Tang Ruowang of Qin Tianjian

Tang Ruowang was another famous missionary after Matteo Ricci in Ming and Qing Dynasties. He is a German, sent to China by Portuguese Jesuits to preach, and will enter China tomorrow (1622) in the second year, taking the Chinese name Tang Ruowang. He has expertise in astronomy. In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Xu Guangqi prepared to revise the new calendar, transferred Tang Ruowang from Xi 'an to Beijing, entered the Calendar Bureau, and became Xu Guangqi's assistant. He is not only an astronomer, but also very good at mechanical manufacturing. He helped Emperor Zhen Zhen build a powerful red cannon, which played a great role in the war against the Qing army, making him a rare all-rounder in Ming and Qing dynasties.

In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), he insisted on staying in Beijing during the great turmoil of regime change. In June, Dourgen led the Qing army into Beijing and ordered the residents in the city to move out of the city to resettle the army. Tang Ruowang wrote to ask for protection, and received courtesy from the Qing government. His church, 3,000 books and the hardcover edition of the almanac of Chongzhen revised for Emperor Zhen Zhen have all been properly placed.

After the Qing government came to power, an important task was to compile a new calendar and promulgate it to replace the old calendar of the previous dynasty. Dourgen ordered Qin officials to be responsible for the revision of the new calendar. At that time, there was a big gap between the time when the officials of the Qin Dynasty calculated the appearance of celestial phenomena with the traditional calendar of China and the actual time, which affected the prestige of the new dynasty in the eyes of the people. Dourgen was very dissatisfied with this and summoned Tang Ruowang to ask some technical questions. By determining the time of solar eclipse in August of the same year, the advantages and disadvantages of the three calendars are obvious. The difference between Chinese and Hui calendars is two and four quarters respectively, and the calculation result of "Western New Method" is not bad at all. The Qing government immediately announced the adoption of a new western law and named the new almanac "Li Shixian", and soon Tang Ruowang took over as the director of the National Astronomical Observatory. At that time, people who could calculate calendars were considered to know astrology and were worshipped by officials and the public.

From Tang Ruowang to the Qing Dynasty, Qin Tianjian's officials were all western missionaries.

Tang Ruowang was deeply respected by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty. He was the only missionary in China who received such courtesy. Dourgen respected his opinion very much, and Shunzhi's biological mother was grateful, because Tang Ruowang cured her niece, the future queen of the emperor shunzhi. The emperor shunzhi, a teenager, naturally felt a sense of trust when he heard the praise from the western priests from the Queen Mother and the DPRK ministers. Moreover, due to the emperor shunzhi's strong thirst for knowledge, Tang Ruowang was called into the palace for many times to explain astronomy and other natural science knowledge, and an extraordinary relationship was established between them. The emperor shunzhi called Tang Ruowang "Mafa", the grandfather in Manchu. Within one year of the eighth year of Shunzhi (165 1), Tang Ruowang was promoted three times in a row, from Yi Tong, the secretary of Taipu Temple, to the secretary of Taichang Temple, and his rank rose from level 5 to level 3. In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), Tang Ruowang Tongwei was given an honorific title, which was equivalent to a Buddhist teacher. In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi (1658), Tang Ruowang was awarded the honorary title of Doctor Guanglu, and his official position rose to the first grade. Not only that, the emperor shunzhi often used Tang Ruowang House for long talks. This practice is considered to be neither superior nor inferior, and it violates the ethical code, which has aroused the dissatisfaction of the ministers of the DPRK. However, Tang Ruowang gained a high status and freedom of movement by virtue of its close relationship with the emperor shunzhi. As early as when Tang Ruowang was the supervisor of Qin Tian, a magnificent European church was built in Xuanwu Gate, Beijing, with an endless stream of visitors. In the 14th year of Shunzhi, the emperor shunzhi wrote "Tong Jia Wei Jing" in calligraphy, and made a plaque to hang in Xuanwumen Catholic Church. Tang Ruowang also carved the imperial inscription of the emperor shunzhi into a stone tablet and erected it in front of the church. This is tantamount to tacitly acknowledging Tang Ruowang's right to preach freely. In fact, Tang Ruowang often used the opportunity to get close to the emperor to instill Christianity in him, and the emperor shunzhi also read relevant books. Because of Tang Ruowang's reputation, missionaries in China were protected and thousands of people joined the church.

In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), the 24-year-old emperor died of illness. His successor was the eight-year-old Emperor Kangxi, who was taken care of by his grandmother's empress dowager. In North Korea, four ministers, Sony, Suksaha, Zieba Bilong and Ao Bai, are in power together, and only Ao Bai is in power. With the death of the emperor shunzhi, Tang Ruowang's position went from bad to worse. First, in the last years of Shunzhi, Yang Guangxian, a scholar with a short nickname, wrote "Taking Absurdity" and "Exorcism" and sent them to the Ministry of Rites to attack the new western law and Christianity respectively. In the previous book, Yang Guangxian thought that Tang Ruowang's use of western calendars with ulterior motives instead of China's local calendars was a vicious act of contempt for the Qing Dynasty. In the latter book, he totally refuted Christianity with reference to China's traditional ethics. Because the emperor shunzhi is still alive, officials of the Ministry of Rites rejected Yang Guangxian's application for impeachment.

In the third year of Kangxi, the missionary wrote Li Leisi's Biography of Tianxue, which introduced the history of the emergence and spread of Catholicism in China and refuted Yang Guangxian's accusation. This paper exaggerates the sacredness of Christianity and intensifies contradictions. At this time, Tang Ruowang fell ill with a stroke, and Ferdinand ferdinand verbiest performed official duties for him. Yang Guangxian represents a group of anti-western missionaries, including Confucianism, Muslims and others. They actively support Yang Guangxian, making this case more and more complicated.

From the autumn of the third year of Kangxi to the spring of the following year, the court heard the case publicly. Yang Guangxian accused Tang Ruowang and others of three major crimes: conspiring to subvert the country, propagating cults, and spreading wrong arithmetic. After a long trial, seven officials, including He Qin, were sentenced to death. Missionaries from all over the country gathered in Beijing for trial and demolished churches all over the country. However, at the last minute of the trial, there was a strong earthquake in Beijing, and the emperor shunzhi's mother sourdrang queen directly intervened in the case. Only then did Tang Ruowang and his servants be released, and five China officials were still executed. Soon, Tang Ruowang died and was buried next to Matteo Ricci's tomb. Twenty-five missionaries gathered in Beijing were deported.

Yang Guangxian became the supervisor of Qin Tian prison. After taking office, he encountered technical problems in calendar calculation, and Yang Guangxian restored the Dali calendar and the Uighur calendar. Of course, the results are full of mistakes. Kangxi was older and dissatisfied with Ao Bai's authoritarianism, so he traced it back to the Qin Dynasty. In the spring of the eighth year of Kangxi (1669), Kangxi followed the example of Tang Ruowang's assistants ferdinand verbiest and Yang Guangxian, and was ordered by his father Shunzhi to conduct a field test to distinguish the advantages and disadvantages. After several exams, Yang Guangxian was defeated, dismissed and died on his way back to his hometown in Anhui.

Emperor Kangxi restored the title of Tang Ruowang and affirmed his contribution. Ferdinand Verbist took over as the supervisor of Qin Tian prison. After this major turning point, astronomy in China regained the opportunity of development, and the main officials in Qin Tian prison were all western missionaries. Missionaries have won in astronomy, but the resistance to missionary is growing. The Qing government's control over missionary activities became more and more tight after the middle and late Kangxi period, and finally entered the stage of comprehensive prohibition of religion.