Zimba immigrants

① Matt Hambra: History of Swaziland, Shandong People's Publishing House, 1978, p. 126.

Protect and manage rights. 1894 14 In February, Ying Bu signed the third agreement, agreeing that Transvaal should protect Swaziland and have all the rights of protection, governance and judicial power without Swaziland's consent. 1895 February, 100 Pol Mounted Police entered the capital of Swaziland, and Swaziland became a protectorate of South Africa. King Bunu became the supreme chief. During the period of 1896- 1897, the Swazi people were planning to launch an armed uprising, and Joubaire suddenly transferred the victorious division that conquered the kingdom of Venda to Swaziland, killing the uprising in its cradle. In fact, under the Boer rule, Swaziland became an annexed colony, and about 73% of the country's 17000 square kilometers of land was occupied by white colonists. Swazi are gradually squeezed into the barren reservation divided into 34 pieces.

6. The division of Zambezi River basin and the anti-British uprising of Matabele-Mashona people.

In Tiilikka's later years, Matabele land became the dream place for white treasure hunters. 1866—

1867, Hartley, England and Mocher, Germany surveyed the tower and the vein of Beijinshan, and confirmed that there was gold in this area. 1868, there was a "gold rush" in the tower area, and treasure hunters erected piles and dug everywhere. In the past, the empty Yuan Ye was littered with humble huts and erected mining supports. 1After Tiilikka's death in September, 868, a serious succession crisis broke out. According to the custom of the North Ngoni people, the throne should be inherited by the king's wife and son, but the first prince of Mtiritsaqi, Nkuruman, was secretly executed by Lao Wang many years ago. Other kings rose to fight for the throne, the most powerful of which was Robben Gula, an illegitimate child. Some European mining companies, such as London-Limpopo Company and South Africa Gold Mine Company, actively intervened in the dispute of succession to the throne, colluding with ministers ("Induna" for short) and plotting to push their respected prince to the throne in order to gain benefits from the future king.

Lobengula fully demonstrated his cruel and pungent character in the battle for the throne. 1869 7

In June, one of the bravest and most effective legions in the Kingdom of Matabele mutinied and established "Fake Prince" Perkin warburg. Lobengula brutally suppressed, all the officers and men were killed, and no one was spared. Although the massacre eliminated a hidden danger for Lobengula, it caused irreparable damage to the fighting capacity of the Royal Army. After a year of bloodshed, the battle for succession to the throne finally ended in Lobengula's victory in September 1869. Lobengula, who formed a tyrant's psychology, had to cede many privileges and property to Induna, who supported him to ascend to the throne, which weakened the king's property and power to some extent. Lobengula also rashly awarded the mining right to Jinshan, north of South African Gold Company, which supported him in his power struggle, and to London-limpopo river company Tatai. When the gold mining machines in the Beijinshan and Tower mining areas began to roar, and British companies occupied indigenous land to build roads leading to the Shashe River, which caused great dissatisfaction among Matabele people, Lobengula was deeply annoyed by his rash actions in the crazy battle for the throne. Due to the discovery of Kimberly diamond mine, treasure hunters flocked to the Orange River, and the gold mines in Tower and Beijinshan were gradually found to have limited reserves, which eased the pressure on Matabele.

By the mid-1980s of 19, several major events on the African continent made the position of Matabele suddenly become important. From 1884 to 1886, the world's largest gold mine began to be mined in Rand. German geologist Mocher proved that Mashonalan in Greater Zimbabwe is a legendary rich mine of King Solomon and may be the second rand. 1885 After the Berlin Conference, the British, Portuguese, Germans and Boers in Transvaal all scrambled to get their hands on the land between limpopo river and Zambezi River in order to achieve effective occupation. Since 1886, the struggle between Boers and Britain for Zambezi River basin has intensified rapidly. For the British, if the Boers are allowed to enter the Zambezi River valley, it is not just Cape.

-If the Cairo Plan fails to come true, even the Southern African Federation will go up in smoke.

