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The formation of centralization in Qin dynasty

Transferred from "Middle School History Teaching Garden"

Teaching material analysis and Suggestions

focus

The formation of centralization in Qin dynasty (three elements: the establishment of emperor system, the implementation of county system in local areas, and the formation of a complete bureaucratic system from central to local areas)

difficulty

The role and influence of Qin dynasty in establishing centralization

Analysis and Suggestions on the Content of Teaching Materials

The Qin Dynasty was the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China. Although it was short-lived and died in the second year, it played an important role in connecting the preceding with the following, which was very groundbreaking. This lesson focuses on the establishment and influence of feudal autocracy centralization, and tells the history of the political system in Qin Dynasty.

The introduction of this lesson consists of two parts. First of all, it introduced a new lesson with comments on Qin Shihuang, which clearly affirmed Qin Shihuang's two historical achievements: unifying the first person in China and laying the foundation for feudal autocracy and centralization; Secondly, it points out the teaching emphases of this course, namely "main problems to be discussed" and "important concepts".

The core issue of "the supremacy of imperial power" is "absolute monarchy". Its content tells three points:

(1) Summarize the unification of the Qin Dynasty.

The unification of the six countries in Qin is an inevitable trend of historical development since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the enhancement of Qin's strength after Shang Yang's political reform is the main reason for the unification of Qin. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, adopted the strategy of attacking from far and near. It lasted 10 years, and finally completed the great cause of unifying the six countries, and established the first unified feudal dynasty in China history-Qin Dynasty. The unification of the Qin Dynasty marked that China entered the political era of "great unification". Since then, the highly centralized central government has carried out effective political management over various places, which has since opened the curtain of the feudal dynasty.

The purpose of this project is to outline the unification of the Qin Dynasty at first, and show the historical background of centralization and the formation of the autocratic monarchy in the Qin Dynasty from another angle.

② the origin of the title of emperor

In 22 1 year BC, Qin destroyed six countries. The first thing that Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, should do is to give himself a name first. In the pre-Qin period, the supreme ruler was generally called "the king". Ying Zheng, who achieved an unprecedented career, felt that the title of "King" was not enough to show his power and status. So he ordered ministers to discuss these names. The ministers headed by Prime Minister Wang Wan were honored as "Tai Huang". But Ying Zheng was not satisfied, and decided: "Remove the word" Tai "and add the word" Huang ",and call it" Emperor "after the ancient" Emperor ". The name of "Emperor" is actually the general name of "Three Emperors and Five Emperors" in ancient legends. The historical materials provided in the history column on page 9 of the textbook clearly illustrate this point.

The establishment of the title of "Emperor" is the product of the complete unification of Qin, which shows the exclusive power and status of the emperor. Replacing the name of "king" with the name of "emperor" also reflects the emergence of a new ruling idea of deifying the monarch. From then on, "Emperor" became the title of the highest feudal ruler in China.

(3) the establishment of the emperor system

While establishing the title of "emperor", Qin Shihuang also stipulated many systems and methods to respect the monarch and safeguard the supreme power of the emperor, and founded the emperor system. The basic connotation of the emperor system is mainly composed of three points, namely, the emperor is the only one, the imperial power is supreme, and the throne is hereditary.

In order to show exclusive respect for the emperor, many rules were made, including: Qin Shihuang called himself "I". This word can be used by anyone to mean "I" before, but it has become the exclusive word of the emperor since the Qin Dynasty. And Yin Xi. "Before the Qin Dynasty, the people used jade as a seal, and the dragon and tiger buttons were just what they liked. Since the Qin Dynasty, Emperor Tiandi has used seals and jade alone, but ministers dare not use them (Historical Records). In the past, most people's seals could be called "seal", but now only the emperor's decree can be called "seal", and only the emperor can use it. In addition, the emperor's "destiny" is "control" and "order" is "imperial decree" (Shi Ji Qin Shihuang). "Control" is the emperor's order about the system, and "imperial edict" is the general order for the emperor to inform his subjects.

