu Jiade, the magistrate of Yanqi, moved them to Machangtai (formerly official horse farm) on the south bank of Kaidu River, and named this place Fuhuizhuang. Now the Hui people in Xining, the southern suburb of the city, are descendants of this group of people.

In the Republic of China 17 (1928), the old and new Hui sects in Guyuan, Gansu Province went to war, and many people were displaced and some settled in Yanqi. In the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933), some people who followed Ma Zhongying returned to the militia to stay in Yanying. In the 28th year of the Republic of China (1939), a great earthquake occurred in Guyuan, Gansu Province, and many Muslims from Guyuan came to Yanqi to find relatives and settle down. After the Kuomintang troops entered Xinjiang, many desertions and retrenched Hui officers and men also settled in Yanqi. After the founding of New China, many Hui people from Gansu, Qinghai and Ningxia visited relatives and friends and settled here.

1953 In the first national census, there were 9 1 12 Hui people in Yanqi County. By the fourth national census in 1990, the Hui population in the county had reached 24,209.

Social customs and habits

I. Main customs

Hui people's living customs are integrated with "halal". The religious significance of "halal" is "clean and pollution-free", "true and unique" and "pure and true". Therefore, the living customs of the Hui people emphasize the cleanliness of body and mind and the purity of quality.

In terms of water use, the Hui people are very particular about domestic water use. Before the appearance of urban tap water system and now in rural areas, every family has brick wells, and buckets for carrying water are hung in the air when not in use. You must wash your hands before pumping water. Go out with running water, usually wash with soup bottles, hanging cans or spoons, not with pots.

Hui people like to eat the meat of cattle, sheep, chickens, ducks, camels, fish, rabbits and other animals, but do not eat pork, raptors and reptiles, animals that have died or have not been slaughtered in the name of Allah, and animal blood.

Second, diet.

The staple food of the Hui nationality is pasta, and there are many kinds of steamed buns, such as flower rolls, taguokui, crispy steamed buns, crispy steamed buns, steamed cakes, all kinds of steamed buns, sesame oil (fried cakes), all kinds of avocados, proud fruits and twists. Noodles include dry mixed noodles, noodles, strips, Daoxiao Noodles, sliced leek leaves, Daoxiao Noodles, fried noodles and dipped slices; Huimian Noodles, Zhang Zi, Zhang Bao Zi, one-sided pimple, rolling pin, noodles, flag noodles, minced meat noodles and miscellaneous soup are all served with soup. In addition, there are jiaozi, bean jelly, noodle soup, cold rice noodles, flour essence, jiaozi, noodle soup jiaozi, steamed stuffed bun, oil tower, meat dragon, fried cake, roasted, fried dumplings and cut cake. Meat includes preserved beef and mutton, beef and mutton in sauce, boiled beef and mutton, mutton offal, cold beef tongue, beef soup and so on. Most people still cook traditional hospitality dishes and watch "nine bowls and three rows of seats" on holidays or when they marry people who entertain them. After the 1990s, with the improvement of people's living standards, people began to serve dishes one by one, usually 10 dishes.

In the old society, the meals of Hui families were always cooked by their wives. When the husband came home, he didn't ask the question of cooking, but waited for his wife to bring the rice and take a bite. Until the 1950s and 1960s, only one husband did some auxiliary work. At the end of 1970s, especially since the reform and opening up, this situation has changed a lot. Many husbands can take the initiative to cook with their wives. In some dual-income families, whoever comes home early will cook. 1990 surveyed 86 people, of whom 2 1.24% were cooked by their wives, 0/.74% by their parents and 0/.24% by their husbands. 74.78% people answered who had time to cook, and more than 60% people were under 30.

Third, drinks

Hui people like to drink tea, generally brick tea, some elderly people use smoked tea, and some auxiliary materials such as sugar, red dates, Elaeagnus angustifolia, raisins, almonds, walnuts, honey, dried fruits, dried apricots, medlar and longan are added. Generally speaking, the elderly will drink tea first after the morning meeting. Every household has a set of tea set with a lid, which consists of a tea bowl, a palm plate and a lid. Generally, guests are served sugar tea, which is divided into brown sugar brick tea, white sugar tea and rock sugar nest tea. Distinguished guests should put eight-treasure tea or three-spice tea. Pay attention to using peony water (boiled water) when making tea. Open the lid of the bowl in front of the guests, put in the tea material, then fill it with water and cover it with your hands. When drinking tea, add water while scraping. In addition to drinking green tea, you can also drink a kind of tea without tea leaves, called "fried dough sticks", which means frying beef and sheep oil until it is slightly yellow, adding chopped green onion and salt powder, and stirring evenly. When drinking, brew or boil with boiling water. This is a convenient diet for Hui people to go out to eat and drink.

Fourth, clothing.

Hui people pay attention to "clean clothes and clean living". Clothing prefers white, babies are wrapped in white cloth, when they grow up, they wear white hats, and when they return to their true colors (death), they are wrapped in white cloth. Because white doesn't shelter evil people from evil practices, it is convenient to clean up in time when it is found to be unclean.

Yanqi Hui women are good at embroidery, especially embroidery. Pillows, vests, shoes, baby pants, hats and even men's socks are embroidered with flowers and insects. When a girl gets married, if she can get the title of "tailor on the kang, cook on the kang", she can also be regarded as a good wife. Middle-aged women often wear short clothes, which are narrow at the top, wide at the bottom and long, usually knee-high or knee-high; Wearing hairnets, others are wearing brown or white headscarves. Young women like to wear colorful clothes. Many young women and girls wear Chinese-style corsets, cotton-padded jackets, cotton-padded jackets and waistcoats, embroidered with various laces on their chests and trouser legs, red and green silk headscarves on their heads and embroidered shoes on their feet. Old women like blue and black fabrics, and their clothes are simple and simple.

