Water resources problem

Next, I will talk about three questions:

First of all, water conservancy in China plays a vital role in ensuring food security and sustainable economic and social development.

China is a country with a large population, less arable land and frequent floods and droughts.

The special climate, geographical conditions and social conditions determine that developing water conservancy and eliminating floods have always been a major event in China.

In the past 50 years, China's water conservancy has been highly valued and developed rapidly, and a relatively complete water conservancy disaster reduction guarantee system has been initially formed.

By the end of 2004, 277,000 kilometers of river dikes had been built in China. 85,000 reservoirs have been built, with an annual water supply capacity of about 600 billion cubic meters, an irrigation area of 56.25 million hectares, a waterlogging elimination area of 210.2 million hectares, and a soil erosion control area of 920,000 square kilometers, which has provided a basic guarantee for the country's economic development, people's livelihood improvement and environmental improvement.

At the same time, China's grain production capacity has been greatly improved, and its grain output has been greatly increased, which has achieved a historic transformation from a long-term shortage of agricultural products such as grain to a basic balance in total output and a surplus in good years.

Under the condition that China's per capita arable land area accounts for about 1/3 of the world's per capita, and per capita water resources are less than 1/3 of the world's per capita, food security and rapid economic development have been ensured, and water conservancy has played a huge role.

With the development of economy and society, the increase of population and the change of natural conditions, China is facing severe challenges in the field of water resources:

First of all, floods and droughts are still frequent and have an increasing trend.

The spatial and temporal distribution of water resources in China is uneven, which does not match the distribution of land resources. There is more water in the south than in the north.

More than half of the cultivated land area is located in arid and semi-arid areas where water resources are scarce, and about13 of the cultivated land area is located in the middle and lower reaches of major rivers threatened by floods. Drought and flood disasters are the most serious natural disasters in China.

Due to climate change and other reasons, floods and droughts in China are becoming more and more serious.

In the 1970s, the average drought-affected area of farmland in China was about 1 1 10,000 hectares per year, and it was about 20 million hectares in the 1980s and 1990s. In the past five years, the average drought-affected area has risen to more than 33 million hectares per year, and the reduction of grain production due to drought accounts for about 5% of the national average grain output in the same period.

1950-0/year in 2000, the average farmland in China was affected by floods of 9.37 million hectares, while in the decade of 1990-2000, the average annual area affected by floods was15.8 million hectares, and the reduction of grain production caused by floods accounted for about the national average grain output in the same period.

Second, agricultural land has decreased and the shortage of agricultural water has intensified.

With urbanization and economic and social development, land is occupied in large quantities, the demand for non-agricultural irrigation water increases sharply, and the contradiction between agriculture and industry, rural and urban areas, production and life, production and ecology is further intensified.

Although China has taken the strictest measures to protect cultivated land, a large number of farmland and agricultural irrigation water sources are occupied by cities and industries, and the trend of decreasing cultivated land resources is difficult to reverse, further increasing the pressure of water shortage.

During the twenty years from 1980 to 2004, China's economy developed rapidly, and the total water consumption in China increased by 25%, while the total water consumption in agriculture basically did not increase.

The proportion of agricultural water consumption in total water consumption in China has been declining, from 88% in 1980 to 66% in 2004.

Third, the soil erosion in China has not been effectively controlled, and the ecology is fragile.

Many mountains and hills in China are easily eroded by monsoon rains.

At the same time, the unreasonable development and utilization of water and soil resources aggravated soil erosion.

At present, China's soil erosion area is 3.56 million square kilometers, accounting for 37% of the country's land area, and the total amount of soil lost every year reaches 5 billion tons.

Serious soil erosion leads to land degradation, ecological deterioration and sediment deposition in rivers and lakes, which intensifies the flood disaster in the lower reaches of rivers.

Due to drought and overgrazing, grassland degradation and desertification occur.

Fourth, the pollution load has increased sharply, which has aggravated water pollution.

In 2003, the total amount of wastewater discharged in China reached 68 billion tons, which was more than 1 980 in 2003 1 times.

A large amount of industrial and domestic sewage is directly discharged into water without treatment, and a large number of fertilizers and pesticides are used in agricultural production, which makes some water bodies seriously polluted.

