What have the great powers done to China since modern times?

Japan, Netherlands, Britain, Portugal.

1, Japan (northeast of the colony)

After the1931"9.18" incident, Japanese imperialism occupied the whole northeast of China and made it a Japanese colony.

1On March 9th, 932, the last emperor Puyi secretly fled from Tianjin to the northeast, and established a puppet regime in Changchun-the puppet Manchukuo (Japanese name: まんしゅここ).

1932 On September 5th, Nobuyoshi Muto, commander of the Japanese Kwantung Army and ambassador plenipotentiary in Manchuria, and Zheng, Prime Minister of the Puppet Manchukuo, signed the Protocol of Manchukuo in Japan in Changchun, and Japan officially recognized the Puppet Manchukuo.

2. Netherlands (Colonial Taiwan Province Province)

1624, Dutch colonists belonging to the Dutch East India Company invaded South Taiwan Province Province in order to establish a stronghold for trade with China and Japan. From 1626 to 1642, the Spanish colonists also occupied the northern part of Taiwan Province province and were expelled by the Dutch. ?

Dutch colonialists occupied Taiwan Province Province for 38 years, and built two cities, Gran Castle (now Anping Castle) and Plomin Castle (now Chikanta) in Tainan City as the centers of colonial rule, recruiting residents from Fujian coastal areas and Penghu areas to move to Taiwan Province Province for reclamation, so as to increase the output of rice, sugar and other crops.

Dutch colonialists enforced compulsory rule, appropriated the land for themselves, forced people to pay various taxes, plundered rice and sugar in Taiwan Province Province, and re-exported the purchased raw silk, sugar and porcelain from China to other countries through Taiwan Province Province to obtain high profits.

The rule of Dutch colonists aroused the resistance of the people in Taiwan Province Province. 1652, Guo Huaiyi led the largest armed uprising, which was finally suppressed, but it showed that there was a crisis in Dutch colonial rule. Nine years later, they cooperated with the national hero Zheng Chenggong to expel the Dutch and recover Taiwan Province Province.

3. Britain (colonial Hong Kong)

184 1 year 65438+1October 26th, after the First Opium War, Britain occupied Hong Kong Island, and afterwards the Qing government tried to recover it by force. Daoguang issued many orders for this, but the Qing Dynasty could never defend its territorial integrity.

1842 On August 29th, the Qing government signed the unequal treaty of nanking (formerly known as Jiangning Treaty) with Britain, and ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain.

1860, 10/0 On October 24th, China and Britain signed the unequal Beijing Treaty, ceding the area south of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula to Britain.

1On June 9th, 898, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Charter for Expanding Hong Kong's Boundary (commonly known as "New Territories Concession"), and forcibly leased the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula and south of Shenzhen River, as well as more than 200 large and small islands for 99 years (ending on June 30th, 997).

Britain occupied the territory of China through three treaties, with a total area of 1092 square kilometers, including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories, which is now the whole territory of Hong Kong.

4. Portugal (Colonial Macau)

From 65438 to 0553, the Portuguese began to live in Macao. Although the Portuguese sought the right of abode of the Ming Dynasty in Macao from 1557, the Ming government still set up a yamen here, which was directly under the jurisdiction of Guangdong Province.

Until 1887, the Portuguese government and the Qing government signed the Draft Convention of the China-Portugal Conference and the Sino-Portugal Reconciliation and Trade Treaty (which expired in 1928), and formally occupied Macao through the formalities of diplomatic documents, and Macao became a colony of Portugal.

1622, the Dutch attacked Macao leased by Portugal from the Ming Dynasty and lost (the Battle of Macao).

At first, the Portuguese were confined to the south of Macao. 1623, the Portuguese government appointed Marcelo as the first governor of Macao. Macao is famous for its cultural exchanges between China and the West in history. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the spread of western learning to the east played an important role in this area and once had a great impact on the operation of the world economy.

Since Macao was occupied by Portugal, the Portuguese have always enjoyed privileges or special status in Macao, which has made the residents dissatisfied.

