What are the urbanization models in China?

1. The concept of urbanization. What is urbanization? This question is relevant to everyone here, because our real estate development is actually to provide housing for everyone to live in, and it is mainly for urban residents. There is no real estate market in rural areas. Urbanization is the historical process of gradual transformation from a traditional rural society dominated by agriculture to a modern urban society dominated by industry and service industries. Different disciplines study urbanization from different perspectives. For example, sociology focuses more on the development process of urban lifestyles; demographers focus on the process of population concentration in cities; economics mainly studies the spatial agglomeration of production factors. process; geography focuses on the process of concentration of economic locations into cities. Taken together, urbanization should reflect four characteristics: the first is the transformation, concentration, intensification and differentiation of population and non-agricultural activities into cities; the second is the regional advancement of urban landscapes; the third is the economic and social development of cities , the diffusion of technological change; the fourth is the diffusion of urban culture, urban lifestyle, and urban values. Having said this, we can think about it, what are the products actually provided by our real estate developers? I think it should be a way of life, not just a building product. How to measure urbanization? It is the level of urbanization. Its calculation is the urban population divided by the total population. One characteristic of the urbanization process is that it can be divided into three stages. The primary stage is when the urbanization level is below 30%. This stage is a A slow process; in the mid-term stage, the urbanization level is between 30% and 70%, which is an accelerated stage. China is currently in such an accelerated stage; in the later stage, it is basically stable, with the urbanization level at 70%. to 90%. Looking back at the urbanization process in our country, it can be divided into three stages from the perspective of the government's attitude: Before 1970, it was basically suppression. At that time, our country was taking a non-urban industrialization path. In terms of appearance, the government strives to promote industrialization, but our industrialization is not closely integrated with urbanization. Although industry has developed, cities have not developed accordingly. By the 1980s, academic circles were actively discussing and promoting it, but the government persisted There was a wait-and-see attitude, and the term urbanization basically did not appear in the red-headed documents at that time; in the 1990s, it turned into promotion and active support. The current basic situation in our country is that since 1978 to the present, the urbanization level has increased from 17.9% to 36.1% in 2001 and to 39% last year. Of course, there are still many problems with urbanization in our country. The problems that people usually talk about are: urbanization lags behind the level of economic development and the stage of industrialization; the macro layout, scale, and structure of the urban system are not compatible with economic development; there is a lack of An international metropolis with strong competitiveness and influence in the global economy; the division of functions of various cities in densely populated urban areas is unclear and the structures are converging; the vast central and western regions are insufficient in central cities, and the existing towns have poor factor aggregation, radiation and driving capabilities Weak; the quality and management level of cities and towns are not high, and the number and scale of small towns are too large. The speed of urbanization progress is related to the dynamic mechanism. Before the reform and opening up, the urbanization process in our country was relatively slow. Why? Because at that time, political factors were mainly dominant, and political factors could not provide continuous and strong motivation. After the reform and opening up, the driving force mechanism of urbanization has changed. The reduction of state extra-economic coercive factors and the increase of market factors have led to the rapid development of urbanization. There are four driving factors: one is rural industrialization, and the other is driven by comparative interests. , one is rural residual contribution, and the other is the promotion of institutional change. 2. Urbanization Road There have been many debates in academic circles regarding the national urbanization road. To sum up, some advocate taking the road of small towns, which is mainly from a sociological perspective; the second one advocates focusing on the development of medium-sized cities because Big cities have the shortcomings of big cities, and small cities have the shortcomings of small cities. This is an eclectic approach; another is to advocate the development of big cities, which is mainly from the perspective of agglomeration economy; and the other is that large, medium and small cities have the same development; in addition, there are also opinions that advocate the development of small and medium-sized cities, and the development of large cities and small towns. Each of these opinions has its own reasons. In terms of models, some have proposed to take the path of sustainable development, some have proposed to integrate regional economy with urbanization, some have proposed to determine their own different models according to regional characteristics, and some have proposed to use market mechanisms to regulate, because It is not up to us to decide whether we are big, medium or small. Although there were many debates, the final policy formulated by the country was very clearly stated in the 16th National Congress report. The 16th National Congress report pointed out that "it is necessary to gradually improve the level of urbanization and adhere to the coordinated development of large, medium and small cities and small towns." The path we choose must be in line with China's national conditions. What is our national condition? That is, the rural population is large, the economy is relatively backward, resources are relatively poor, and regional differences are large. Under such national conditions, copying foreign models obviously does not work. This policy has several implications. The first is to moderate urbanization and establish a scientific and reasonable urban system; the second is that large cities serve as the backbone, small and medium-sized cities serve as the main body, and small towns serve as the foundation. In terms of promotion methods, it emphasizes the organic integration of market mechanisms and administrative mechanisms, and requires multi-channel, diversified, and multi-model promotion. After demonstration, we believe that this path is feasible. Generally speaking, it is completely feasible to appropriately increase the development of large cities and increase the number of large cities.