Before the 1960s, the clothing of the Hui people in Yanyun was chubby, with a black coat, white underwear, a straight collar, a lock and a vest. Pants are mostly black, reaching the foot surface and tying the trouser legs (not suitable for young people); Usually wear a small white hat.

After the founding of New China, great changes have taken place in clothing. Except for some old people who still follow the old customs, most young people wear Chinese tunic suit and military casual clothes. Since the 1980s, suits, dresses and jeans have become popular. From 1990 to 1 15, 49 people like to wear fashionable clothes, accounting for 42.6%; 32 people like to wear suits, accounting for 27.83%; They add up to 8 1 person, accounting for 70.43%. According to the requirements of Islamic rules, women's legs, arms and breasts must not be exposed, and men's and women's clothes and trousers should be wider. But now more and more people wear short sleeves, collarless dresses, jeans, waist shorts and narrow legs. After sampling survey, 32 people think jeans are ugly, accounting for 27.82%; 4 people think that the dress is ugly, accounting for 43%; 12 people think they have violated the canon, accounting for10.43%; 2 people think it is immoral, accounting for1.74%; 72. 17% think jeans look good and can be worn. This new fashion is loved by most Hui youths.

After the 1960s, among the Hui women in Yanqi, only the old lady wore a headscarf, covering her hair but not her face. Women under middle age rarely wear headscarves. Before the founding of New China, women used to braid their hair before marriage and put it in a bun after marriage. After the founding of New China, short hair became popular among young and middle-aged women. In the 1980s, perms and shawls were very popular. From 65438 to 0990, 77 women of different occupations and ages were investigated. Among them, 38.96% people like perm and shoulder-length hair, 37.66% people agree with traditional hair styles, and 13.3% people think that women's short hair looks good.

Yanqi women have the habit of wearing ornaments. In the past, girls had to get their ears pierced at the latest when they were five or six years old and began to wear silver earrings. Poor families who can't afford earrings cover their ears with tea sticks of moderate thickness to prevent them from becoming severe. Some girls still use this method in their teens. Besides earrings, gold rings, gold hand pots, jade pots, necklaces and hairpins are also favorite ornaments of Hui women. The survey shows that among 77 women, 5 1.95% often wear jewelry on weekdays, 23.38% only wear jewelry on holidays and when meeting guests, 18. 18% never wear jewelry, and 6.48% are forbidden to wear jewelry by students. Among women of different ages, 20% are 65,438+06-20 years old, 30% are 265,438+0-30 years old, 32.5% are 365,438+0-40 years old, and 65,438+0-50 years old.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) Accommodation and transportation

The Hui people's houses in Yanqi are generally based on the traditional classical quadrangle architecture in China, which integrates the characteristics of the daily life of the Hui people and forms a national architectural model. At the center of the courtyard is a two-story wooden attic. There is a wooden "hook-type" roll shed in front of the building. All exposed wooden components are carefully carved. The wings on both sides are also carved with beams and painted buildings, and each rafter is engraved with patterns. The corridor leading to the hall is equipped with wooden lattice doors. This kind of residence requires large doors and windows, large rooms and good lighting, and all carved beams and painted buildings are engraved with flower patterns.

After the 1970s, the building was a bungalow with civil structure, and the roof was painted with grass mud. The overall layout of the house was one bright room, two dark rooms and three large rooms. Rich families are divided into bedrooms, guest rooms, kitchens and warehouses. Although everything in the poor family is relatively simple, it still retains the characteristics of big windows and big rooms.

In the past, most people were heatable adobe sleeping platform. After the 1970s, most urban residents changed into new beds, and only a few people had nursing homes and heatable adobe sleeping platforms. In rural families, new beds, wooden beds and heatable adobe sleeping platform coexist. 1988 A sample survey of1/kloc-0 shows that 77.39% people welcome new beds, 15.65% people like wooden boards, and 6.96% people like traditional heatable adobe sleeping platform. People who like Kang are over 40 years old.

Every household pays attention to interior decoration, with neat furnishings and clean windows. The courtyard is cleaned with water every day, and the room is often burned with balsam. Growing grapes and flowers is a traditional habit of the Hui people in Yanqi. Every family has a shady grape trellis and a lush garden.

In rural areas far away from cities, people ride donkeys or take donkey carts in the streets. In the 1980s, due to the improvement of life, young people went out to ride bicycles and motorcycles. If the whole family goes to the streets, some people take small four-wheeled tractors, and some people use donkeys to cover rubber-tyred cars instead of walking. Every Sunday, the streets in the town are crowded with people.

202119 The State Ethnic Affairs Commission named Yanqi Hui Autonomous County as the eighth batch of national demonstration areas for national unity and progress.

On June 22nd, 2020, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development named Yanqi Hui Autonomous County as 20 19 National Garden County.

20 19 12 3 1, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs recommended Yanqi Hui Autonomous County as a typical county of rural innovation and entrepreneurship in China.

In 20 19, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs recommended Yanqi Hui Autonomous County as the second batch of national rural entrepreneurial innovation typical counties.

On February 22nd, 20 18, Yanqi Hui Autonomous County was included in the list of counties (cities, districts) with basically balanced development of compulsory education in China in 20 17.

On March 20 15 10, Yanqi Hui Autonomous County won the honor of advanced unit in the third batch of national legal county establishment activities.