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carthage

carthage

Other names

Carthage English name Site

French names of archaeological sites in Carthage

basic document

Country Tunisia.

Login type cultural heritage

Cultural Heritage Assessment Criteria (2), (2), (3) and (6)

Login year 1979

Official Website of UNESCO (English)

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Please refer to the production format of the World Heritage Summary Table.

Carthage (Qrthdst, the word comes from Phoenician, meaning "new city") is located on the north coast of Africa (now Tunisia), facing Rome across the sea.

From the 8th century BC to 146 BC, the Carthaginian Empire was a city-state established by Phoenicians in North Africa. The Carthaginian Empire is powerful and has a vast territory, covering the coast of North Africa, central Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and malta island. Carthage, the capital, was once extremely rich, based on agriculture and commerce. Foreign trade residents are good at navigation and trade, while domestic residents are excellent farmers. Slave-occupied manor appeared very early, so it became the most dynamic economic force in the Mediterranean region at that time.

Finally, it was defeated by Rome in three Punic wars and perished.

Directory [hidden]

1 Cheng Jian

2 Economic development

3 government structure

4 Early history

5 Hegemony with Greece

6 Punic War

6. 1 First Punic War

6.2 The Second Punic War

6.3 The Third Punic War

7 completely disappear

Eight relics

9 reference books

10 notes

1 1 See entry.

[Editor] Cheng Jian

According to the only information available, Carthage was built before Rome. It is believed that there were 700 thousand residents at that time, covering an area of 3 15 hectares. But there is no evidence of time. Modern scholars generally adopt the theory of building a city in 8 14 BC [1]. The immigrants from the Phoenician city-state Tyre crossed the Mediterranean to establish Carthage, which served as a transit point for a large number of slave trade and maritime trade.

According to textual research, in 8 14 BC, Princess Dido of Phoenicia Kingdom (located on the southwest coast of modern southern Lebanon) monopolized the power because her brother Pygmalion rejected the princess after the death of the king. In order to avoid persecution, Dido crossed the ocean with his treasure and servants and landed in the Gulf of Tunisia. She borrowed a cowhide from Maxitani, the leader of the Berber tribe, and got an answer. So she cut a piece of cowhide into thin strips, then connected the thin strips of cowhide together, surrounded a piece of land on the hill near the sea and built Carthage City.

[Editor] Economic development

The coin of Carthage Carthage became the trade center of the western Mediterranean because its powerful navy ruled the western Mediterranean and earned huge commercial income every year. As mentioned earlier, Carthage has a huge fleet, and its residents are good at sailing, so its commercial activities such as trafficking in slaves, metals, luxury goods, wine and olive oil at sea are very vigorous. At the same time, its cottage industry is also very developed, among which the textile industry is the most famous. Moreover, the land in its inland area, Bagradas Valley, is very fertile, so even in North Africa, Carthage has developed agriculture, so slavery manor also appeared.

[Editor] Government structure

Carthage was ruled by aristocratic oligarchs, and conflicts of interest often occurred between the two ruling classes, commercial slave owners and agricultural slave owners, which caused indecision when fighting Rome in the future. There are two top administrative officials, Sofitel, who are elected every year, but the voters are limited to the rich Carthaginians, but these two Sofitels have no military power. Like Rome, Carthage has a Senate of 300 people. The Senate has legislative power and decision-making power, and members serve for life. There is also a citizens' assembly, but its power is limited. In addition, there is a committee of 100 Committee with 104 members, which is responsible for supervision and judgment.

Tunisia history series

ancient times

Berber period

Carthage and its history

Roman-Carthaginian hegemony

The first Punic war

Second Punic War

The Third Punic War

Rome and the provinces of the African Empire.

Kingdom of Vandal-Alain

The reconquest of Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Empire, consul of Africa.

The jurisdiction of the African governor of Byzantine Empire

Middle Ages

Arab Empire Conquest

Umayyad dynasty

Abbas dynasty

Agrab dynasty

Fatima dynasty

Qier dynasty

Muwahidun

Hafez dynasty

Crusader invasion

Modern Times

Ottoman conquest

Habsburg Empire Conquest

The reconquest of the Ottoman Empire

Tunisian province of the Ottoman Empire

Hussein dynasty in Tunisia Gulf countries.