There are already a lot of small and medium-sized cities, but their average size is not large. We should control the number, expand the scale, and improve the quality. Cities in the central and western regions are different. There is mainly a disconnect between large, medium and small, and there is also a disconnect between urban and rural areas. Therefore, they should pay attention to the development of medium-sized cities and improve the urbanization process by improving the transitional links between large and small. system. There are several misunderstandings about urbanization that need to be clarified. The first misunderstanding is that for a long time we have believed that urban development will inevitably lead to "urban diseases". In fact, with the development of science and technology and people's deepening understanding of cities, urban diseases can be prevented or alleviated to a large extent if planned properly. The second is that it is necessary to control the development of big cities. The third is the equilibrium theory, which believes that the results of urbanization should be distributed evenly. In fact, balance is an ideal pursuit, and urbanization should consider the differences in geographical basis, development stage and ecological conditions. 3. Characteristics and trends of world urbanization. After World War II, world urbanization has four characteristics: first, developing countries are the main driving force of world urbanization; second, the highest levels of urbanization are developed countries in Europe and the United States; third, the size and number of large cities have increased significantly. , and it plays a very prominent role in the economy and society; fourth, there have been multiple metropolitan areas and some global cities. What are the characteristics of cities in developed countries at this stage? First, the urban economy has realized the transformation from manufacturing to service industry. At this stage, its demand for offices and office buildings will increase significantly; second, the internal structure of the tertiary industry has changed, that is, the traditional service industry has declined, but the productive The service industry is rising; third, urban population growth is no longer natural growth, but mainly comes from population flow between cities and international immigration; fourth, world resources are concentrated in cities in developed countries, with New York, London, and Tokyo becoming the world's largest economies. center. Let’s take a look at this picture. This is a global night scene. The brighter the place, the more developed the city’s economy is. From a global perspective, six contiguous metropolitan areas have emerged, which are also the most economically dynamic regions. I remember Pan Shiyi once said that many years ago he was choosing a land for real estate development in Beijing. He could not make up his mind for a long time and drove all over Beijing to choose the land. I was driving around at night and suddenly found that the lights were brightest in the east at night, so I decided to build a building there. This is what became Modern City. This decision makes sense. World cities are becoming more and more important. According to research by scholars, there are currently six: Tokyo, Los Angeles, London, Paris, and Chicago. At this stage, what are the characteristics of developing countries? First, it is still the main driving force for world urbanization; second, a group of global cities will likely emerge and become important centers of the world economy; third, knowledge and technological resources are more critical; fourth, some traditional The status and changes of development factors still continue to affect the evolution of urban form. In other words, it is not just new economic factors that influence the development of a city, but some traditional factors are still playing a role. Fifthly, the government's financial capacity is low. , which will continue to restrict the city's ability to solve its economic and social problems. Let’s take a look at two foreign urbanization evolution models. One is the European and American model, which is market-led urbanization. Its urbanization, marketization and industrialization are an interactive process and are the natural result of industrial development, social division of labor and market refinement. From the perspective of city size structure, countries differ due to different resource conditions. For example, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan are dominated by large cities, while Germany, the Netherlands, and Austria are dominated by small and medium-sized cities. In its urbanization process, environmental and social problems have become prominent, and we should learn lessons from them. There is also the Moyin model, which is a politically-led urbanization. Due to the implementation of the catch-up strategy and the tilt towards industry and cities under the leadership of the government, urbanization has advanced too fast and urban development lacks an economic foundation, resulting in serious social problems. Our country should learn from foreign experiences and lessons, be market-led, and at the same time strengthen government guidance. 