The supremacy of imperial power and the emperor's dictatorship are the core contents of the emperor system. "Everything in the world, big or small, depends on it", which fully embodies the characteristics of autocratic imperial power. The main officials of the country from the central government to the local government are appointed and removed by the emperor, and the tiger charm of mobilizing the army is mastered by the emperor. The emperor's words are laws ("words are laws"). After the famous court debate in 2 13 BC, Qin Shihuang ordered the cancellation of the system of deliberation before the temple. In this way, Qin Shihuang not only integrated the state power, but also really began to have nothing to say.

In a word, the emperor was the supreme master of feudal state power. This supreme autocratic imperial power is not only the core of centralized feudal absolutism, but also an important guarantee for maintaining "home and world". It laid a solid foundation for China's feudal autocratic society for more than two thousand years.

"A relatively complete central official system" describes the composition of the central government organs in the Qin Dynasty. This purpose mainly focuses on two points:

(1) The establishment and function of the central official system.

Prime minister, censor and Qiu were the three highest official positions in the Qin Dynasty. The prime minister is the emperor's first assistant, the first of all officials, and assists the emperor in handling state affairs. There are two prime ministers, the left and the right. When Qin Shihuang was the first emperor, Wang Wan and Li Si successively served as prime ministers. The imperial envoy is the deputy of the prime minister, and his position is equivalent to that of the deputy prime minister. He is responsible for managing the memorial, issuing imperial edicts and supervising officials. Qiu was the highest military official in the Qin Dynasty, in charge of military affairs throughout the country. Today's ancient books do not record who Qin Shihuang appointed to this position, so it is inferred that Qin Shihuang himself is in charge of military power. The prime minister, an imperial envoy and Qiu were later called "three publics".

Under the "three publics" is "Jiuqing". The "nine" here is not an exact number, but it is a lot. "Jiuqing" refers to the main official positions of various functional departments of the central government below the "three publics". For example, Ting Wei, who is in charge of prison and justice, is in charge of Qian Gu's internal history of treating millet. For details, please refer to the textbook Main Functional Departments of the Central Government and Their Functions.

② Characteristics of the Central Bureaucracy in Qin Dynasty

The central bureaucratic system founded by Qin Shihuang has two obvious characteristics: one is the central administrative system centered on imperial power. The "three public officials and nine ministers" have a strict division of labor and perform their duties, but they should all be set up and operated around the center of imperial power. The highest official positions, such as the "three public offices", restrict each other, and no one can monopolize power. In the end, the military and political power was completely controlled by the emperor, ensuring that the autocratic imperial power would not be squeezed out. Second, it fully embodies the characteristics of "home is the world". During the Ninth Qing Dynasty, the official positions of Fengchang, Zong Zheng, Langzhongling and Jiangzuo Shaofu were all designed for the royal family and served the emperor's private life. The rule of the state and family is the dominant feature of the feudal era.

The goal of "fully implementing the county system" is a key point in the textbook of this course. Abolishing the enfeoffment system and implementing the county system is a fundamental change in establishing centralization. This purpose mainly focuses on three points:

(1) Qin Shihuang decided to implement the county system throughout the country.

County system is a local administrative system gradually formed since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Most of the counties established in the early Spring and Autumn Period were established in newly annexed areas or borders of various countries and were directly under the jurisdiction of the monarch. During the Warring States period, the county system was first established in Sanjin, and the county-based areas also expanded from the border to the mainland. In the war to destroy the six countries, Qin set up counties to manage some newly captured areas. After Qin's reunification, after two court debates, Qin Shihuang decided to replace the enfeoffment system with the county system. The Qin dynasty set up 36 counties in the country, and later increased to more than 40 counties, with counties under it. The abolition of the enfeoffment system and the establishment of counties and counties laid the foundation of centralization, which was a great progress of the ancient state system in China. The full implementation of the county system has played an important role in strengthening the central government's control and management of local areas, consolidating national unity and promoting social, economic and cultural development.

(2) Functions of county and county-level local administrative agencies.