1In July, 887, two Boer government envoys who arrived in Matabele finally persuaded Lobengula to sign a friendship treaty with Transvaal, allowing Boers to send consuls. Against the Boers

Rhodes immediately urged the Cape government to send John Moffat to Matabele for talks with Lobengula. Moffat took advantage of his friendship with Lobengula and signed a treaty (hereinafter referred to as Moffat Treaty) on February 1888+ 1, stipulating that Lobengula shall not sign agreements or transfer land with foreign countries without the prior knowledge and permission of the British High Commissioner to South Africa. Not familiar with international affairs, Robben Gula didn't know that the treaty drafted by the British had brought his country into the sphere of British influence.

1In September, 889, Rhodes sent a three-member South African company led by Charles Ruud to Matabele. Rudd and others honeyed Lobengula by saying that the concession only allowed them to dig a hole. 1888101on October 30th, Lobengula signed the concession, and gave the mining right in its territory to Rhodes; In exchange, Lobengula will get 1000 guns.

65438+ 10,000 rounds of ammunition per month, 1 motorboat, 100. According to what the British told him about the concession, Lobengula thought that he was only granting mining rights, which did not involve land sovereignty at all. Rhodes and his gang interpreted the granting of the concession as a transfer of sovereignty. When the concession was announced, European missionaries translated the full text into Lobengula. He said angrily to the translator Helm, "Have you ever seen a chameleon catch flies? The chameleon went around behind the fly and remained motionless for a long time; Then it crawled forward gently and slowly, stretching out one leg first and then the other. Finally, when approaching, it suddenly jumped out of its tongue and the fly disappeared without a trace. Britain is the chameleon, and I am the fly. "

(2) Lobengula realized that the British colonists had the ambition to annex the Kingdom of Matabele. 1889.

On June 5438+1October 18, 2008, he published an open letter in Bettina News in the Cape, announcing that "all actions related to the concession will stop". In February, he sent two Indunas to London and wrote to Queen Victoria of England many times.

Rhodes arrived in London in April 1889 and applied to the British government.

Royal chartered a company to develop Zambezia region. The Salisbury government wholeheartedly hopes to find a second Rand in the north of limpopo river and establish a powerful British colony in Zambezia, and considering that letting private companies undertake this task can avoid the stigma and cost of merger, it is convenient 1889.

10 year 10 On October 29th, the South African company in Rhodes was granted a charter, which can be granted to any type and gender.

Qualitative power, including the power needed to implement governance and maintain public order, is used in the British-influenced area from Molobo River to the Great Lakes region of Central Africa. In the reply to Lobengula, the British government pressured him to deal only with a white group (British South Africa Company) recognized by the British government. In this case, Lobengula had to drink the bitter wine he didn't want to brew.

As soon as Rhodes got the charter, he armed himself with the great power given by the charter. 1890

In June 5438+10, the colonial expeditionary force was quickly organized to Mashonaland. The first expeditionary forces set out under the banner of "Vanguard Column" in June 1890, and arrived at a hill east of Hampton Hill where Mashona people lived in September 12, named Salisbury (the name of the British Prime Minister of that year), raised the British flag and declared the occupation of Mashonaland. 189 1 year, the British South Africa Company announced without authorization that it would take over the land ownership of Mashonalan, and then distributed 3,000 mu of land to every colonist in the vanguard column. Later, the colonialists established several strongholds from limpopo river to Salisbury, built forts, expanded the occupied areas, and gradually established administrative institutions. Lobengula made a serious protest to the British colonists: "I thought you were here to dig for gold. It seems that you have come to take my people away from me. "

(1) John Moffat is the son of Robert Moffat, a British missionary who once preached in Matabele. Robert is Tim.

Tiilikka's friend is also Livingston's father-in-law. John Moffat had friendly contacts with Lobengula since he was a child and was deeply trusted by Lobengula.

1) robert blake, History of Rhodesia, London 1977, p. 39.

(2) Philip Mei Sen, The Birth of Adima, The Conquest and Setting of Rhodesia (The Beginning of a Dilemma: The Occupation and Colonization of Rhodesia), Oxford 1958, p. 105.