4. my country’s Urbanization Trajectory and Characteristics my country’s urbanization trajectory can be divided into several stages: 1949 to 1957 is the initial period, which is relatively normal and rises gently; 1958 to 1965 is the turbulent period, with ups and downs; 1966 to 1978 It is basically a period of stagnation; 1978 to 1984 is a period of recovery and development; 1985 to 1992 is a period of stable development; and after 1993 is a period of accelerated development. The evolution of the dynamic mechanism has also undergone some changes: first, before the reform and opening up, agricultural issues have always been the most basic factor restricting my country's urbanization; secondly, under a specific development environment, my country's industrialization and urbanization have experienced a process that deviates from international experience. Later, it gradually approached the process; third, the lag in urbanization and the low level of the tertiary industry are mutually causal; fourth, policy factors have a great impact on urbanization; fifth, before the reform and opening up, the market mechanism played an important role in urban development. The effect has been inhibited for a long time.

my country's urbanization has the following main characteristics: first, it has entered an accelerated stage; second, regional development is unbalanced. The three municipalities with the highest urbanization level are Shanghai, Beijing, and Tianjin. From the provincial level, urbanization Guangdong, Liaoning, and Heilongjiang have levels of 50% to 70%; Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Hubei have levels of 40% to 50%; Shandong, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Ningxia, Chongqing, and 30% have levels of 30 to 40%. Qinghai, Xinjiang, Hainan, and below 30% are Hebei, Henan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Gansu, and Tibet (this is the data from the previous two years, and now it has improved). Third, all types of towns have developed rapidly, and a relatively reasonable urban system has initially formed. Fourth, migrant workers have become an important part of the urban population. For example, there are 17.41 million migrant workers in the Pearl River Delta; fifth, small towns have developed rapidly, actively promoting the urbanization process; sixth, the state, private sector, and foreign investment** *Coordinated promotion, showing the characteristics of diversified dynamic entities. Seventh, the advantages of regional economic development have emerged, and dense urban areas centered on large cities have gradually formed and expanded, forming a trend of regional linkage. Some issues that need attention at present are: institutional obstacles that restrict urbanization still exist; in the process of urbanization promotion, emphasis is placed on quantity and scale, and quality and connotation are underestimated; including some image projects, blind expansion of administrative areas and other inappropriate behaviors; small towns have The tendency is to be greedy for too much, to rush ahead, and to blindly develop; urban development lacks overall regional coordination, the horizontal connections are relatively weak, and the degree of regional economic integration is relatively low; the quasi-urban population is large, and the task of citizenization is very arduous. 5. The interactive relationship between new industrialization and urbanization. New industrialization is different from traditional industrialization. In future development, new industrialization and urbanization will be prerequisites for each other, go hand in hand, and together constitute the two main themes of future social and economic development. Urbanization is not only the result of economic and social development, but also a driving force for development. For industrialization to effectively promote urbanization, there should be four conditions: first, the level of industrialization must be continuously improved; second, the industrial structure must be upgraded sequentially, from light to heavy to tertiary industry; third, the scale of the enterprise and professional development; the fourth is extensive public participation. If these four conditions are met, a positive interactive relationship will be formed between the two. Recall that from the liberation of our country until the reform and opening up, we followed the path of non-urban industrialization, such as mountains, scattered areas, and caves. As a result, while the level of industrialization increased, urbanization remained stagnant. After the reform and opening up to the mid-1990s, what we actually went through was a complementary adjustment period in the industrial structure, and industrialization and urbanization began to achieve preliminary integration; since the mid-1990s, we have re-entered a new round of heavy industrialization. As we see Many steel and oil refining projects are being launched. Accelerating urbanization also requires our institutional innovation. For example, we need to establish a fair and equitable population mobility system, which is now being promoted in many places; the second is to coordinate urban and rural basic education and implement nine-year compulsory education; the third is to improve the urban land market mechanism; the fourth is to establish a system adapted to innovation. Social government functional framework; fifth, focus on urban poverty and reduce the accumulation of social contradictions in the process of urbanization. 