County was the highest administrative unit of the central government of Qin Dynasty. The county-level administrative organs are presided over by the county magistrate, who undertakes the orders of the central government above and supervises the counties below. Another county commandant, in charge of military affairs, leads troops directly; The county governor (also known as "deliberation") supervises the county administration and has the function of restraining the county guards. The county has several counties under its jurisdiction. County-level administrative agencies are presided over by county heads (county heads with less than 10,000 households are called county heads), county magistrates are responsible for military affairs and public security, and county officials are responsible for justice. County officials are appointed and removed by the central government. Below the county level are grass-roots administrative institutions such as towns and villages. See the materials in the history column of the textbook for details.

During the Qin dynasty, the preservation and management of household registration, the collection of taxes and corvees, and the basic establishment of local troops were all based on counties. County-level institutions are the most important institutions in the Qin Dynasty. After the Qin dynasty, the county system was not retained until the late feudal society, but it was implemented for a long time. The management mode of county system in Qin dynasty had a far-reaching influence on feudal dynasties.

(3) The characteristics and functions of bureaucracy in Qin Dynasty.

A set of bureaucratic organizations created by Qin Shihuang from the central government to the local government is very organized, which is characterized by the selection of officials regardless of their status, the implementation of the salary system, the non-hereditary official position, and the appointment, removal and dispatch of major officials by the emperor. The establishment of this bureaucratic system established centralization, which was the most developed feudal autocracy in the world at that time. This not only ensures the rule of the landlord class over the broad masses of working people, but also is conducive to the development and consolidation of the unified situation.

The purpose of "the function and influence of centralized system" covers four aspects:

(1) The formation of the territory of the Qin Dynasty.

After the reunification, the territory of the Qin Dynasty was very vast, which not only occupied the land of the original six countries, but also attacked Xiongnu and Nanping Baiyue in the north, thus expanding the territory. According to the Biography of Qin Shihuang, the territory of the Qin Dynasty was "east to the Haichao, west to Lintao and Zhong Qiang, south to Beihu, north to Hejian, and Yinshan to Liaodong", which was a world power at that time.

② Measures to consolidate reunification

There are mainly: the promulgation of Qin law: after the reunification of Qin, the laws since Shang Yang's political reform were revised and supplemented and promulgated as a unified law throughout the country. Unified measurement, currency and railway: during the Warring States period, due to the separatist regime of princes, the weights and measures of different countries varied greatly. After the unification of Qin, the whole country was unified with the weights and measures of Shang Yang's political reform as the standard. The imperial edict was issued and engraved on the weights and measures formulated by the government as the national standard for the use of appliances. During the Warring States period, currencies were complex and diverse. After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, the old currencies of the six countries were abolished, and "Qin Banliang", a round square coin, was adopted as the unified currency. It is also stipulated that "cars are on the same track" with a width of six feet. Unified writing: During the Warring States period, countries had "different writing forms", which caused great difficulties in the implementation of government decrees and economic and cultural exchanges. In the year of reunification, Qin Shihuang ordered that "books should be written in the same character", and based on the standardized Biography, it was written as a text model and popularized throughout the country. Later, the simplified font "official script" appeared. The appearance of official script is a milestone in the transformation of Chinese characters from ancient style to modern style. Take Xianyang, the capital, as the center to build Chidao, which reaches all parts of the country. In order to raise wages, a Lingqu (now 33 kilometers north of Xing 'an, Guangxi) was dug to connect the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, Meng Tian was sent to attack the Xiongnu in the north to recover the Hetao area, and the old Great Wall of Qin, Zhao and Yan was connected and repaired, and the Great Wall of Wan Li was built from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east. Large-scale migration: In 22 1 year BC, Qin moved the national rich households120,000 households into Xianyang and placed them under the direct control of the central government; After Nanping Baiyue, three counties, including Nanhai, were set up, and 500,000 residents were relocated to Lingnan. After the Huns were attacked in the north, Jiuyuan County was established in Hetao area, and 30,000 households in the Central Plains moved to Shibian.

The above measures are conducive to the development of feudal economy and culture, and have played an important role in the initial establishment of the territory of the motherland, the consolidation of national unity and the formation of the Chinese nation with the Chinese nation as the main body.