To my country. "(1) South African companies turned a deaf ear to this, stepped up their military colonization activities of occupying land eastward, and launched a struggle with Portuguese colonists for Manikalan in an attempt to further expand into Gaza. Gazalan is the territory of the Kingdom of Gaza founded by Soshanga, which is located in the central and southern part of Mozambique today. Throughout the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Kingdom of Gaza fought against the Portuguese colonial forces, forcing Portugal to give up most of the Prazo territory south of the Zambezi River, leaving only a sparse colonial stronghold along the Mozambican coast. 1858 After the death of Suo Shangjia, Ma Weiwei, who succeeded to the throne, moved the capital city south to the mouth of limpopo river River. Three years later, Mawei was deposed by his brother Mzila and asked Swaziland for help. Swazi took the opportunity to control the coastal zone between Tengbei Territory and limpopo river. Due to the threat from the Swedes, Mzila abandoned the capital and moved north to the left bank of the Savi River in 1864. It was not until the 1980s from 65438 to 2009 that the influence of Swaziland and Zulu declined, and the Portuguese were able to establish colonial rule over the Tsonga and Yoppi people south of the Savi River. 1884, Mzila, who ruled the area north of the Savi River, died, and the Portuguese took the opportunity to expand to the Zambezi River. Gungenana, who succeeded his father, the Kingdom of Gaza, initially agreed to sign a contract with the Portuguese, recognizing the Kingdom of Gaza as a protectorate of Portugal, but soon broke off relations with the Portuguese for the control of the coastal Jopi. From 1888 to 1889, Ohara led 60,000 people to leave the first place.

Mount Celinda, moved 40 miles north of limpopo river to establish a new capital. After the Berlin Conference, Portugal stepped up its expansion to Mozambique and Zambia, and Mozambique was established in 1889.

Sambick Company, whose activities include Manikaran. Mozambican companies lack funds and lease mining rights to British companies. The British company obtained a license from Sheikh Mutasa of Manica Emirates to mine gold on the banks of Panhalanga River. Rhodes tried to occupy the Manikaran gold mine and Shirejin gold mine (in present-day Malawi), control the waterways of Gazalan and Zambezi River, and open the passage from Mashonalan to the Indian Ocean. Before the vanguard column arrived in Salisbury, Rhodes sent two groups of men, one group established contact with Mutsa and Gonjana eastward to make concessions. 1In September, 890, the South African company obtained the concession from these two African leaders (Gongangyana has not yet finally approved it). Another group of people entered Barocelan (present-day Zambia) from Lochner and persuaded King Le Vanica to sign the concession. The king was worried because Robben Gula got a lot of guns from the British. On June 27th 1890, Barochelan Concession was signed. Le Vanica gives South African companies exclusive mining rights and commercial rights in all its territories. 1890, the Anglo-German agreement gave a Caprivi belt extending to Zambezi River in southwest Germany, while Britain mastered a large area later known as Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). At the same time, Johnston, who cooperated with Rhodes, entered South Nyasaland, and based on the long-term activities of the Scottish Missionary Society here, he declared Shearer Heights a British protectorate. Seeing that Central Africa is about to become Britain's sphere of influence, the Portuguese government protested to the London government. The British government refused to recognize Portugal's suzerainty on the African continent on the pretext that Portugal did not have actual occupation and continuous actual jurisdiction. Britain even threatened to send gunboats to Mozambique. Salisbury demanded that Portuguese troops immediately withdraw from the Shire Highlands and Mashonaland areas on the east bank of the Luohe River. 1890 In February, the Portuguese government ordered the Portuguese army to retreat. The British and Portuguese governments negotiated in Europe, and reached an interim agreement in 1890+065438+ 10, with the Savoy River as the dividing line between the two countries' spheres of influence. The British government is deliberately trying to bring Manikaran, who owns gold mines, into the scope of British power. To this end, there was an armed conflict between Britain and Portugal. 1891may, the troops of British south Africa company defeated the Portuguese army; In June, the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty was signed, and Manikaran was placed under British control. The Hiller Plateau with a pleasant climate (Nyasaland) is owned by Britain, while the land from the west section of Hiller River with dense swamps to Luangwa River and Gazaland is owned by Portugal. Portugal's dream of building a land bridge between Mozambique and Angola was dashed. The Anglo-German Agreement and the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty were extremely beneficial to Britain, which roughly defined what later became British Niasaran (Malawi) and Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe).

