What happened to Cao Shi's political power in Hexi during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period?

Dunhuang in the late Tang Dynasty was the late Tang Dynasty from 848 to 907, that is, the period when the Zhang Yi Dynasty returned to the rebel regime. In fact, Zhang regime lasted until the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, and was replaced by Cao Yijin and Cao Shi in 9 14, when the Central Plains was in the Five Dynasties.

After the death of Tubo Longdamozan in 842 AD, there was civil strife in Tubo for status, and it became weak from then on. In the second year of Dazhong (AD 848), Zhang Yichao, a rich gentry in Shazhou, gathered people of Han, Uighur, Dragon, Qiang, Tuguhun and other nationalities who had been oppressed and bullied by Tubo, took advantage of the Tubo civil strife, launched an uprising, expelled our Tubo, recovered Guazhou and Shazhou in one fell swoop, and then conquered Suzhou and Ganzhou in the east and Yizhou and Western Zhou in the west. In view of Zhang Yichao's achievements and loyalty, the Tang government appointed him as our ambassador to Hexi in the fifth year of Dazhong (AD 85 1 year) and concurrently served as an observer in eleven states including Shazhou, Guazhou, Yizhou and Lanzhou. Soon, it was renamed as our ambassador to Guiyijun, and Shazhou once again became the political center of Hexi. In the second year of Xian Tong (AD 86 1 year), Zhang Yichao led an army to attack Liangzhou and completely expelled Tubo from Hexi.

Since the death of Zhang Yichao in the 13th year of Xian Tong (AD 872), the political situation in Shazhou has been unstable. After some disputes, Rizo, his grandson, established the "Golden State of the Western Han Dynasty" in 906, calling himself the "Emperor in White" and implemented an unpopular regime. Although they won two victories and lost one in the three wars of Uighur, they also paid a very heavy price, and all the people complained. Under internal and external pressure, Zhang Chengfeng had to endure humiliation and make peace, and admitted that "Uighur is the father and the son of heaven". Jinshan State in the Western Han Dynasty was also demoted to Dunhuang State, leaving only a corner of Guazhou and Shazhou, losing most of Hexi territory.

In 9 14 AD, after Zhang Chengfeng's death, Cao Yijin, a rich man in Shazhou, took over, taking charge of Guazhou and Shazhou, and started the second period of the rebel army-Cao Shi regime. Cao Shi family held the hereditary throne of 122 years, attached great importance to economic, military and cultural construction, and lived in harmony with neighboring ethnic groups. Dunhuang's commerce and trade are also quite prosperous.

During the Five Dynasties, Dunhuang continued to be divided because of the separatist factors in society after the middle Tang Dynasty. The short-lived regime of the Central Plains dynasty had no time to care about others, and the Dunhuang Guiyi Army regime stood on its own in the west corner until the middle of the ninth century, which lasted nearly two centuries.

During this period, the most noteworthy thing is that power was transferred from Zhang to Cao Shi. After Cao Yijin took over the Dunhuang regime in 9 14 AD, his jurisdiction was only Guazhou, Shazhou, Ziting, Xuanquan, Yan Yong, Shicheng, Changle and Xincheng. Although the population is only one million, it has supported the Central Plains for a century. After Cao Yijin's death in 935 AD, Cao Yuande succeeded to the throne and was renamed as the brother of Khan in Ganzhou, and his status improved.

After Cao Yuanzhong succeeded to the throne in 944 AD, the Cao Shi regime reached its peak. First of all, he adopted the policy of pro-East Uighur. In the early years of the Five Dynasties, Ganzhou Uighur was powerful. In 9 1 1 year, Zhang Chengfeng was defeated and occupied all the states in Hexi except Guazhou and Shazhou. When Cao Yijin took over Dunhuang, Dunhuang had actually become a vassal of Ganzhou Uighur, so he had to call Khan the "father king" and make up with the East and West Uighur by intermarriage in order to survive between the two sides. Secondly, Cao Yuanzhong learned the lesson that Zhang Chengfeng's separatist regime lost people's hearts, boarded the Emperor, and named the Central Plains Dynasty as the New Moon Family, which restored the old name of our time to the insurgents and strived for the recognition of the Central Plains Dynasty. Moreover, he preached Buddhism. At that time, Dunhuang had a small population, but there were nearly a thousand monks and nuns, which was really a social force that could not be ignored. The Cao Shi regime made full use of the convenience brought by religious belief. Through various measures, Cao Shi's political power was finally consolidated, which was called "the virtue of Cao Gong" in history.

In 960 AD, after the mutiny in Chen Qiao, Zhao Kuangyin, Tenuto was given a yellow robe to establish the Northern Song Dynasty. In the sixth year of Kaibao (AD 973), Cao Yijin's son was named "King of Dunhuang County" after the death of Song Dynasty, which was not only recognized by the Central Plains government, but also won the highest honor and continued to take power in Dunhuang.

1 1 century later, the rise of Xixia gradually annexed the Hexi Corridor and became the main factor threatening the survival of Cao Shi's regime. Xixia captured Ganzhou and Liangzhou in A.D. 1028, and Suzhou, Guazhou and Shazhou successively in A.D. 1036, all of which occupied Hexi. The history of Gui Yi Army's rule over Dunhuang was from Zhang Yichao's uprising to 188.

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In 848 AD, Zhang Yichao, a Han nationality in Shazhou, gathered people from Han, Qiang, Tuguhun and other ethnic groups, and took advantage of the Tubo civil strife to drive out the Tubo defenders and send troops to pacify the eleven states of Gua, Sha and Su. In 85 1 year, Zhang Yichao sent his brother Zhang back to the Tang Dynasty with the eleven state libraries, and Zhang Yichao was appointed as our envoy to the rebel army. Zhang lived in Hexi for three generations and seventy years. Then, the people of Shazhou elected Cao Yijin, who has a long history, to take charge of state affairs. Cao Yijin sent envoys to join Korea with Ganzhou Uighur, and was appointed as our envoy by Zhuang Zong. Cao Shi's regime came down in one continuous line, * * * four generations1more than 30 years, during which it went through five generations and reached the Jingyou period in the Northern Song Dynasty. When Liao forces invaded Hexi, Cao Shi regime had to face the Song Dynasty and communicate with Liao at the same time. At the same time, Uighur Pontler took the opportunity to occupy Ganzhou, became Khan, and controlled the central part of Hexi Corridor. Since then, Zhangye and Jiuquan have become the sphere of influence of Uighurs. This Uighur is called "Ganzhou Uighur" in history, which is the ancestor of Yugur people now distributed at the foot of Qilian Mountain.