Siu-Leung Lee's Great Navigation in Ming Dynasty and American Horses

There are hundreds of kinds of horses in the world, which have different names according to their height, body shape, coat color, function and origin. The horse that Europeans like is a tall, short-distance big stallion, which is used in the battlefield. In Europe from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, after years of fighting, war horses had to bear not only warriors wearing heavy armor, but also their own armor. The flower horse that Native Americans ride is a pony and can't carry loads. Malaysia is different from ponies. Horses cannot produce ponies through self-mating, and vice versa. American ponies are not allowed to be brought by Europeans.

In the era of great European navigation, horses were very precious wealth. According to today's value, the price of each horse is more than1100,000 dollars, which is registered. Anyone who can get a horse should be taken care of, and the lost horse should be severely punished. 1569, acosta, the first Spanish missionary to Peru, said, "There are horses in many parts of America, and they are growing well. They can compete with the best varieties in Spain. They can not only walk and perform, but also walk long distances and do rough work. " Peruvians feed their donkeys and horses with corn, grind and crush minerals with horses, ride horses to hunt and eat horse meat. The aborigines have many horses, which are not precious and "comparable to the best breed in Spain". Obviously, the Spanish can't transport it all the way. Spanish colonists prohibited Indians from riding horses, let alone owning horses and eating horse meat. Western history later said that the Incas were conquered by Spain because they didn't have horses, which was completely inconsistent with what the witnesses said.

The American flower horse is a very special species, including Tobiano, Overflow and Apaloo Sa. Owalu was recorded when Europeans colonized America. However, Tobiano and Apaloo Sa were named in America in the19th century, and the West said that Native Americans were bred by European horses. If there is a flower horse in Europe, why not call it its original name? It was not named in the United States until19th century.

The Ouvaloma brought by Europeans is the same as the Anoma kite in America, but the "white back" of Anoma kite comes from an inverted chromosome, which is a very accidental mutation and is not cultivated casually. Ovalo can't have Tobiano's offspring. The long history of raising horses in Europe did not produce Toby Arnold. When Spain colonized America, it was forbidden for Native Americans to ride horses, let alone own and raise horses. How do aborigines master superb equestrian skills, ride horses without saddles and stirrups, and cultivate flower horses?

MCA has existed in China literature and painting for more than two thousand years. Toby Anoma means spots, refutation and qi, and Apaloo Sa means qi. These words appear in the Book of Songs. Oracle Bone Inscriptions also has more than 30 horse characters with a history of 3,000 to 3,500 years. Toby Anoma is a "five-flowered horse" successfully bred by China people since ancient times, and it is as precious as a golden autumn. The zebra of "A?vagho?a Tiny Spots" is Apalusama, two kinds of horses that China people like, which Li Bai wrote in poems that have been passed down through the ages. Apalusama is a symbolic animal in Idaho. According to the oral history of the local Napashi people, horses were not raised by them, but brought by people who lived in a "big house" at sea long ago. Isn't the big house at sea the treasure ship of Zheng He's voyage to the West in the Ming Dynasty?

Horses painted by Han Gan in the Tang Dynasty, Zhao Xie in the Five Dynasties, Li in the Song Dynasty and Ren Renfa in the Yuan Dynasty are all realistic. Flower horses account for about 20% of their paintings10. It can be seen from the scale and annotations of the paintings that these are consistent with the ponies rode by American Indians. Lang Shining, an Italian missionary, came to China as a court painter in the Qing Dynasty. After three dynasties of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, he painted a lot of flower horses in China, such as eight horses in Yongzheng era and Qianlong riding in Qianlong University, which was named Tobiano about 100 years earlier than in the west. Looking at painting alone, from the Tang Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, China people's love for flower horses never stopped. From the Greek era to 1600, there were many paintings of horses in the west, but there were no horses. MCA appeared only after Europeans came to America. Until today, Britain, Italy and Spain have not held horse races according to the tradition of16th century. How can it be said that horse racing spread from Europe to America?

There were no flower horses and spotted horses in medieval Europe. Columbus arrived in America on 1492. 100 years later, Hua Ma suddenly became a hot topic in painting in 17- 18 century. These flower horses were brought back to Europe from America. After that, Europeans' interest in MCA suddenly cooled down, because the conflict of interests made the hostility between European aborigines and new immigrants obvious. Europeans all know that Indians like flower horses and zebra. They should draw a line on the battlefield and see a flower horse in the distance. The man riding it must be the enemy. Horses have big goals. If you recognize a horse but not a man, you will be shot.

Flower horses and zebras in America were almost wiped out by Europeans. /kloc-paintings in the 20th century and movies in the 20th century, Europeans rode brown horses (China called Ai Hua), while Indians and white people who sympathized with them rode flower horses and spotted horses, which is the brand of cultural genes. At present, there is a registered flower horse association in the United States, which stipulates that flower horses should be of European descent, that is, the offspring of the original American flower horse mating with European horses should be considered. In this way, the cultural ties and biological evidence between China and the United States will soon disappear.

In the Chinese Dictionary, there are 534 words in the radical of horse, which describe the shape, dynamics, position, type, harness, carriage harness and so on. The Horse Museum in Kentucky, USA, is the largest in the world. In 2000, China held a 6,000-year-old China Horse Culture Exhibition here, which showed the bronze harness since the pre-Qin period, which was exquisite and diverse. The accessories on the carriage are also exquisite, which makes Americans admire. Bole Xiangma in the Spring and Autumn Period, he must have seen many stallions. However, there is no horse named by China in the database of American Horse Museum.

In 2005, the skeleton of a horse was excavated in Carlsbad, between Los Angeles and San Diego, California. The date is carbon 14, and the latest date is 1625- 1705. The Spanish first arrived there in 1769, and Ma was at least 60 years earlier than the Spanish. Some people say that this horse escaped from the Mexican colony in Spain. If so, it will give up the good pasture, swim across the wide and swift Colorado River, stick to the thirsty Mojave Desert for hundreds of miles, and climb the Rocky Mountain at 1700 meters. Either it is a super horse with great adventure and luck, or it is the first stupid horse in the world. Most likely, as the Nipaxi people said, they are descendants of horses brought from the sea by the Ming Dynasty. The Great Universal Geographic Map drawn in the Ming Dynasty accurately marked the geography of the western United States from California to Alaska, which has never been discovered in the western region, and it has been proved that this is possible.

Today, on a series of islands off the coast of Virginia and North Carolina, there are a group of flowers and horses running freely. There are also a group of endangered stallions in Abaco Island, Bahamas, which have preserved their pedigree for hundreds of years without external interference. They don't know their glorious life history. Their ancestors used to be the favorite mounts of distant emperors and nobles in China, and their genes stubbornly and silently recorded this anecdote.

Siu-Leung Lee. Decryption of Great General Geographic Map —— Surveying and Mapping World in Ming Dynasty. 20 12.

Siu-Leung Lee. Enlightenment of xuande gold medal--the development of america in ming dynasty. Lianjing Publishing House.2013.