① B.V.Mtshali, Rhodesia: background of conflict (Rhodesia: background and conflict), new york 1967, p. 39.

Buwei) and northern Rhodesia (Zambia), thus opening the northward passage of the British II C plan and consolidating the franchise obtained by the British South African company since 1889. With its military and economic strength and diplomatic skills, Britain gained the largest share in the race to carve up southern Africa.

In Mashonalan, British immigrants have stabilized at 1893 after experiencing the early difficulties caused by natural disasters. Two railways from Beira and Kimberly to Mashonalan have broken ground. Permanent brick houses have replaced simple straw houses. The administrative organization was gradually established, and Jameson became the colonial president in 189 1. South African companies have unscrupulously violated the concession agreement, constantly interfered in the internal affairs of African tribes and ignored Lobengula's sovereignty over Mashonaland, thus intensifying the contradiction with the Kingdom of Matabele. Rhodes decided the future of this colony: either conquer the kingdom of Matabele by force or leave this land. Jameson decided to conquer by force. On August 4th, 1893, 14, he drew up the service conditions of volunteers and offered the highest reward to recruit volunteers. Reward regulations: if the invasion of Matabele is successful, everyone will have the right to demarcate a 6,000-mu farm and obtain 15 gold shares in any part of Matabele land; Half of the looted property belongs to the British South Africa Company, and the other half is divided equally among the officers and men. At the worship meeting held after the military parade of the volunteers, Reverend Sylvester stood on the bullet box and called on the volunteers to "destroy all the descendants of Hamm".

1In September, 893, the army of British South Africa Company was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Adams and equipped with two cannons.

Eight Maxim machine guns, divided into three columns: south, north and middle, began to head for bulawayo, the capital of the Kingdom of Matabele. Lobengula saw from Britain's repeated interference in the internal affairs of the Kingdom that Britain's intention was to destroy the Kingdom of Matabele by force. He actively prepared for the war and dispatched 6000 troops that had been sent to Baluchistan in time, and arranged them in both capital city. Lobengula adopted ambush tactics, but the first ambush in the Somabra forest was stopped due to dense fog, and then adopted sniper tactics, blocking the Shangani River (65438+1October 24th) and the Benbez River (165438+65438+ 10/October +0) twice. British colonial troops hid in ox carts and strafed with heavy guns and machine guns, causing a large number of casualties among Matabele soldiers. Due to the gap in weapons and military technology between the two sides, Lobengula ordered the burning of the capital and the retreat to the northwest. On June 3rd, British troops entered the burning bulawayo 165438+ and sent Forbes to pursue them. On February 3rd, 65438, 34 British vanguard troops were attacked by Lobengula in Nyangaz River, all of them were annihilated, and Forbes troops returned to bulawayo. Lobengula continued to retreat to the northwest, ready to rally and recover lost ground. Unfortunately, when he arrived at Mohituria Falls (Victoria Falls), he contracted cholera and died at the beginning of 1894. After the South African company invaded the land in Matabele, it confiscated all the livestock in Lobengula and owned most of the land. Only two areas along the Guay River and Shangani River were reserved for Matabele people, while Matabele people who stayed on the company's land, including dignitaries, were forced to work for white colonists. Under the pretext that all the livestock are owned by Lobengula, the company failed to collect a large number of livestock actually owned by the tribal people, leaving only 40,000 of the more than 200,000 livestock for the tribal people. 1895, the British South Africa Company renamed its jurisdiction as Rhodesia.

Matabele people have lost most of their land and livestock. Their actions are under the jurisdiction of the police and they are often punished. The flame of resentment burned in the chests of Matabele people. 1895- 1896, drought, locust plague and rinderpest occurred one after another. Matabele people regard all these disasters as the scourge of white rule. When they can't get rid of these disasters in real life, they pin their hopes on supernatural forces. The worship of Mulim, which existed as early as the time of Rhodes, has been restored. People flocked to Matobo Mountain to pray devoutly.

① cecil rhodes: his political life and speeches (Rhodes, his political career and speeches), London 1900, pp.4 16-4 19.

1) Mtshali, op. cit., p. 44.

(1) Neil Parsons, op. cit., p. 182.

(2) Mlimu is also called Mwali.