Water pollution not only aggravates the shortage of irrigation water resources, but also becomes an important restrictive factor of water consumption for grain production, which directly affects the safety of drinking water, grain production and crop safety and causes huge economic losses.

Fifth, the rural water conservancy infrastructure is still not perfect.

About 55% of cultivated land in China has no irrigation and drainage facilities, and more than 300 million rural people have unsafe drinking water.

In China, more than 1/3 of the irrigated area is medium and low yield fields, and most irrigation and drainage projects were built in 1950s and 1960s. Due to the constraints of economic and technical conditions at that time, some irrigation and drainage projects had low standards and incomplete supporting facilities. After decades of operation, many projects have some problems, such as serious aging and benefit decline, low efficiency of irrigation water use, great potential for saving water and improving land grain productivity.

Two, adhere to the Scientific Outlook on Development, with the concept of harmony between man and nature, to meet the challenges in the field of water resources in China.

China has a long history of water control, and the beginning of civilization can be traced back to the source of irrigation and flood control.

Thousands of years of water control practice have accumulated rich experience.

Especially in recent years, in the face of the severe water resources situation, on the basis of summing up historical experience and lessons, in the practice of dealing with the Yangtze River flood, the Yellow River cut off, the sandstorm attack in the north and the river pollution in 1998, the Ministry of Water Resources of China proposed at the end of 1999 that the water conservancy work should follow the concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and it has been continuously improved in the practice of water control.

Adhering to the concept of harmonious coexistence between man and nature is to change the concept of "man can conquer nature", respect the laws of nature, rationally utilize and protect water resources according to the requirements of sustainable development, maintain the coordination and balance between man and nature, and realize the harmonious development of man and resources, environment and economy and society. We cannot seek immediate development at the expense of the development conditions of future generations.

Mainly reflected in the following four aspects:

(1) comprehensively promote the construction of a water-saving society and improve the efficiency and benefit of water resources utilization.

Building a water-saving society is the most fundamental and effective strategic measure to solve the drought and water shortage in China and alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources.

By building a water-saving society, we can improve the efficiency of resource utilization, improve the ecological environment, enhance the ability of sustainable development, and push the whole society onto the road of civilized development with production development, affluent life and good ecology.

Building a water-saving society is a transformation of production relations, a system construction and a profound revolution.

A region and a river basin objectively have the carrying capacity of water resources.

We should consider the overall situation, scientifically plan and adjust the economic structure and development model according to the water resources situation in a region, and measure the water.

Through the construction and reform of management system, a water resources management system based on water rights and water market theory is established, the initial water rights are clarified, the "macro-control indicators" and "micro-quota indicators" of water resources are determined, the indicators of water resources use rights of various regions, industries, departments and even units are clarified, the scientific water quota for product production or service is determined, a water-saving mechanism based on economic means is formed, the efficiency and benefit of water resources utilization are continuously improved, and the economy, resources and services are promoted.

We should vigorously set up water users' associations, water cooperatives and other organizations to actively attract farmers to participate in management.

In recent years, China has made continuous progress in building a water-saving society.

Improve water management, implement the system of total water control and quota management throughout the country, and strengthen the water resources demonstration and water permit management of water intake and use in construction projects. In the past five years, the reuse rate of industrial water has increased by 7%.

The pilot project of building a water-saving society represented by Zhangye, Gansu Province has achieved remarkable results.

Agriculture is a big water user, and vigorously promoting water-saving irrigation is the fundamental way to solve the problem of agricultural water use.

For a long time to come, the population of China will increase, and the demand for food will also increase.

Our goal is not to increase the total amount of agricultural water, and the water demand to ensure food security is mainly realized by saving water in agriculture and improving water efficiency.

In this regard, we have intensified the construction of irrigation areas and water-saving transformation.

At present, China's agricultural water-saving irrigation area has reached 20.35 million hectares, accounting for 36% of the national effective irrigation area. In the past ten years, the utilization rate of agricultural irrigation water has increased by about 10%.

Relying on the improvement of water use efficiency, the total agricultural water consumption in China has basically not increased in the past 20 years, and grain production is still developing rapidly.

(2) Give the flood a way out and live in harmony with the flood.

It is impossible and unnecessary for human beings to control all kinds of floods. Only through engineering construction and institutional arrangements can the risk of flood disasters be controlled to a certain extent.

