Flood disaster situation in Pingliang, Gansu

The surname Liu is one of the Chinese surnames, ranking 252nd among "Hundred Family Surnames". In Chinese history, the surname Liu has the largest number of people who have ascended the throne as emperor. In ancient China, there was a saying that "Liu is under heaven and Li is half of the world", while in northern China there is a saying that "King Zhang, Li and Zhao are everywhere." The surname Liu is also found in South Korea. In addition, according to records available in Japan, the Takahashi family, the third most common surname in Japan, comes from the Chinese surname Liu and is a descendant of Liu Bang. According to a 1977 paper by Chinese historian Li Dongming on "surnames" published in "Oriental Magazine", the surname Liu is one of the top ten Chinese surnames in the world.

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1 From the Tao Tang family with the surname Qi, after Emperor Yao (Yi Qi Fangxun), he was granted the title of Liu (now Tang County, Hebei Province) , the Liu State established the Qi surname, and the descendants took it as their surname. His grandson Liu Lei was able to tame dragons and served the Queen of Xia. He was given the title of Yulong clan by Kong Jia, the thirteenth emperor of the Xia Dynasty. This is Liu with the surname Qi. Historically known as Liu's authentic sect. 2 Comes from the Shi family surnamed Qi. At the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty, King Wu collapsed and King Cheng was established (1021 BC). The Duke of Zhou assisted the government. The king of Tang (descendant of Liu Lei) collaborated with Wu Geng of Yin to cause rebellion and was executed by Duke Zhou. The king of Tang was renamed to Du Yuan (today's Duling in the south of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province) founded the Du Kingdom. The last monarch, Du Bo, was killed innocently when King Zhou Xuan was king. Du Bo's son Du Xishu fled to the Jin State. Xi's uncle's son Du Lao served as a judge in the Jin State. The official position is surname, and it is called Shi surname. His grandson, Shi Hui, an official of the Jin State, fled to the Qin State due to domestic turmoil. Shi Hui later returned to the country, but one of his sons stayed in the Qin State. The descendants who stayed in the Qin State restored the surname Liu. 3 comes from the surname Ji. There are two sources: one is said to be the descendant of King Tai of Zhou (ancient public father). In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, King Cheng of Zhou granted the son of King Ji (uncle of King Zhou Cheng) to Liu Ju (now Liu Ju, southwest of Yanshi, Henan). According to legend, it was the former residence of Liu Lei (hence the name), and his descendants took their surname from the city, forming the Ji surname Liu. Another saying is: During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, King Ji Ban of Zhou Kuang granted his youngest son to Liu Yi to establish the Liu Kingdom, known as Liu Kanggong. His descendants also took Guo as their surname, which was another source of Ji's surname Liu. The descendants of these two Liu families with the Ji surname have no obvious clans.

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1. Given the surname Liu,

According to historical records: (1) From the Si surnamed Lou, a native of Qi Lou Jing proposed to Liu Bang the strategy of building a capital in Guanzhong in Luoyang, and was highly valued by Liu Bang. After Liu Bang became emperor, he was given the surname Liu. Liu Jing's descendants also multiplied into a major branch of the surname Liu. (2) It comes from Mi's surname Xiang. After Liu Bang ascended the throne, Han emperor Liu Bang, in order to thank Xiang Bo for saving his life, granted him the title of Marquis of Sheyang and gave him the surname Liu. Three of Xiang Bo's survivors were named marquis by Liu Bang, and they were all given the surname Liu. Their descendants have multiplied into a major branch of the Liu family. (3) Wang Chang, a native of Wuyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Ping Wang Mang made great contributions and were given the surname Liu by Liu Xuan, the Gengshi Emperor. (4) After Song Zhenzong succeeded to the throne, he gave Queen Liu E's ex-husband (some say cousin) Gong Mei the surname Liu, and regarded him as his younger brother.

2. Changing the surname to Liu:

(1) Wang Lang pretended to be Liu Ziyu, the son of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, and proclaimed himself emperor. (2) Lu Fang, a native of Sanshui, Anding, pretended to be Liu Wenbo, the great-grandson of Emperor Wu, and established himself as emperor, occupying Pingliang and other places. (3) Liu Feng, the general of Shu in the Three Kingdoms, was originally named Guan. He was the adopted son of Liu Bei and changed his surname to Liu. (4) Qiu Chen, a native of Yiyang (now Xinye, Henan) in the Western Jin Dynasty, pretended to be a descendant of the Han clan and changed his surname to Liu Mingni. He was proclaimed emperor and his reign title was Shenfeng. (5) The surname Liu comes from Liu Zongyuan, a litterateur of the Tang Dynasty. Due to the disagreement between Liu Zongyuan and the ministers of the government at that time, many royal cronies were provoked, and his descendants fled to Hongtong County in Shanxi Province for fear of being framed, and changed their surname to Liu. Many years later, due to local floods, they moved to Zhoukou in Henan, Bozhou in Anhui, and Caoxian in Shandong. (6) The eunuch Ju Wenzhen of the Tang Dynasty assumed his surname was Liu and his given name was Zhenliang. (7) The monarch of the Northern Han Dynasty, Liu Jien, His original surname was Xue. He changed his surname to Liu because he was the adopted son of Liu Chengjun. Liu Jiyuan, whose real surname was He, also changed his surname to Liu. (8) After Chen Youliang's defeat at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, some of his descendants changed their surname to Liu. Tan (sound dan), assumed the surname of Liu. (10) Change of Liu clan to Liu clan: The Liu clan of Houpo belonged to the Liu clan of Yongchun. During the turmoil of the late Song Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty, the surname was changed to Liu; another "Qingyuan Liu clan genealogy". Zhi: The thirty-ninth generation stayed in Tianlu and recorded events on Quanzhou Road. Due to the serious military situation, he did not serve in the official position. He returned to Yongchun and lived in his hometown of Liu'an. He was renamed Liu and was the founder of this branch. (11) A famous leader during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. General Commander Liu Xian's original surname was Gong, but he changed his surname to Liu in order to repay his kindness.

3. Liu surname of ethnic minorities:

my country is a multi-ethnic country with a long history of ethnic integration. , is also reflected in the evolution of surnames. The surname Liu is a quite typical example. 1. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, when the Xiongnu tribe was strong, Liu Bang, the founder of the Han Dynasty, adopted a marriage policy and married the royal eldest daughter to the Xiongnu Chanyu Maodun (pronounced mo du). Mo Du) was his wife, and her surname was Luan (pronounced luan di Luan Di). According to Xiongnu custom, nobles all took their mother's surname, so there were people named Liu who were the founders of the Han Dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Liu Yao, the founder of the Zhao Kingdom, Liu Quji (also known as Helian Bobo), the founder of the Xiang Kingdom, and Liu Xian of the Xiang Kingdom were all Xiongnu nobles. 2. The Dugu tribe was originally a branch of the Xiongnu Liu family, because it was related to the Xianbei Tuoba tribe. They have been married for generations and have a deep relationship. They are important members of the Tuoba Alliance. Tuoba Hong, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, adopted a series of sinicization policies and restored most of the Dugu family to the surname Liu (the other part still retained the surname of Dugu, such as Li Yuanhe). Yang Guang's maternal grandfather, Dugu Xin) became one of the eight most prominent surnames among the Xianbei nobles in the Northern Wei Dynasty at that time.

3. Jihu, also known as Shanhu and Buluoji, originated from the southern Xiongnu. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Jihu leader Liu Lisheng, and his grandson Liu Muduo, the Jihu leader during the Northern Zhou Dynasty, successively proclaimed themselves emperors and established separatist regimes.

4. Li Shihu