6. The relationship between urbanization and regional economy It can be said with certainty that the two have a positive correlation or a synchronous growth trend. If you look at this domestic night scene map, you will find that the brighter areas are the more developed areas, and large areas of bright areas indicate a higher degree of regional economic integration. Due to differences in geographical conditions, resource environment, history and culture, development foundation and stages, the development models of different regions in my country also have their own characteristics. Currently, the large regions with relatively rapid economic development include the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, etc. These regions Coordinated and linked development will be more competitive and have more development potential than a single city. We can see that the advantages of the regional economy in the eastern coastal area are more obvious, while the western region is often in the form of points and areas. Therefore, if you invest in the west, generally speaking, you will choose more central cities, and the market demand of small and medium-sized cities below it and The economic strength is obviously much weaker. Taking manufacturing as an example, there are 16 cities in my country with an industrial added value of more than 100 billion yuan, of which 7 are in the Yangtze River Delta, 3 in the Pearl River Delta, and 1 in the Northeast. Cities in the vast central and western regions are not on the list. Seventh, urbanization development forecast. When the country formulated the "Tenth Five-Year Plan", relevant departments conducted research and predicted that by around 2015, the number of cities in our country will reach 800, the number of towns will be slightly reduced, and 250 million rural people will be transferred to cities with a population of one million. concentration increases. There will be some changes in the scale structure. The number of megacities will increase from 11 to 20, the number of megacities will increase from 23 to 35, the number of large cities will increase from 44 to 60, and the number of small and medium-sized cities will increase from 588 to 650; urban agglomerations There will also be greater development, of which the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta are the first level; the second level is Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan, Shandong Peninsula, Liaodong Peninsula, Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou, Changsha-Zhuzhou-Tantan, central Henan, Sichuan Basin, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, etc. Urban agglomeration. In terms of the quality of urbanization, there will be social stability, improved living environment, and improved quality of life. Not long ago, a study by the Chinese Academy of Engineering showed that from 1978 to 2002, the linear correlation coefficient between urbanization rate and industrial added value was 93.7%, and the correlation coefficient with the added value of the tertiary industry was 98%, so the latter was chosen to construct the forecast. Model.

According to relevant model predictions of the tertiary industry and urbanization, the urbanization rate will be 53% by 2010 (error is plus or minus 1.7 percentage points), with an average annual increase of 1.52 to 1.92 percentage points; the urbanization rate in 2020 will be 64% (error is plus or minus 1.7 percentage points) (plus or minus 1.7 percentage points), with an average annual increase of 1.27 to 0.9 percentage points. Here we might as well compare with international experience. During the period of accelerated urbanization, Japan's average annual increase was 1.7 percentage points, and South Korea's average annual increase was 1.5 percentage points. 8. Policy focus of urbanization strategy To moderately promote my country's urbanization process, we can focus on the following aspects: first, establish and improve a social security system for the whole society; second, accelerate the reform of the household registration system to ensure the migration and migration of citizens. Freedom to choose a career and promote the rational and orderly flow of rural people to cities. For example, there are nearly 20 million migrant workers in the Pearl River Delta. Many of them want to stay, but due to institutional obstacles, it is difficult to localize, so they can only return to the countryside. If policy barriers are removed and they can be legally transformed into citizens, it will promote urbanization and drive market demand. Third, properly handle the relationship between farmers and land and eliminate obstacles that prevent farmers from becoming citizens; fourth, deepen the reform of urban land use systems; fifth, guide