Worship. The chief priest Mkwati predicted instead of God: "If white people are driven out of our ancestors' land, I will wipe out the plague of cattle and locusts and give you rain and dew." 1895 65438+In February, the South African company dispatched 500 police officers to Transvaal to carry out Jameson attack, which was a fiasco. Matabele's police force plummeted, leaving only 40 white policemen. 1On March 20th, 896, Matabele people seized the favorable opportunity to launch an uprising and attacked colonial farms, mines and warehouses. Colonists hastily retreated to bulawayo, Queiroz, Bellinkui and other settlements, and set up ox carts. The purpose of the rebels was to drive away the white colonists, so they deliberately opened the road from bulawayo to the south so that the colonists could retreat. But this left an unimpeded road for British reinforcements to help the north. The colonial government and South African companies mobilized all kinds of troops to help Rhodesia. In May, 3,000 reinforcements arrived ahead of schedule, attacked the rebels and burned the crops and villages that were about to be harvested. The lack of food trapped Matabele people. The British defeated Matabele's main force at Umlissa. In July, the rebels retreated to Mount Matobo and used rugged terrain and steep cliffs to carry out guerrilla warfare. At this time, the railway from Ma Fujing reached bulawayo. British South African companies are more powerful and easier to mobilize troops to strengthen repression.

Responding to the struggle of Matabele people, Mashona people's resentment against the white colonists, which had been stagnant for many years, also broke out into an uprising. After Britain invaded Mashonaland, it forced labor, plundered livestock, ravaged women, and burned Mashonaland, which refused to pay taxes, causing strong dissatisfaction among Mashonaland people. After the news of Matabele uprising came, Mashona people revolted on March 15. The spiritual leaders of the uprising are two famous priests, Sika Kubi and Nihaienda. The rebels first attacked the scattered farms and houses of the colonists. The British South Africa Company was sandwiched between the North and the South. In order to get rid of the predicament, on August 2 1, 1896, Rhodes played the role of "peace envoy" and entered Matobo Mountain to hold peace talks with 40 Induna in the Kingdom of Matabele. He made some concessions, promised to dissolve the army of the South African company, leaving only the police, and returned part of the land, paid Induna's salary, and supplied food and seeds. 10 June 13, Matabele people laid down their weapons. Mashona people continue to fight. Mkwati set up an uprising headquarters in Gombe village, shian to lead the uprising. Most of the insurgents retreated to the granite fortress on the mountain to defend themselves. The British blew up the caves one by one with explosives and forced them to surrender. 1July, 897, Shayangangbei village fell. Groups of rebels were driven down from caves and cliffs on the mountain. The British shot and killed the prisoners, and most of the uprising leaders were killed. By 1897, the uprising was completely silent. Africans in Zimbabwe paid a heavy price for failing to unite against the colonists. After the Mashona uprising was suppressed, the British government strengthened its control over southern rhodesia and sent resident officers to supervise the rule of South African companies.

By the beginning of the 20th century, the partition pattern of Zambezi River Basin had been roughly determined, and colonial ruling institutions were one after another.

Gradually establish and consolidate. Britain occupied southern rhodesia, Nyasaland, northwestern Rhodesia and northeastern Rhodesia (19 1 1 year was unified into northern Rhodesia), covering an area of * * * 1.26 million square kilometers. Portugal occupied 780,000 square kilometers of land in Mozambique. Germany inserted a wedge in Caprivi. Britain still covets Mozambique near the Indian Ocean. The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty stipulates that Britain has the priority to buy Portuguese territory in Africa.

7. German occupation of southwest Africa and the resistance of Nama people and Herrero people.

Sammabrana, the chief Chinese negotiator, said to Rhodes, "Here, go on."

In order to conquer, the strong win the land. We accept your rule and live under your rule, but not like dogs. If we were like a dog, we might as well die. When Rhodes said that he would give the land to the people of Matabele, a young Induna interrupted him and sarcastically said, "You will give us the land of our country. You are really good! " Rhodes ordered the young man to put down his rifle. He replied, "I have to talk to you with a gun." If I talk to you white people with a gun, you will pay more attention to what I say, otherwise I will be like a kicked dog. " .