Flood disaster has both natural and social attributes, and neither can be a disaster.

We have many experiences and lessons in dealing with floods, and the most important thing is to give them a way out.

Giving the flood a way out and living in harmony with the flood should not only be reflected in the flood control period, but also be taken as the guiding ideology of the whole flood control work and be highly valued in economic and social construction.

It is necessary to standardize human economic and social activities in accordance with the law to adapt them to the development law of floods. Human activities should not occupy flood space, give flood more freedom to stay, avoid or reduce the social motivation of flood, and seek advantages and avoid disadvantages.

For example, in urban planning, we should not invade the flood channel, and pay attention to leaving a certain width for the channel to prevent the adverse consequences caused by artificial restraint of the channel; In flood control work, it is necessary to strengthen the utilization and management of flood storage and detention areas and store and detain floods scientifically and reasonably; When dealing with the flood, we should take it as a resource and try our best to make use of it.

China embodied this idea in the post-disaster reconstruction of the Yangtze River.

During the period of 1998, a rare flood occurred in the Yangtze River basin, resulting in huge losses.

In the post-disaster reconstruction of the Yangtze River, we should adhere to the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and gradually change from the disorderly and uncontrolled struggle for land between man and water to the orderly and sustainable harmony between man and water.

For this reason, China has invested tens of billions of yuan to build a large-scale comprehensive flood control system for the Yangtze River since 1998, while building the Three Gorges Water Control Project.

Focus on strengthening the construction of dikes and controlled projects, actively returning farmland to lakes (rivers), returning farmland to forests, dredging rivers and lakes, and building towns by immigrants.

After more than four years of hard work, thousands of kilometers of main stream dikes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River have basically reached the standard; Returning farmland to rivers and lakes has absorbed 2.42 million people, restored 2,900 square kilometers of water surface and increased flood storage capacity by 654.38+0.3 billion cubic meters.

This is the first time in the history of thousands of years in China, from reclaiming land from lakes, competing for land between people and water, to actively returning farmland to lakes on a large scale, giving a way out for floods.

In 2002, there were floods in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Dongting Lake area, and An Lan was safe and sound in the rivers and lakes.

(3) Fully rely on the self-repairing ability of nature, intensify the prevention and control of soil erosion, and protect soil and water resources.

To solve the serious problem of soil erosion in China, we need to fully rely on the self-repairing ability of nature and take measures such as returning farmland to forests, closing hillsides to prohibit grazing, and firewood forests to provide opportunities for nature to recuperate and protect water and soil resources.

At the same time, we should do a good job in artificial management and create conditions for nature's self-repair.

In recent years, China has intensified the prevention and control of soil erosion and adopted a series of measures to restore ecology and protect the environment.

Every year, in ecologically fragile areas with soil erosion of more than 65,438+10,000 square kilometers, we will implement fence protection such as returning farmland to forests (grass), closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, and prohibiting grazing; Artificial control of soil erosion covers an area of more than 50,000 square kilometers every year.

In order to solve the food problem, economic development and poverty alleviation problems of the population in the ecological restoration area, and create conditions for the implementation of natural restoration, a warping dam project was built in the middle reaches of the Yellow River in areas with serious soil erosion to stop sand and grow grain and develop the economy; Do a good job in water conservancy construction in pastoral areas, develop irrigated forage fields, prohibit grazing, rotate grazing and rest grazing on natural grasslands, and protect and restore grasslands; In mountainous areas rich in hydropower resources, actively develop small hydropower, so that farmers can solve energy problems and reduce deforestation.

Transfer water to the lower reaches of Tarim River and Heihe River to restore ecology.

These efforts have achieved positive results.

It has strengthened our confidence in achieving a win-win situation in economic development and ecological environment improvement, and further consolidated the foundation for ensuring food security in China.

(4) Develop green economy, strictly manage emission rights, and prevent and control water pollution in China.

In the whole process of economic structure layout and economic development, we should attach great importance to the development of green economy in macro management and limit the development of industries with high water consumption, high land use, high energy consumption and high pollution.

Only by developing green economy can we fundamentally solve the water pollution problem in China.

A certain area and water body objectively have water environmental carrying capacity.

The management of water environmental carrying capacity is embodied in the management of emission rights.