(3) The far-reaching influence of centralization, the autocratic monarchy in the Qin Dynasty.

Centralization and absolute monarchy established by Qin Dynasty laid the basic pattern of China's feudal political system for more than 2,000 years, which was used by feudal dynasties in past dynasties and was constantly strengthened and improved.

(4) The tyranny and destruction of Qin.

Qin Shihuang was the founder of China's first unified feudal country, an outstanding historical figure, and played an important role in the history of China, but at the same time he was also an out-and-out tyrant. The tyranny of Qin aroused the peasant uprising at the end of Qin Dynasty. In 207 BC, the Qin Empire created by Qin Shihuang himself died just over two years after his death, and the historical lessons were thought-provoking.

Instructional design and cases

1. Instructional design

① The content of this course is rich and substantial, but the class hours are tense. Therefore, in the teaching process of this course and the overall design of class time allocation, we should highlight the key points and be specific and appropriate. The choice of key points should focus on the topic of "the formation of centralization in Qin Dynasty" (which is also the center of this course), from which "the supremacy of imperial power" and "the comprehensive implementation of the county system" should be determined as the key points. Monarchical autocracy in centralization, "monarchical autocracy" refers to the dominant position of state power and the central decision-making mode, that is, the imperial power is supreme and the emperor is dictatorial; "Centralization" refers to the relationship between the central government and local governments, that is, the central government controls local governments and local governments obey the central government. When talking about the above two purposes, we must make clear the concepts of "absolute monarchy" and "centralization" when understanding this political system.

② Pay attention to students' subjective participation, design students' activities when preparing lessons, and try to adopt inquiry learning method in the teaching of key contents. Inquiry begins with questions, so we should be good at setting questions and doubts in teaching. Secondly, we should choose appropriate ways of student activities, such as projecting (or making software) typical and concise historical materials to guide students to read and think and draw corresponding conclusions. For another example, when talking about the "county system", we can use the "window of learning and thinking" in textbooks to organize discussions or seminars. Third, we should ensure the time for students' activities.

(3) The application of teaching AIDS and teaching methods should not only proceed from the reality of our school, but also strive to make good use of audio-visual teaching methods where conditions permit and give full play to its auxiliary teaching role. Schools with poor conditions can use teaching wall charts to make slides; Schools with better conditions can design and make teaching courseware.

2. Teaching cases

Case 1 on the introduction of this lesson

The establishment of Qin centralization was realized under the historical background of Qin's unification of China. There are two ways to lead in this lesson: making a courseware (map) of "Qin Unifying China" to show the spatial image. Pictures should be colorful and dynamic. Every time Qin destroys a country, the country will become the same color as Qin. Finally, the colorful "seven heroes standing side by side" belongs to the same color as "Qin unified the world" Schools that have difficulty in making courseware can also make "uncovered" maps, and the effect is also good. Or adopt the introduction method of this lesson, and the new lesson will be introduced by Qin Shihuang.

Case 2 tells the story of "imperial power is supreme". This courseware (or projection) can be used.

Read the following three paragraphs from Historical Records of Qin Shihuang:

Material 1: In 22 1 year BC, after Ying Zheng, king of Qin, unified the six countries, the first important imperial edict was "Yi Hao Di". After deliberation, the ministers suggested to the King of Qin that "emperors, Huangdi, Tai Huang and Tai Huang were the most expensive in ancient times". Therefore, I would like to "pay my respects when I die" and call the king "Tai Huang". The king of Qin disagreed, and he proposed "going to Thailand to write the emperor, taking the title of ancient emperor and calling him the emperor." And said: "I am the first emperor. There are many descendants, and the second and third generations will last forever and spread endlessly. " He also adopted the suggestions of ministers, thinking that the emperor's life is a system, the order is a letter, and the son of heaven calls himself "I".

Material 2: "Everything in the world, big or small, depends on the top" and "all prime ministers are subject to success and depend on the top".