the reorganization of industry and employment structures; sixth, strengthen urban infrastructure construction to facilitate urban development. Provide good conditions; seventh, step up the preparation of urban planning at all levels to guide the rational and orderly flow of elements; eighth, diversify financing and explore new investment and financing mechanisms for urban construction. /news/2004-09-22/77933.html / /xinwen01/cs/kj.htm Cities are symbols of human civilization and the center of people’s economic, political and social life. The degree of urbanization is an important indicator of the economic, social, cultural, and technological level of a country and region. It is also an important indicator of the degree of social organization and management of a country and region. Urbanization is an inevitable process for human progress and an important clue in the structural transformation of human society. After urbanization, it marks the realization of the goal of modernization. Only after undergoing the baptism of urbanization can mankind move towards a more glorious era. However, it is far from enough to marvel at and cheer for the fruitful results brought about by urbanization. The process of urbanization is not necessarily a beautiful piece of music. Like many progresses, the process of urbanization is also mixed with There are many discordant sounds. It is of great significance to our country to correctly understand the impact of urbanization and take necessary measures to seriously solve it. This article starts by analyzing the meaning of urbanization and discusses some of the problems that arise in the process of urbanization in my country and hinder the process of urbanization in my country from several different types of urbanization. 1. The meaning of urbanization Urbanization is also called urbanization and urbanization by some scholars. Different disciplines have different interpretations from different perspectives. At present, domestic and foreign scholars have elaborated on the concept of urbanization from the perspectives of demography, geography, sociology, economics, etc. 1. Demography Demography defines urbanization as the process of transforming rural population into urban population. What they call urbanization is the urbanization of population, which refers to "the process of population concentration in urban areas, or the transformation of agricultural population into non-agricultural population." The majority of China's population is farmers, and my country's urban population currently accounts for about 36%. Therefore, accelerating the pace of urbanization of my country's population is of great strategic significance for promoting the transfer of rural surplus labor and achieving rural economic growth. 2. Sociology From a sociological perspective, urbanization is the process of transforming rural lifestyle into urban lifestyle. Development is not an end, but a means. Its fundamental purpose is to improve people's living standards, improve people's quality of life, promote the improvement of people's skills and quality, improve the overall development level of human society, and bring people together and between people. Natural relationships achieve harmonious development. 3 Economics Economics defines urbanization from the perspective of industrialization. It is believed that urbanization is the process of transforming rural economy into urban large-scale production. It seems now that urbanization is the inevitable result of industrialization. On the one hand, industrialization will speed up the mechanization level of agricultural production and improve agricultural productivity. At the same time, industrial expansion will provide a large number of employment opportunities for rural surplus labor. On the other hand, rural backwardness will also be detrimental to the development of urban areas, thus affecting the entire nation. economic development. Accelerating industrialization and large-scale production in rural areas has very positive significance for the development of rural regional economy and the entire national economy. Different disciplines have interpreted the meaning of urbanization from different perspectives. Through comparison, we can find that the definitions of urbanization have the same connotation: urbanization is the process in which the population of a country or region moves from rural to urban areas, rural areas gradually evolve into urban areas, and the urban population continues to grow; in this process During the period, urban infrastructure and public service facilities continued to improve, while urban culture and urban values ??became the mainstay and continued to spread to rural areas. Urbanization is the process of transformation of people's production methods, lifestyles and values ??caused by the advancement of productivity [2]. 2. Three forms of urbanization and some problems in the process of urbanization in my country The three basic forms of urbanization are: concentrated urbanization, decentralized urbanization, and old land urbanization. In different regions at different times in our country, various forms of urbanization play their respective roles.