French occupation

French protectorate of Tunisia.

Modern Times

independence

King Hussein of Tunisia

The Republic of Tunisia today.

This template: View? Discuss? Editor? history

[Editor] Early History

From the 8th century BC to the 6th century BC, Carthage began to expand inland to Africa, and took control of most Phoenician colonies in North Africa. At the same time, Carthage marched into the western Mediterranean, occupied the southern coast of Spain and its nearby islands, conquered the western Sicily and Sardinia in 654 BC, and seized Corsica in 535 BC, and began to dominate the western Mediterranean, controlling the eastern and western sides of the Mediterranean with Greece respectively.

[Editor] and Greek hegemony

From the 6th century BC, Carthage began to have conflicts with the Greeks who wanted to get their hands on the western Mediterranean. Around 535 BC, the Carthaginians and Etruscans defeated a Greek fleet off the coast of Corsica. However, in 480 BC, the Greek army led by Lord Gron of Syracuse and Lord Tron of Accra defeated Carthage's army in Sicily. In the next hundred years, Carthage and Greece competed for hegemony in the Mediterranean.

Until the early 4th century BC, Greece was weakened after the Peloponnesian War and began to stop colonizing Sicily. However, the dispute between Carthage and Greece came to an end after Pyrrhos of Greece waged the last war against Carthage for the Greek city-state of Sicily. But instead, it was a war with a more terrible opponent-Rome.

[Editor] Punic War

From 264 BC to 146 BC, there were three wars between Carthage and Rome, which were called Punic Wars in history.

[Editor] The First Punic War

For more detailed information, please refer to the First Punic War.

After Rome unified Italy in the 4th century BC, it began to March into the Mediterranean Sea, which conflicted with Carthage's interests. But the war was started by the Romans, who ignored the three friendly declarations signed with Carthage in the past and unexpectedly crossed the sea to attack Carthage's colony in Sicily on the grounds of protecting Sicilian allies. Carthage's navy was famous in the Mediterranean at that time, but the navy established in Rome defeated Carthage's navy one after another, which made Carthage's army in Sicily not have enough support. But interestingly, in this case, the Carthaginian army, which has always been inferior to the Roman army, was led by the famous Hamilkar and tied with the Roman army. In this case, the war lasted for 23 years (263 BC-24 BC1year), and finally Carthage made peace with Rome, ending the war on the condition that Carthage completely withdrew from Sicily and paid reparations to Rome.

[Editor] The Second Punic War

Hannibal lecter, commander-in-chief of Carthage who defeated the Roman army in the second Punic War, please refer to the entry of the second Punic War for more details.

The nobles of Carthage were willing to accept the terms of the peace treaty, but Hamika was unwilling and determined to take revenge. Unfortunately, he died before this wish was realized, and his last wish was inherited by his son Hannibal. In order to cultivate enough strength to compete with Rome, Hannibal led the army to occupy the Iberian Peninsula, where he would build a new Carthage. Full-fledged, in 2 18 BC, he led an army across the Alps, which was regarded as the natural barrier of Rome, joined forces with the local Gauls and defeated the Roman army throughout Italy. Among them, after the Battle of Canny, the Roman army of about 70,000 people was completely annihilated. However, the foundation of the Roman Union was too thick for Hannibal to completely disintegrate, which gave Rome a breathing space. From 2 12 BC, Rome turned into a counter-offensive state and directly attacked Carthage, forcing Hannibal to return to the rescue. As a result, Hannibal's strength declined because of his thousands of miles of help, and the soldiers also looked exhausted. Finally, Hannibal was defeated by Corneli Uus Scipio at the Battle of Zama. In 20 1 BC, Carthage was forced to sign a harsh peace treaty with the Romans. According to the treaty, Carthage will lose all its territory except Africa, hand over the entire fleet to Rome, and pay huge war reparations. Carthage lost all the territory of the Iberian Peninsula, the navy was dissolved, and there were only 10 anti-piracy ships. This war lasted for 16 years (2 18 years BC-202 years BC). After this battle, Carthage was no longer able to fight against Rome.