Material 3: Before the Qin Dynasty, the seal was not exclusive to the supreme ruler. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the seals of Dr. Qing and local officials can be called seals. In the Qin dynasty, it was said that "the emperor used seals alone and jade alone, and his ministers dared not use them." According to records, the imperial edict of the Qin Dynasty reads "I am ordered by heaven to live forever".

Please answer:

(1) What can we learn from the titles of "emperor", "system", "imperial edict", "I" and "seal" in materials 1 and 3?

(2) according to the historical information contained in the material, what does it mean?

According to the material 1, how did the throne inherit?

④ According to the above information, briefly point out the basic characteristics and essence of the emperor system.

Teachers should guide students to think and explore several problems in courseware design on the basis of reading materials. In the process of exploring questions, we should give full play to students' enthusiasm by talking, asking questions and discussing. Finally, you can sum up the answer.

Answer the prompt:

(1) illustrates the majesty and status of the emperor; "system" and "imperial edict" show that the emperor's words are government decrees; "Seal" is the concentrated expression of imperial power and is endowed with the color of "destiny" (divine right of monarch).

(2) the imperial power is supreme and the emperor is dictatorial; Ministers obey the emperor and have no decision-making power.

The throne is hereditary.

(4) the emperor is exclusive, the imperial power is supreme, and the throne is hereditary. The essence is absolute monarchy, that is, the emperor is the master and power center of feudal state power.

After explaining the content of the county system in case 3, teachers can guide students to think about the difference between the county system and the feudal system.

Teachers can ask questions to guide students to think about what they have learned (the first lesson) and the relevant content of this lesson, and compare them from different angles, such as:

First, the enfeoffment system is related to the patriarchal clan system, based on blood relationship; The county system is implemented under the condition of national unity, divided by region.

Second, the enfeoffed vassal throne is hereditary and has fiefs; County officials are appointed and removed by the emperor or the court, and their positions are not hereditary. Officials only have salaries, not fiefs.

Thirdly, the vassal state has strong local independence and is easy to develop into a separatist force; Counties are local administrative organizations, which are conducive to the strengthening of centralization and national unity.

Wait a minute.

trouble shooting

A window for learning and thinking.

1. Why did Qin Shihuang care so much about how many prime ministers rode? What problem does this short story reflect?

The key to solving the problem: this question first tells a short story about Qin Shihuang, and then puts forward two questions accordingly. When solving a problem, we should first understand this short story, and then look at the items to be answered and answer them one by one.

Thinking guidance: Answer the first question from multiple angles and pay attention to the openness of the question. Answer the second question by revealing the essence through phenomena.

Answer prompt: Reason: The prime minister is the head of the civil service and has a high position in assisting the emperor in handling state affairs. Qin Shihuang paid attention to the activities of the prime minister in order to prevent Xiang Xiang from threatening the imperial power. It is also possible that Qin Shihuang thought that the prime minister took too many cars and talked too much about ostentation and extravagance, which easily led to extravagance and corruption.

Killing everyone present reflects the cruelty of absolute monarchy. The emperor's words are decrees, and the emperor is dictatorial regardless of major issues; It also reflects the harshness and cruelty of Qin politics.

Please read and analyze these two debates and explain the reasons why they disagree. Why did Qin Shihuang adopt Lisi's opinion to implement the county system?

Key to solving the problem: This question aims to examine and cultivate students' historical reading ability, which is the basic skill of history discipline, and its characteristic lies in whether it can obtain effective information from historical materials. The key to solve this problem is to find effective information from the materials according to the requirements of the problem and process it into answers.

Guiding thinking: the focus of the two debates is the dispute between "enfeoffment system" and "county system" First of all, we should answer the first question, and the answer should be summarized from the effective information in the material. To answer the second question, we should analyze the reasons in combination with the specific historical conditions that just completed the great reunification at that time.

The answer suggests that the reasons for advocating the enfeoffment system are as follows: ① Yan Qichu is far away from the Guanzhong area, the ruling center of Qin Dynasty, and it is difficult to control the enfeoffment system; (2) Only by learning from the experience of ancient times (Western Zhou Dynasty) and implementing the enfeoffment system can the rule of the Qin Dynasty last for a long time. The reasons for advocating the county system are as follows: ① enfeoffment of vassals is not conducive to the emperor's control, which is the fundamental reason for the scuffle between vassals and chaos in the world; (2) With the development of history and the change of times, the system has to be changed, and the county system is conducive to the rule of the Qin Dynasty.