In the process of analyzing the three forms of urbanization, through the above understanding of the meaning of urbanization and combined with the actual situation of our country, we can realize some of the obstacles that arise in the various forms of urbanization that hinder the process of urbanization in our country. factors. (1) Concentrated urbanization Concentrated urbanization is the continuous concentration of rural population and non-agricultural economic activities in cities. In this process of urbanization, many of the original factors that affect my country's urbanization process have been exposed, and it has also brought us many new problems. 1. The negative impact of the old household registration system. The household registration system implemented in our country has indeed made a great contribution to the development of the national economy in a specific period. However, with the development of economic and political systems, and the expansion of urbanization, this system has become an aspect that restricts my country's urbanization process and economic development [3]. The gap between "rural people" and "urban people" drawn decades ago has become an obstacle to the development of my country's rural and urban economies. As we all know, an important way to increase farmers' income is to guide farmers into cities and promote the transfer of wealthy rural labor forces. If the situation of a large number of people stranded in rural areas is not reversed as soon as possible, it will not only directly restrict the increase in farmers' income, the process of agricultural modernization and the overall prosperity of the rural economy; it will also inhibit the growth of rural consumer demand for a long time and seriously affect the healthy and sustainable development of the national economy. Accelerating the transfer of rural surplus labor to non-agricultural industries and cities and towns is an inevitable trend of industrialization and modernization. Therefore, our country should gradually change the existing backward household registration system as soon as possible to create a better institutional environment for the reasonable and orderly flow of labor. 2. It is difficult to realize the "national treatment" that migrant workers in cities should enjoy. Urban construction has created a large number of jobs in construction, industry and other industries; migrant workers in cities have also made great contributions to the development of the city. According to Beijing statistics in 2003, the contribution rate of migrant workers to Beijing's GDP in 2003 was about 10%. At the same time, farmers have learned various non-agricultural employment skills, experienced urban culture, appreciated market competition, and improved their overall quality by migrating to cities for employment. Similarly, migrating to cities to work is also an important way for farmers to increase their income. However, in reality, farmers are subject to many unreasonable restrictions when going to work in cities, and their wages, benefits, medical care, etc. are not guaranteed. Similarly, another issue, the difficulty of enrolling children of migrant workers in school has also become another hot issue that many media have paid attention to. The issue of schooling for children of migrant workers is a long-term issue related to the development and progress of society and the country. These problems not only affect the lives and work of migrant workers, but also have many negative impacts on the development of cities. For example, the serious shortage of workers in Quanzhou, which began to be reported in early 2004, has had a great negative impact on the city's economic development and city credit. "China Youth Daily" once reported that the "spring shortage of workers" phenomenon reappeared in Quanzhou City, Fujian Province in 2004. What are the reasons? Relevant officials in Quanzhou City believe that: first, some small businesses are in arrears with workers' wages; second, the labor environment is poor; and third, wages are low. The government has a duty to create a good "working environment" and protect the legitimate rights and interests of farmers who work in cities. Whether it is based on caring for vulnerable groups, people-oriented requirements, or starting from the goal of economic development, the government should take concrete actions. Especially when current workers are not yet fully organized to compete with powerful forces, the role of the government becomes even more important. Abstract: After the reform and opening up, my country has gradually loosened its original control on population mobility, and a large number of migrant workers have flowed to cities, while accelerating the process of urbanization. However, my country's lag in urbanization has brought a series of contradictions to the sustained, rapid and healthy development of China's economy and society. This article starts from analyzing the meaning of urbanization, and on the basis of explaining the three basic forms of urbanization, discusses several issues that arise in and affect the process of urbanization in my country. Keywords: urbanization, urbanization, industrialization, modern economy, regional economy. Cities are symbols of human civilization and the center of people's economic, political and social life. The degree of urbanization is an important indicator of the economic, social, cultural, and technological level of a country and region. It is also an important indicator of the degree of social organization and management of a country and region. Urbanization is an inevitable process for human progress and an important clue in the structural transformation of human society. After urbanization, it marks the realization of the goal of modernization. Only after undergoing the baptism of urbanization can mankind move towards a more glorious era. However, it is far from enough to marvel at and cheer for the fruitful results brought about by urbanization. The process of urbanization is not necessarily a beautiful piece of music. Like many progresses, the process of urbanization is also mixed with There are many discordant sounds. It is of great significance to our country to correctly understand the impact of urbanization and take necessary measures to seriously solve it. This article starts by analyzing the meaning of urbanization and discusses some of the problems that arise in the process of urbanization in my country and hinder the process of urbanization in my country from several different types of urbanization.