From1August 29th, 849, when Shen Zhiliang assassinated Governor Amalio, to1February 3rd, 966, the "December 13th" incident and the Taipa School incident triggered by the Cultural Revolution showed that people were deeply dissatisfied with the Portuguese privileges in Macao.

1On April 25th, 974, the Portuguese revolution was successful, and the policy of decolonization was implemented, which recognized that Macao was illegally occupied by Portugal and returned Macao to China for the first time. Due to the lack of proper handover conditions at that time, Zhou Enlai, then Prime Minister, proposed to temporarily maintain the status quo in Macao.

Extended data

Western powers oppress, enslave and exploit backward countries and turn them into their own colonies and semi-colonies. Its manifestations change with the different stages of capitalist development. In different periods of capitalist development, colonialism has different manifestations. During the primitive accumulation of capital period, naked violence was often used, such as armed occupation, overseas migration, piracy, fraudulent trade and bloody slave trade.

In the period of free capitalism, underdeveloped countries, nationalities and regions are mainly turned into their own commodity markets, raw materials producing areas, investment places, cheap labor and mercenaries through the form of "free trade".

In different periods of capitalist development, colonialism has different manifestations. During the imperialist period, in addition to the above means, capital export became the main form of exploitation of these countries, nationalities and regions. 19 At the end of the 20th century, countries and regions that became colonies and semi-colonies in the world formed an imperialist colonial system.

After the Second World War, colonial and semi-colonial national independence movements surged, and a large number of Asian and African countries gained independence, destroying the imperialist colonial system. Countries pursuing colonial policies turned to indirect, hidden and deceptive forms to safeguard and seek colonial interests.

Politically, on the one hand, colonial and semi-colonial independence is allowed and recognized, on the other hand, control is exercised by cultivating or fostering agents; Economically, in the form of providing "aid", these countries are controlled and plundered through harsh loans, unequal trade and the organization of multinational companies.

Militarily, in the form of providing military "assistance", these countries set up military bases, sent troops, sent military advisers, helped train troops, and carried out disguised military occupation. In order to achieve their strategic goals, they even instigated a coup, provoked a civil war and fostered a puppet regime. These are collectively called neo-colonialism.

The theory of bipolar world divides the imperialist colonial system into three stages: the capitalist colonial system of land possession, the capitalist colonial system of land tax and the capitalist colonial system of raw material market. The rise of Britain to the middle of19th century was the stage of land possession and colonization, and the social form of colonial system was similar to slavery in primitive society and slave society for the purpose of land possession.

/kloc-from the middle of 0/9th century to the end of World War II, it was the first stage of land tax colonization;/kloc-from the end of 0/9th century to the end of World War II, it was the second stage of land tax colonization. The social form of colonial system is similar to serfdom in feudal society, and its purpose is to obtain taxes paid by people living on certain land.

After World War II to the first half of 2 1 century, the raw material market was colonized, the first stage was from World War II to 1970s, and the second stage was from 1970s to 2 1 century. The social form of the colonial system is an economic colonial form based on the unequal international division of labor and aimed at obtaining raw materials and markets.

Colonization reflects the contrast between colonial countries and colonized countries and regions. Most immigrants from colonial countries enjoy superior political rights in colonies than local residents and have obvious racial and ethnic discrimination. This has done great harm to the personality and dignity of indigenous people.

The religion, culture, economy and productivity of a colony are generally greatly improved under the influence of colonization, which often becomes an excuse for colonists to show their dignity. They pretended to be saviors by bringing civilization, advanced culture and advanced tools to the colonies, so as to cover up the nature of their aggression, plunder, exploitation and oppression and their wrong foothold. This is typical robber logic.

In this sense, the colonial people will not appreciate it. Once the people's democratic consciousness awakens and the national consciousness intensifies, the struggle for colonial independence intensifies, and the colonial pattern and achievements, as well as life and property, are even destroyed by extreme practices, causing huge losses. In the process of recovering the sovereignty of Hongkong and Macao, the China government initiated the smooth return of the colony, which should be a model of sovereign diplomacy between countries.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Pseudo Manchukuo

Baidu Encyclopedia-Taiwan Province Province

Baidu encyclopedia-Hong Kong

Baidu Encyclopedia-Macau