Qin Shihuang decided to implement the county system because it was conducive to establishing a centralized political system and consolidating the situation of national unity.

A summary of research-based learning

Evaluation in this lesson

1. How was the autocratic monarchy established after Qin Shihuang unified the world? What is the essence of this political system?

The key to solving problems: answering questions is the premise. We should pay attention to three points when investigating this problem: the first is time, that is, "after Qin Shihuang unified the world", which is also the historical background of centralization; Second, the main language is "autocratic monarchy and centralization"; Third, there are two answers, "how to establish" and "essence".

Guided by thinking: answer the first question "how to build" comprehensively; Answer the second question "essence" concisely and accurately.

Answer: Establishment: ① Adopt the title of "Emperor", establish an emperor system with exclusive title, supreme imperial power and hereditary throne, and imperial power will become the master and power center of feudal countries; (2) Carrying out the county system throughout the country to lay the foundation for centralization; (3) From three officials and nine officials in the central government to local county officials, a whole set of bureaucratic system has been established.

Essence: autocratic monarchy, that is, feudal autocracy.

2. What influence did the centralization established by Qin Shihuang have on the Qin Dynasty and later generations?

The key to solving the problem: the answer to this question is "influence", and the answer to "influence" should include two aspects: one is "to Qin" and the other is "to future generations".

Thinking guidance: to answer the question of "the influence on Qin", we should observe and think about the problem from multiple angles, considering both positive and negative influences. The answer to "influence on future generations" should be concise and to the point.

The answer hints: the influence on the Qin Dynasty: ① It was beneficial to the unification of the country and played an important role in the initial establishment of the territory of the motherland and the formation of the Chinese nation; (2) Conducive to the development of feudal economy; (3) The autocratic rule of the landlord class over the broad masses of working people was established, and the tyranny of Qin led to the deterioration of the people's situation. Influence on later generations: The centralized and autocratic political system established by the Qin Dynasty was very groundbreaking, which laid the basic pattern of China's feudal political system for more than 2,000 years, which was used by feudal dynasties in past dynasties and was constantly strengthened and improved.

Learning extension

1. Investigation activities

Key to solving the problem: This problem belongs to the nature of extracurricular activities and aims to cultivate students' interest in learning history and their ability to collect data.

Thinking guidance: Teachers should introduce some popular historical books to students, and guide students to collect materials, so that students can organize group discussions themselves.

Answer Tip: The answer to this question is very open. Don't pursue the overall correctness of the discussion results, but allow different opinions to exist in the discussion.

2. A hundred schools of thought contend

The key to solving the problem: this is a material problem. When solving problems, we must first understand the different opinions of both sides, and then analyze and demonstrate whether Liu Zongyuan's point of view is correct.

Thinking guidance: there are three steps to solve the problem: first, some people think that the rapid demise of the Qin dynasty is caused by the county system; Second, Liu Zongyuan believed that the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty was not due to the bad county system, but was overthrown by the peasants because of the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty. Third, talk about your understanding of Liu Zongyuan's point of view and explain the reasons.

Answer hint: the answer 1: Liu Zongyuan's point of view is correct. As the county system is conducive to the establishment of centralization of authority and the consolidation of national unity, the implementation of the county system has historical inevitability. The main reason for the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty is the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty. Heavy corvee, taxes and cruel punishment drove the peasants to a desperate situation, which led to the rapid intensification of class contradictions, and the peasant uprising overthrew the rule of the Qin Dynasty.

Answer 2: Liu Zongyuan's point of view is incorrect. The reasons, such as the abolition of the enfeoffment system, made Qin Shihuang isolated. (as long as the reason can be justified)

[Note] Divergent thinking should be encouraged and different opinions should be allowed.

(Wang Beijing Dongcheng Education Research Center)