[Editor] The Third Punic War

For more detailed information, please refer to the Third Punic War.

Within ten years, Carthage prospered again. In BC 149, the Romans decided to attack Carthage first. Carthage violated the contract of the second Punic War and attacked Numidia without reaching an agreement with Rome in advance, so Rome used this as an excuse to launch the third Punic War. After three years of tenacious resistance, the Carthaginians were defeated by Emilian Corneli Scipio, commander-in-chief of the Roman army, in the spring of 146 BC. After the battle, Rome decided to level Carthage and set it on fire. The fire lasted 17 days, and the ash was one meter deep. The Roman army shoveled these ashes, sprinkled salt on them, so that plants could not regenerate, washed Carthage with blood, searched from house to house, and found and killed all the residents. Roman engineers shoveled these victims into the ditch with axes and hooks to clear the road. The port of Carthage was also destroyed. Since then, Carthage has become history as a national stage. For centuries, it has been an important political, economic, cultural and religious center of the Roman Empire in North Africa.

The third Punic War lasted only three years (BC 149-BC 146), which was shorter than the previous two wars. It can be seen that there is nothing wrong with Rome's preemptive decision. It is said that the land around Carthage is salted, so it can't have any life. However, there is no record of salt sprinkling in the history of war, and salt was very expensive at that time, so scholars now think that salt sprinkling is only a symbolic act and has not been fully implemented.

[Edit] Disappear completely

The ruins of Carthage in BC 122. After Rome destroyed Carthage, it gradually established a new city on the ruins of Carthage and established a colony here. Later, the population reached 600,000, making it the second largest city after Rome at that time.

Later, in Caesar's time, Rome sent some landless citizens here. From the reign of Augustus in 29 BC, Rome regarded Carthage as a part of an African province in Africa.

The Roman emperor Hadrian also built the huge Majia Reservoir and the famous Antony Bath, which was completed from the reign of the Roman emperor Hadrian to the reign of the Roman emperor Antoninus Pius in the 2nd century BC.

In the 4th century AD, the Roman Empire divided Carthage into the Western Roman Empire. In the 4th century, the Western Roman Empire gradually collapsed. In 439 AD, the Vandals took the opportunity to invade Carthage, occupied most countries along the northern coast of Africa, and established the Kingdom of Vandal-Alan.

In the 6th century BC, it became a vassal state of Byzantium. The first Christian Latin College was born here. Many famous Christian moralists, such as Tertullianus and Saint Augustine, grew up and wrote here.

In 698, Arabs invaded the city, and Carthage was razed to the ground and became the seat of the government of Abbas dynasty. In the 7th century, Arabs marched into neighboring countries in Asia, Africa and Europe, and in their Umayyad era, they conquered most of the territories in North Africa, including Carthage.

1217-1221year, after the fifth crusade swept Carthage, this ancient city that experienced vicissitudes was almost completely destroyed and eventually disappeared in the long river of history.

[edit] relics

Ruins of Carthage There are still many remains to be discovered in Carthage. Most of the remaining relics we see now were rebuilt in situ during the Roman occupation, such as blockhouses, canals, temples, concert halls, theaters, bathhouses, arenas and other relics.

Reference book

The Battle of Hannibal. Tony bass. New york, NY: Barnes & Noble Books, 198 1.

The late Carthaginian children's sacrifice and sacrifice monument in the Mediterranean background. Shelby Brown. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 199 1.

Daily life in Carthage in Hannibal's time. Gilbert and Colette Charles Picard. Paris: Hachette, 1958.

The legend of Carthage. Azeddin Beshah. Paris: Galimard, 1993.

Carthage: Uncovering the Mystery and Brilliance of Ancient Tunisia. David soren, Aisha bin Abed bin Kader, Heidi Slim. New york: Simon and Schuster, 1990.

Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colony and Trade. Maria Eugenia Aubert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Phoenician concert tour. Edward Lipinski. Leuven: Statistical Research Report of the State Council in 2004.

Carthage is also the fifth region code of the French cartoon code Lyoko.