Just as a water-saving society is based on the theory of water rights and water market, it is necessary to establish two sets of indicators of macro-control and micro-quota of emission rights management, implement paid transfer and trading of emission rights, strictly manage emission rights and protect water resources.

At present, China is gradually establishing the management system of water functional zones. By delineating different functional zones for water bodies, we can determine the pollution capacity of different water bodies and limit the total amount of pollutants discharged, and strengthen the management of sewage outlets into rivers and the control of pollution sources.

In particular, we attach great importance to the protection of drinking water sources to ensure the safety of people's drinking water.

Three, comprehensive planning, overall consideration, and gradually solve the problem of water resources in China.

This year is the last year for China to implement the 10th Five-Year Plan, and the 11th Five-Year Plan from 2006 to 20 10 will be implemented next year.

The Eleventh Five-Year Plan period is a crucial period for China to build a well-off society in an all-round way and improve the socialist market economic system. It is of great significance to do well the water conservancy work in this period and ensure the safety of water supply, flood control, food and water ecological environment.

During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, water conservancy work should adhere to Scientific Outlook on Development, focus on the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way, take the harmony between man and nature as the core concept, make overall plans, make overall plans, treat both the symptoms and root causes, and comprehensively manage, and strive to solve the water resources problems faced, so as to provide strong water conservancy support and guarantee for building a well-off society in an all-round way.

By 20 10, the main objectives and tasks of water conservancy development mainly include the following four aspects:

First of all, in terms of water resources distribution and security.

Based on the construction of a water-saving society, strengthen the system construction and water resources allocation project construction, and gradually establish a management system combining total water control with quota management.

Taking drinking water safety as the primary task of water conservancy work, the urban water supply penetration rate reached 98%; The penetration rate of tap water supply in towns and villages has reached 60%; Solve the problem of drinking water safety for 80 million people in rural areas.

The first phase of the East and Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project will be completed, effectively alleviating the water shortage in Beijing, Tianjin, large and medium-sized cities in North China and Jiaodong Peninsula.

The second is in flood control and disaster reduction.

Focus on strengthening the weak links of flood control and disaster reduction system such as the construction of flood storage and detention areas, and flood storage and detention areas with high frequency of use can be used normally.

Scientifically plan rivers and lakes, water conservancy projects, flood storage and detention areas, constantly improve the comprehensive system of flood control and disaster reduction, and make rational use of rain and flood resources.

The main tributaries of major rivers in China have been basically treated, and a comprehensive flood control and disaster reduction system has been basically established in combination with the construction of main tributaries reservoirs.

Third, in the development of rural water conservancy.

Strengthen the construction of rural water conservancy infrastructure and improve the comprehensive grain production capacity.

The water-saving irrigation area of the new project is 6.5438+million hectares, and the continuation and water-saving transformation of major large irrigation areas in the existing major grain producing areas have been basically completed.

The effective utilization coefficient of irrigation water in China increased to 0.50, which basically realized the zero growth of total irrigation water in China.

The drainage standard of major grain producing areas basically reaches once every 3-5 years.

Protect and restore the natural grassland ecology100000 hectares, and increase the installed capacity of rural hydropower by 2 10/00000 kilowatts.

Fourth, in terms of water resources protection and ecological management.

Focus on protecting water sources and restoring and improving water functions.

The water quality compliance rate of major rivers and lakes in China has reached more than 65%, and the water quality compliance rate of major urban water supply sources has reached more than 95%.

Give full play to the ability of ecological self-repair, implement ecological restoration of 500,000 square kilometers, and add 250,000 square kilometers to control soil erosion.

Restore ecologically fragile or seriously damaged rivers.

To achieve the above goals, it is necessary to plan scientifically and coordinate the coordinated development of water conservancy, environment and economy and society; Increase investment and strengthen the construction of water conservancy infrastructure; Establish and improve the system of water laws and regulations, and standardize various water activities; Attach importance to scientific and technological progress and innovation, and promote water conservancy modernization with water conservancy informatization; Attach importance to and encourage public participation, mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties, and promote the formation of joint efforts of the whole society.

We should also strengthen exchanges and cooperation with countries around the world and relevant international organizations.

We are confident and capable of solving the water problem in China and ensuring food security and environmental sustainable development in China.